>Asmitghosh3 at 09:11, 6 July 2021

2021-07-06T09:11:09Z

New page

{{more citations needed|date=November 2018}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 300
| footer =
| image1 = Chennai_High_Court.jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = [[Madras High Court]] buildings are a prime example of Indo-Saracenic architecture, designed by J. W. Brassington under the guidance of British architect [[Henry Irwin]], 1892.
| image2 = Victoria Memorial situated in Kolkata.jpg
| alt2 =
| caption3 = The [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]] (previously Victoria Terminus) in Mumbai, 1878–88. A mixture of [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]], Gothic and Indian elements
| image3 = Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Terminus_%28Victoria_Terminus%29.jpg
| alt3 =
| image4 = North_Block_of_the_Secretariat_buildngs%2C_New_Delhi.jpg
| alt4 =
| caption4 = [[North Block]] of the [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi]], designed by [[Herbert Baker]]
| total_width =
| caption2 = The [[Victoria Memorial]], Kolkata, has very discreet Indo-Saracenic touches, such as the corner chatris, in the Raj metropolis least touched by the style.
}}
'''Indo-Saracenic architecture''' (also known as '''Indo-Gothic''', '''Mughal-Gothic''', '''Neo-Mughal''', or '''Hindoo style''') was a [[Revivalism (architecture)|revivalist architectural]] style mostly used by British architects in India in the later 19th century, especially in public and government buildings in the [[British Raj]], and the palaces of rulers of the [[princely state]]s. It drew stylistic and decorative elements from native [[Indo-Islamic architecture]], especially [[Mughal architecture]], which the British regarded as the classic Indian style, and, less often, from [[Hindu temple architecture]].<ref>Das, 98</ref> The basic layout and structure of the buildings tended to be close to that used in contemporary buildings in other revivalist styles, such as [[Gothic revival architecture|Gothic revival]] and [[Neoclassical architecture|Neo-Classical]], with specific Indian features and decoration added.

The style drew from western exposure to depictions of Indian buildings from about 1795, such as those by [[William Hodges]] and the Daniell duo ([[William Daniell]] and his uncle [[Thomas Daniell]]). The first Indo-Saracenic building is often said to be the [[Chepauk Palace]], completed in 1768, in present-day [[Chennai]] (Madras), for the [[Nawab of Arcot]].<ref>Das, 95, 102</ref> [[Bombay]] and [[Calcutta]] (as they then were), as the main centres of the Raj administration, saw many buildings constructed in the style, although Calcutta was also a bastion of European Neo-classical architecture fused with Indic architectural elements. Most major buildings are now classified under the Heritage buildings category as laid down by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI), and protected.{{citation needed|date=November 2018}}

The style enjoyed a degree of popularity outside British India, where architects often mixed Islamic and European elements from various areas and periods with boldness, in the prevailing climate of [[eclecticism in architecture]]. Through architects and engineers transferred from India, the style was adopted in [[British Ceylon]] (present-day [[Sri Lanka]]) and the [[Federated Malay States]] (present-day [[Malaysia]]). The style was sometimes used, mostly for large houses, in the [[United Kingdom]] itself, for example at the royal [[Brighton Pavilion]] (1787-1823) and [[Sezincote House]] (1805) in [[Gloucestershire]].

The wider European version, also popular in the Americas, is [[Moorish Revival architecture]], which tends to use specific South Asian features less, and instead those characteristic of the Arabic-speaking countries; [[Neo-Mudéjar]] is the equivalent style in Spain. In India there had been an earlier inversion of the style in [[Lucknow]] before the British takeover in 1856, where Indian architects rather "randomly grafted European stylistic elements, as details and motifs, on to a skeleton derived from the Indo-Islamic school". This is known as the "Nawabi style".<ref>Jayewardene-Pillai, 10</ref> [[Saracen]] was a term used in the [[Middle Ages]] in Europe for the Arabic-speaking Muslim people of the [[Middle East]] and [[North Africa]], and the term "Indo-Saracenic" was first used by the British to describe the earlier [[Indo-Islamic architecture]] of the Mughals and their predecessors,<ref>Jayewardene-Pillai, 14</ref> and often continued to be used in that sense. "Saracenic architecture" (without the "Indo-") was first used for the architecture of [[Muslim Spain]], the most familiar [[Islamic architecture]] to most early 19th-century writers in English.

