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{{Short description|Hindu Goddess of Marriage and Beauty}}<br />
{{hatnote|"Shachi" and "Sachi" redirect here. For the Japanese mythological creature, see [[Shachihoko]]. For people with the same name, see [[Indrani (name)]] and [[Sachi (name)]].}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox deity<br />
| abode = [[Amaravati (mythology)|Amaravati]], Indraloka, [[Swarga]]<br />
| type = Hindu<br />
| image = Indrani, AK-RAK-1995-6.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| other_names = Shachi, Poulomi, Aindri<br />
| caption = c. 1500–1600 Indrani from Nepal, depicted as consort of Indra<br />
| consort = [[Indra]]<br />
| parents = [[Puloman]] (father)<br />
| deity_of = Queen of the [[Deva (Hinduism)|Deva]]s <br> Goddess of Marriage and Beauty<br />
| affiliation = [[Devi]], [[Matrika]], [[Shakti]], [[Adi-Shakti]], [[Durga]]<br />
| children = [[Jayanta]], Rishabha, Midhusha, [[Jayanti (Hinduism)|Jayanti]], [[Devasena]] ([[Shashthi]])<br />
| mount = [[Airavata]]<br />
| gender = Female<br />
| mantra = ॐ ऐन्द्री नम:<br />
| festivals = [[ Navratri]]<br />
| day = Sunday<br />
| weapon = [[Vajra]], [[Astras]] ,Trisul<br />
}}<br />
'''Indrani''' ([[Sanskrit]]: इन्द्राणी, [[IAST]]: ''Indrāṇī, <u>lit</u>.'' Indra's queen), also known as '''Shachi''' ([[Sanskrit]]: शची, [[IAST]]: ''Śacī''), is the queen of the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]] in Hinduism. Described as tantalisingly beautiful, proud, and kind, she is also the ruler of the planet Venus. Described as the daughter of the [[asura]] [[Puloman]], she is the consort of the King of the Gods, [[Indra]]. <br />
<br />
She is an important goddess in [[Shaktism]], a major sect of Hinduism. Indrani (or Aindri) is one of the Sapta [[Matrika]]—the seven divine mothers.{{sfn|Chandra|1998}} She is worshipped in South India as an independent deity and is most often worshipped with Indra throughout India. Indrani is also a goddess in [[Jainism]] and [[Buddhism]], mentioned in their texts.<br />
<br />
According to legend, due to her heavenly beauty and sensuality, Indrani was desired by many men, many of whom tried to marry her. When Indra was away performing his penance for the slaying of [[Vritra|Vritasura]], [[Nahusha]], a mortal king of the [[Lunar dynasty]], was chosen as the ruler of heaven. The latter tried to seduce Shachi and make her his queen, though she cleverly executed a scheme to dethrone him to later reunite with her husband.<br />
<br />
==Etymology and epithets==<br />
Like many [[Vedic period|Vedic]] goddess-consorts whose names are derived from their husband's name by adding a feminine termination, the word Indrani (''Indrāṇī'') is derived from [[Indra]] and means 'queen of Indra'.{{sfn|Kinsley|1988|p=17}}{{sfn|Monier-Williams|1872|p=141}} Importantly, however, Indra is known by his wife's name as well; he is often referred to as Shachipati (husband of Shachi), Shachindra (Shachi's Indra), or Shachivat (possessor of Shachi).{{sfn|Monier-Williams|1872|p=989}}{{sfn|Dalal|2014|p=164}}<br />
<br />
''Shachi'' (''Śacī'') is a prominent other name of Indrani. According to [[Sir Monier Monier-Williams]], it means 'speech', 'power of speech', or 'eloquence'. It is derived from the Sanskrit word ''shach'', which means 'speak', 'say' or 'tell'. ''Shachi'' is also associated with the word ''shak'', meaning 'power', 'strength', 'action' or 'exploit'.{{sfn|Monier-Williams|1872|p=989}} David Kinsley, a professor known for his research on Hindu goddesses, believed that the word ''Shachi'' is suggestive of the later concept of [[Shakti]], the personification of power.{{sfn|Kinsley|1988|p=17}} Other scholars use 'divine grace' as the translation of ''Shachi''.{{sfn|Daniélou|1991|p=109}}<br />
Other names include: <br />
* Aindri (''Aindrī'') – 'wife of Indra'{{sfn|Gandhi|1993|p=158}}<br />
* Poulomi (Poulomī) – 'daughter of Puloman'{{sfn|Dalal|2014|p=165–166}}<br />
* Poulomuja (''Poulomujā'') – 'daughter of Puloman'{{sfn|Dalal|2014|p=165–166}}<br />
* Devarani (''Devarāṇī'') – 'queen of devas' <br />
* Charudhara (''Cārudhārā'') – 'beautiful'{{sfn|Gandhi|1993|p=89}}<br />
* Shakrani (''Śakrāṇī'') – 'wife of Shakra (Indra)'{{sfn|Dalal|2014}}<br />
* Mahendrani (''Mahendrāṇī'') – 'wife of Mahendra (Indra)'{{sfn|Dalal|2014}}<br />
<br />
==In Hindu literature==<br />
===Vedic===<br />
[[File:6th century Indra and Indrani on elephant, Badami Hindu cave temple Karnataka.jpg|left|180px|thumb|Indra, Indrani, and Airavata in a 6th-century cave temple in Badami, Karnataka]]<br />