== Characteristics ==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 200
| footer = Examples of architecture of the Mughal era.
| image1 = IndoSaracen1.jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Features of the style.
| image3 = Akbar2ShahJahan.jpg
| alt3 =
| caption3 = Indian architecture commissioned by Mughals.
}}

With a number of exceptions from earlier, most Indo-Saracenic public buildings were constructed by parts of the [[British Raj]] government of India, in place between 1858 and 1947, with the peak period beginning around 1880. They partly reflected the British aspiration for an "Imperial style" of their own, rendered on an intentionally grand scale, reflecting and promoting a notion of an unassailable and invincible [[British Empire]],<ref>Jayewardene-Pillai, 6, 14</ref> The style has been described as "part of a 19th-century movement to project themselves as the natural successors of the Mughals".<ref>Das, xi</ref>

At the same time they were built for modern functions such as railway stations, government offices for an increasingly wide-reaching bureaucracy, and law courts. They often incorporated modern construction methods and facilities. While stone was typically used, at least as a facing, these included substructures composed of iron, steel and [[poured concrete]], and later [[reinforced concrete]] and [[pre-cast concrete]] elements.

The style has been said, by a native of Kolkata, to be most common in "Southern and Western India", and of the three main cities of the 19th-century Raj, it was and is much more evident in [[Mumbai]] and [[Chennai]] rather than [[Kolkata]], where both public government buildings, and the mansions of wealthy Indians tended to use versions of European [[Neoclassical architecture]].<ref>Das, xi, xiv, 98, 101</ref> Madras (now Chennai) was a particular centre of the style, but still tended to use details from Mughal architecture, which had barely ever reached [[Tamil Nadu]] before. This was partly because English authorities such as [[James Fergusson (architect)|James Fergusson]] especially deprecated [[Dravidian architecture]],<ref>Das, 101-104</ref> which also would also have been harder and more expensive to adapt to modern building functions.

Typical elements found include:
* [[Onion Dome|onion (bulbous) domes]]
* [[Chhajja]], [[Overhang (architecture)|overhanging]] [[eave]]s, often supported by conspicuous brackets
* pointed arches, cusped arches, or scalloped arches
*[[horseshoe arch]]es, in fact characteristic of [[Islamic Spain]] or North Africa, but often used
* contrasting colours of [[voussoir]]s round an arch, especially red and white; another feature more typical of North Africa and Spain
* curved roofs in Bengali styles such as [[char-chala]]
* domed [[chhatri]] kiosks on the roofline
* [[pinnacle]]s
* [[tower]]s or [[minaret]]s
* open [[pavilion]]s or pavilions with Bangala roofs
* [[jali]]s or [[openwork]] screens
*[[Mashrabiya]] or [[jharokha]]-style screened windows
*[[Iwan]]s, in the form of entrances set back from the facade, under an arch.

Chief proponents of this style of architecture included [[Robert Fellowes Chisholm]], Sir [[Samuel Swinton Jacob]], [[Charles Mant]], [[Henry Irwin]], [[William Emerson (British architect)|William Emerson]], [[George Wittet]] and [[Frederick William Stevens|Frederick Stevens]], along with numerous other skilled professionals and artisans throughout Europe and the Americas.
[[File:Islamia College Peshawar 2.jpg|thumb|The British-era [[Islamia College University|Islamia College]] was built in an Indo-Saracenic Revival architectural style in [[Peshawar]], [[Pakistan]].]]
[[File:Rambagh Palace view from garden, July 2016 cropped.jpg|thumb|The [[Rambagh Palace]] in Jaipur reflecting Imperial Rajasthani architecture. Early 20th-century.]]

Structures built in Indo-Saracenic style in India and in certain nearby countries were predominantly grand public edifices, such as [[clock tower]]s and [[courthouse]]s. Likewise, civic as well as municipal and governmental [[college]]s along with [[town hall]]s counted this style among its top-ranked and most-prized structures to this day; ironically, in Britain itself, for example, King George IV's [[Royal Pavilion]] at [[Brighton]], (which twice in its lifetime has been threatened with being torn-down, denigrated by some as a “[[carnival]] sideshow”, and dismissed by threatened nationalists as “an architectural folly of inferior design”, no less) and elsewhere, these rare and often diminutive (though sometimes, as mentioned, of grand-scale), residential structures that exhibit this colonial style are highly valuable and prized by the communities in which they exist as being somehow "magical" in appearance.{{citation needed|date=November 2018}}

Typically, in India, villages, towns and cities of some means would lavish significant sums on construction of such architectural works when plans were drawn up for construction of the local [[railway station]]s, [[museum]]s and [[art gallery|art galleries]].

The cost involved in the construction of buildings of this style was high, including all their inherent customization, ornament and minutia decoration, the artisans' ingenuous skills (stone and wood carving, as well as the exquisite lapidary/inlaid work) and usual accessibility to requisite raw materials, hence the style was executed only on buildings of a grand scale. However the occasional residential structure of this sort, (its being built in part or whole with Indo-Saracenic design elements/motifs) did appear quite often, and such buildings have grown ever more valuable and highly prized by local and foreign populations for their exuberant beauty and elegance today.{{citation needed|date=November 2018}}

Either evidenced in a property's primary unit or any of its outbuildings, such estate-caliber residential properties lucky enough to boost the presence of an Indo-Saracenic structure, are still to be seen, generally, where in instances urban sprawl has not yet overcome them; often they are to be found in exclusive neighborhoods' (or surrounded, as cherished survivors, by enormous sky-scarpers, in more recently claimed urbanized areas throughout this “techno” driven, socio-economic revolutionary era marking India's recent decade's history), and are often locally referred to as "mini-palaces". Usually, their form-factors are these: townhouse, wings and/or porticoes. Additionally, more often seen are the diminutive renditions of the Indo-Saracenic style, built originally for lesser budgets, finding their nonetheless romantic expression in the occasional and serenely beautiful garden pavilion outbuildings, throughout the world, especially, in India and England.{{citation needed|date=November 2018}}

==Indian context==
[[File:Front elevation, Aitchison College.jpg|thumb|upright| [[Aitchison College]] in [[Lahore]] with domed [[chhatri]]s, [[jali]]s, [[chhajja]] below the balcony, and other features, reflective of Rajasthani architecture.]]
{{main|Indo-Islamic architecture|British architecture}}
Confluence of different architectural styles had been attempted before during the mainly [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]], [[Delhi Sultanate]] and [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] periods. Turkic and Mughal incursions in the Indian subcontinent, introduced new concepts in the much more advanced high architecture of India. The prevailing style of architecture was [[Trabeated|trabeate]], employing pillars, [[Beam (structure)|beam]]s and [[lintel]]s, with less emphasis on arches and domes used during earlier Buddhist periods. The Turkic invaders brought in the arcuate style of construction, with more emphasis on [[arch]]es and beams, which flourished with [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] and [[Taluqdar]]s by building and incorporating Indian architecture, especially [[Hindu temple architecture|Rajasthani temple architecture]] and Imperial Indian palace/fort/urban architecture as well.

Local influences also lead to different 'orders' of the Indo-Islamic style. After the disintegration of the [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] [[Delhi Sultanate]], rulers of individual states established their own rule and hence their own architectural styles which were imitations of local/regional Indian architectural schools. Examples of these are the 'Bengal' and the 'Gujarat' schools. Motifs such as [[chhajja]] (A sunshade or [[eave]] laid on cantilever brackets fixed into and projecting from the walls), [[corbel]] brackets with richly carved [[pendentive]] decorations (described as stalactite pendentives), balconies, kiosks or [[chhatri]]s and minars (tall towers) were characteristic of the Indian imitated Mughal architecture style, which was to become a lasting legacy of the nearly four hundred years of the Mughal presence in these areas.

==Mughal style==
{{main|Mughal architecture|Akbari Architecture}}
Mughal architecture developed the [[Indo-Islamic architecture]] of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] with a further addition of [[Timurid]] and Persian elements. The height of the style was perhaps reached under [[Akbar]], the third [[Mughal emperor]]. Some of the significant architectural works of the Mughals are [[Humayun's Tomb]], the [[Taj Mahal]], the Forts of [[Agra Fort|Agra]] and [[Lahore Fort|Lahore]], the city of [[Fatehpur Sikri]], [[Akbar's Tomb]].

===Decline and revival===
[[File:Vidhana Souda , Bangalore.jpg|thumb|[[Vidhana Soudha]], [[Bangalore]] incorporates elements of Indo-Saracenic and [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian]] styles.<ref name="deccsoudha">{{cite news|title=Soudha: A tale of sweat and toil|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/bengaluru/soudha-tale-sweat-and-toil-093|access-date=11 November 2010|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=31 October 2010}}</ref> Constructed 1951-1956.]]

Shah Jahan was succeeded by his son, [[Aurangzeb]], who had little interest in art and architecture. As a result, Mughal commissioned architecture suffered, with most engineers, architects and artisans migrating to work under the patronage of local rulers.

By the early 19th century, the British had made themselves the virtual masters of the Indian Subcontinent. In 1803, their control was further strengthened with a major defeat of the [[Marathas]] under [[Daulatrao Shinde]]. They legitimized their rule by taking the then weak Mughal Emperor, [[Shah Alam II]] under their protection, and ruling through him. However, their power was yet again challenged when in 1857, the Indian soldiers in their employ, together with rebellious princes led by Queen Laxmibai, lashed out in open revolt, which came to be known as the [[Revolt of 1857]]. However, this uprising was doomed from the start, and was crushed by the British with ferocity, marking the end of the nominal [[Mughal Empire]], which had survived earlier under the patronage and protection of the [[Maratha Empire]]. At first, the new British regime sought to destroy symbols of Imperial Indian power, systematically destroying a number of [[Maratha Empire]] forts and palaces. There was even a proposal to demolish the [[Taj Mahal]] and sell the materials. Over the following decades, attitudes changed and the British established the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] in 1861 and restored several important monuments.

To usher in a new era, the British "Raj", a new architectural tradition was sought, marrying the existing styles of India with imported styles from the West, such as [[Gothic Revival Architecture|Gothic]] (with its sub styles of French Gothic, Venetian-Moorish etc.), [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] and, later, new styles such as [[Art Deco]]. This produced a number of buildings with mixed influences. By doing this they kept [[architecture of India|Indian architecture]] while adding elements of British and European [[architecture]]; this, coupled with the British allowing some [[List of Indian Princely States|regional Indian princes]] to stay in power under agreements, made their presence more "palatable" for the Indians. The [[United Kingdom|British]] tried to encapsulate [[History of South Asia|South Asia's past]] within their new Indic buildings and so represent Britain's Raj as legitimate.{{citation needed|date=November 2018}}

The main building of [[Mayo College]], completed in 1885, is in the Indo-saracenic style, the architect being Maj Mant. Examples in Chennai include the [[Victoria Public Hall]], [[Madras High Court]], [[Senate House (University of Madras)|Senate House]] of the University of Madras, and [[Chennai Central]] station.

The building of [[New Delhi]] as the new imperial capital, which mostly took place between 1918 and 1931, led by Sir [[Edwin Lutyens]], brought the last flowering of the style, using a deeper understanding of Indian architecture. The [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] (Viceroy's, then President's Palace) uses elements from ancient Indian Buddhist era architecture as well as those from later periods. This can be seen in the capitals of the columns and the screen around the drum below the main dome, drawing on the railings placed round ancient [[stupa]]s.<gallery widths="220" heights="160" mode="packed">
File:General Post Office (GPO), Kolkata.jpg|[[General Post Office, Kolkata|General Post Office (GPO), Kolkata]]
File:Tripura State Museum Agartala Tripura India.jpg|[[Ujjayanta Palace|Ujjayanta Palace, Agartala]]
File:Esplanade Mansions (14837452391).jpg|[[Esplanade Mansions, Kolkata|Esplanade Mansion, Kolkata]]
File:Dalhousie square.jpg|Building on [[B. B. D. Bagh|B.B.D. Bagh, Kolkata]]
File:Beauty Restored Off Esplanade (14652770338).jpg|[[Metropolitan Building (Kolkata)|Metropolitan Building]] Façade, Kolkata
File:Albert Hall ( Jaipur ).jpg|[[Albert Hall Museum|Albert Hall Museum, Jaipur]]
File:Jenkins School at Cooch Behar Town under Cooch Behar District in West Bengal 06.jpg|[[Jenkins School]], [[Cooch Behar]]
File:Cooch Behar Palace - Cooch Behar - West Bengal - 006.jpg|[[Cooch Behar Palace|Cooch Behar Palace, West Bengal]]
</gallery>

==In British Malaya==
[[File:2016 Kuala Lumpur, Budynek Sułtana Abdula Samada (01).jpg|thumb|[[Sultan Abdul Samad Building]] in [[Kuala Lumpur]]]]
According to Thomas R. Metcalf, a leading scholar of the style, "the Indo-Saracenic, with its imagined past turned to the purposes of British colonialism, took shape outside India [ie the subcontinent] most fully only in Malaya". [[British Malaya]] was a predominantly Muslim society, where there was hardly any recent tradition of building in brick or stone, with even mosques and the palaces of the local rulers built in the abundant local [[hardwood]]s. [[Kuala Lumpur]] was a 19th-century foundation, only a small settlement when the British decided to make it the capital of their new [[Federated Malay States]] in 1895, and needed a number of large public buildings. The British decided to use the Islamic style they were used to from India, despite it having little relationship to existing local architectural styles.<ref>Metcalf</ref>

Unlike in India, the British also built some palaces for the sultans of the several [[States_and_federal_territories_of_Malaysia#States|states into which modern Malaysia remains divided]], and in some places where the population was greatly expanded, [[mosque]]s,<ref>Metcalf</ref> such as the [[Masjid Jamek|Jamek Mosque]] and [[Ubudiah Mosque]]. These were both designed by [[Arthur Benison Hubback]], the leading architect in the style between his arrival in 1895 and retirement in 1917, during which it experienced its peak in popularity.<ref name="encyclopedia msia old mosques">Mizan Hashim, David (1998). "Indian and Mogul influences on Mosques", ''[[The Encyclopedia of Malaysia]]'' (Architecture), p. 84–85.</ref> The lack of local precedents allowed the English architects to create "an architecture defined purely by [[Orientalism|Orientalist]] fantasy", according to Metcalf, who says Hubback's Ubudiah Mosque ([[Kuala Kangsar]], 1913) "conjures up nothing less than a Victorian illustrator's fantasy from the ''[[Arabian Nights]]''".<ref>Metcalf</ref>
[[File:2016 Kuala Lumpur, Stacja kolejowa Kuala Lumpur (02).jpg|thumb|[[Kuala Lumpur Railway Station]], by [[Arthur Benison Hubback]], 1910.]]

Contrary to what is sometimes claimed, the leading figures were English professional architects (whereas in India former soldiers or military engineers were often used) who had never worked in India. Usually they could design in both Indo-Saracenic and European styles. For example, the major buildings by [[Regent Alfred John Bidwell]] (often R. A. J. Bidwell), who left his career in London at the age of 34 in 1893 to take a public appointment in Malaysia, include the [[Sultan Abdul Samad Building]] (originally the "Government Offices", 1894) in Kuala Lumpur, in a free Islamic style, perhaps more Egyptian than Mughal, and with many horsehoe arches. But after moving to private practice in [[Singapore]] he also designed the thoroughly European [[Raffles Hotel]] (1899). In Singapore European styles had been the norm since the first British public building there in 1827, both copying [[Calcutta]] and reflecting a smaller proportion of Muslim [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malays]] in the population, and the role of the city as a military and trade base. Metcalf notes that despite a large Chinese population, neither in Singapore nor in [[Hong Kong]] were public buildings with influences from [[Chinese architecture]] built in this period.<ref>Metcalf</ref>

The Government Offices were the first major British commission in Malaya, and Bidwell had proposed a European style, but was over-ruled by [[Charles Edwin Spooner|C. E. Spooner]], then State Engineer of the Public Works Department, a military engineer with many years experience in [[Ceylon]], who told those assembled for the opening ceremony "I then decided on the Mahametan style". He did not design buildings himself, but was a key figure in approving designs. The commission brought together Spooner, [[Arthur Charles Alfred Norman|A.C. Norman]], Bidwell, and the newly arrived Hubback (from 1895).<ref>Metcalf</ref><ref name="encyclopedia msia Raj style">Gullick, John Michael (1998). "The British 'Raj' style ", ''[[The Encyclopedia of Malaysia]]'' (Architecture), p. 82–83.</ref> The building's construction inspired additional civic buildings in the vicinity to be built in a similar style, while the style's elements would see more limited adoption among private buildings in Malaya. However artificial a creation the Malayan British Islamic style is, it is noticeable that most major public buildings survive long after [[Malaysia]]n independence in 1946 and remain well-cared for on their prime city sites, many re-purposed as their original functions are now carried out in more modern buildings elsewhere.

<gallery heights="150" mode="packed">
File:Kuala Kangsar, Masjid Ubaidullah Mosque - panoramio.jpg|[[Ubudiah Mosque]] (Hubback, 1913), [[Kuala Kangsar]], [[Perak]]
File:Victoria Clock Tower Penang Dec 2006 001.jpg|[[Jubilee Clock Tower]] in [[George Town, Penang|George Town]], [[Penang]]
File:2016 Kuala Lumpur, Narodowe Muzeum Włókiennictwa.jpg|[[National Textile Museum]] in Kuala Lumpur, by Hubback, 1905. Originally as offices for the [[Federated Malay States Railways]].
File:Old High Court Building, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia - 20070303.jpg|The Old High Court Building in Kuala Lumpur
File:Old City Hall, Merdeka Square, Kuala Lumpur.jpg|[[Panggung Bandaraya DBKL|Old Kuala Lumpur Town Hall]], Hubback, 1896-1904
File:Jamekmosque_KL.JPG|[[Jamek Mosque]] in Kuala Lumpur, by Hubback
File:2016 Kuala Lumpur, Siedziba główna Keretapi Tanah Melayu (01).jpg|Railway Administration Building, Kuala Lumpur
File:Kellie's Castle.jpg|[[Kellie's Castle]], [[Batu Gajah]], Perak
</gallery>

== Examples ==
=== India ===
<gallery heights="150" mode="packed">
File:Mumbai 03-2016 31 Gateway of India.jpg|[[Gateway of India|The Gateway of India]]
File:Taj Mahal Palace.JPG|[[Taj Mahal Palace and Tower|The Taj Mahal Hotel in Mumbai]]
File:Southern Railway HQ.jpg|[[Southern Railway Headquarters, Chennai]]
File:Mysore Palace Morning.jpg|[[Mysore Palace]]
File:Egmore Museum building.jpeg|[[The National Art Gallery (Chennai)]]
File:Victoria Public Hall, Chennai.JPG|[[Victoria Public Hall]] in [[Chennai]]
File:Senate House (University of Madras).jpg|[[Senate House (University of Madras)]]
File:Mumbai General Post Office.jpg|[[General Post Office (Mumbai)|Mumbai GPO]], reminiscent of the [[Gol Gumbaz]]
File:Khalsacollege 3.jpg|[[Khalsa College, Amritsar]]
File:Daly College, Indore.jpg|[[Daly College]], [[Indore]]
File:ChepaukPalace1.jpg|[[Chepauk Palace]], [[Chennai]]
File:Kachiguda Railway Station Hyderabad.jpg|[[Kachiguda Railway Station]], [[Hyderabad]]
File:Charbagh Lucknow Railway Station.jpg|[[Lucknow Charbagh railway station|Lucknow Charbagh Railway Station]]
File:Raj Bhavan 3.jpg|[[Raj Bhavan, Kolkata|Raj Bhavan]] (backview), Kolkata
File:Howrah Railway Station 04.jpg|[[Howrah railway station|Howrah Railway Station]]
</gallery>

===Bangladesh===
<gallery heights="150" mode="packed">
File:Ahsan Manzil - Dhaka.jpg|[[Ahsan Manzil]] in [[Dhaka]]
File:Curzon Hall Panorama.jpg|[[Curzon Hall]] in [[Dhaka]]
File:Tajhat Palace (01).jpg|[[Tajhat Palace]] in [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]]
File:Natore Rajbari MG 5104.jpg|[[Natore Rajbari]]
File:Rose Garden Old Dhaka.jpg|[[Rose Garden Palace]]
File:Uttara Ganabhaban Natore.jpg|[[Uttara Gonobhaban]]
File: Murapara Rajbari (Palace), Bangladesh.jpg|[[Murapara Rajbari]]
File:Puthia Palace 2.jpg|[[Puthia Rajbari]]
File:Choto Sardar Bari(Panam City) (6).jpg|[[Bangladesh Folk Arts and Crafts Foundation]]
File:Chittagong Court Building Full View.jpg|[[Chittagong Court Building]]
</gallery>

=== Pakistan ===
<gallery heights="150" mode="packed">

File:Lahore Museum, Lahore.jpg|[[Lahore Museum]], [[Lahore]]
File:KMC Headoffice day view.JPG|[[Karachi Metropolitan Corporation Building]], Karachi, 1927-30
File:Punjab university Art & Design Dept.jpg|[[University of the Punjab]], Lahore
File:Sadiq Dane High School.jpg|[[Sadiq Dane High School]], [[Bahawalpur]]
File:King Edward Medical University.jpg|Patiala Block of [[King Edward Medical University]], Lahore
File:Karachi Chamber of Commerce.jpg|Karachi Chamber of Commerce Building
File:DARBAR MAHAL BAHAWAL PUR.jpg|[[Darbar Mahal]], Bahawalpur
File:Clock Tower - Ghanta Ghar, Multan - Multan Pakistan.jpg|[[Ghanta Ghar (Multan)|Multan Clock Tower]], [[Multan]]
File:Hindu Gymkhana Karachi.jpeg|[[National Academy of Performing Arts]], Karachi
</gallery>

===United Kingdom===
<gallery heights="150" mode="packed">
File:2016 Sezincote House.jpg|[[Sezincote House]], [[Gloucestershire]], 1805
File:Brighton Royal Pavilion.jpg|[[Royal Pavilion]] in [[Brighton]], 1815–23
File:Western Pavilion, Western Terrace, Brighton (IoE Code 481454).jpg|[[Western Pavilion]] in Brighton, 1828, designed by [[Amon Henry Wilds]] as his own home
File:Elephant Tea Rooms.jpg|[[Elephant Tea Rooms]], [[Sunderland, Tyne and Wear|Sunderland]], 1877
File:Sassoon Mausoleum.jpg|[[Sassoon Mausoleum]], now a chic Brighton supper club, 1892
</gallery>

=== Sri Lanka ===
<gallery heights="150" mode="packed">
File:SL Colombo asv2020-01 img22 Jami Ul-Alfar Mosque.jpg|[[Jami Ul-Alfar Mosque]] in Colombo
File:Public_Library,_Jaffna.JPG|[[Jaffna Public Library]] in Jaffna
File:Clock_tower,_Jaffna.JPG|[[Jaffna Clock Tower]] in Jaffna
</gallery>

=== France ===
<gallery heights="150" mode="packed">
File: Palais du bardo Paris.jpg|Palais du Bardo, parc Montsouris, Paris
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{Commons category}}
{{reflist}}

==References==
*Das, Pradip Kumar, ''Henry Irwin and the Indo Saracenic Movement Reconsidered'', 2014, {{ISBN|1482822695}}, 9781482822694, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PK0WBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA105 google books]
*Jayewardene-Pillai, Shanti, ''Imperial Conversations: Indo-Britons and the Architecture of South India'', 2007, {{ISBN|8190363425}}, 9788190363426, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=36IBkEKlEC8C&pg=PA14 google books]
*Mann, Michael, "Art, Artefacts and Achitecture" Chapter 2 in ''Civilizing Missions in Colonial and Postcolonial South Asia: From Improvement to Development'', Editors: Carey Anthony Watt, Michael Mann, 2011, Anthem Press, {{ISBN|1843318644}}, 9781843318644, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=l4vROwLbHXMC&pg=PA76 google books]
*Metcalf, Thomas R., ''Imperial Connections: India in the Indian Ocean Arena, 1860-1920'', 2007, University of California Press, {{ISBN|0520933338}}, 9780520933330, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=b-zUvUUqfkMC&pg=PT73 google books]

==Further reading==
*Metcalf, Thomas R., ''An Imperial Vision: Indian Architecture and Britain's Raj'', 1989, University of California Press, {{ISBN|0520062353}}, 9780520062351

{{Revivals}}

[[Category:Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture|*]]

Indo-Saracenic architecture - Revision history

>Asmitghosh3 at 09:11, 6 July 2021