Indrani first appears in the ''[[Rigveda]]'', which was composed in the early second millennium BCE. According to Subodh Kapoor, unlike many Vedic deities who personify natural phenomena, Indrani does not have a myth of nature that explains her existence and may have originated as Indra's wife.{{sfn|Kapoor|2002|p=969}} Indologist [[John Muir (indologist)|John Muir]] states that in the ''Rigveda'', she is invoked multiple times and is mentioned with other goddesses in the first three of these passages. Another hymn considers her to be the most fortunate female, as her husband Indra cannot die from old age.{{sfn|Muir|1870}} David Kinsley states that many of the goddesses in the early texts are named after their husbands and have no independent character of their own. While Indrani is mentioned more often than any other Vedic goddess-consorts, she remains overshadowed by her husband.{{sfn|Kinsley|1988|p=17}} <br />
<br />
Hymn 10.68 of the ''Rigveda'' praises her as being very beautiful and mentions her jealousy of rivals. Another hymn (10.159) describes Indrani as being boastful and claiming that she has conquered her husband; he is submissive to her will. Despite this, in the same hymn, Indrani asks the gods to rid her of rivals in Indra's favour.{{sfn|Kinsley|1988|p=17}} A hymn in ''Rigveda'' is dedicated to a quarrel between Indrani and Indra, where she becomes annoyed with the pranks of Vrishakapi—Indra's pet ape—and complains about it.{{sfn|Kapoor|2002|p=969}} <br />
<br />
The ''[[Shatapatha Brahmana]]'' refers to Indrani as Indra's beloved. The ''[[Taittiriya Brahmana]]'' suggests that Indra chose Indrani over other goddesses because of her beauty and sensuality.{{sfn|Daniélou|1991|p=109}} Scholars note that the ''[[Aitareya Brahmana]]'' mentions Prasaha and Sena as the wives of Indra, but both of them are identified with Indrani.{{sfn|Dalal|2014|p=164}}<br />
<br />
===Epic and Puranic mentions ===<br />
[[File:Victory of Meghanada by RRV.jpg|180px|thumb|Shachi (Indrani) has been lusted after by various men. In this painting by [[Raja Ravi Varma]], Shachi (far-left) is presented to [[Ravana]] after his son [[Meghnada]] conquered heaven.]]<br />
In the later Hindu texts, including the epics ''[[Ramayana]]'' and ''[[Mahabharata]]'', as well as the ''[[Puranas]]'', Indrani is more commonly referred to as Shachi, and is the daughter of [[Puloman]], an [[asura]] (demonic figure) son of the sage [[Kashyapa]] and his wife [[Danu (Asura)|Danu]]. She married Indra and became the queen of the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]] (gods).{{sfn|Dalal|2014|p=166}} The ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' mentions that Indra and Shachi had three sons named [[Jayanta]], Rishabha, and Midhusha;{{sfn|Daniélou|1991|p=109}} some other texts include Nilambara and Ribhus.{{sfn|Jordan|2014}} Indra and Shachi had a daughter named [[Jayanti (Hinduism)|Jayanti]], who married Indra's rival [[Shukra]]. In some scriptures, Indra and Shachi bestowed their daughter [[Devasena]] to [[Kartikeya]].{{sfn|Dalal|2014}}<br />
<br />
Author James G. Lochtefeld comments that Shachi is not a major figure, and this may reflect Indra's diminished status in later Hindu mythology. He claims that Shachi's only important role is in the story of [[Nahusha]].{{sfn|Lochtefeld|2001|p=297}} In the story, according to the ''Mahabharata'', Indra once committed [[Brāhmanahatya|Brahmahatya]] (Brahminicide) by killing [[Vritra]], after which he set out incognito to perform a penance. During this period, the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]] appointed Nahusha, a powerful mortal ruler of the [[Lunar dynasty]], to be the king of heaven.{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=516}} He soon became proud of his power and desired Shachi, but she refused his amorous advances and sought protection under [[Brihaspati]], Indra's teacher.{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=660}} Angered by Nahusha's illicit behaviour, the devas advised her to bring back Indra, and after crafting a plan, Shachi went to Nahusha. She told Nahusha that before accepting him, he would have to wait until Indra was found; Nahusha showed his consent. Though Indra was found and redeemed from his sin, he refused to return as Nahusha was the king, and went back into hiding. Aided by the goddess Upashruti, Shachi located Indra in the lake [[Manasarovar]].{{sfn|Sarkar|1989|p=126}} Indra suggested that Shachi scheme to remove Nahusha from his position. She returned to Nahusha and asked him to come to her in a palanquin driven by sages. Due to his impatience and arrogance, Nahusha kicked the sage [[Agastya]] while riding in the palanquin. Agastya cursed Nahusha to fall from heaven and transformed him into a snake. Indra was hence restored as the King of Heaven and reunited with Shachi.{{sfn|Debroy|2015}}{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=6}}{{sfn|Sinha|2020}}{{sfn|Lochtefeld|2001|p=297}}<br />
[[File:Krishna Uproots the Parijata Tree, Folio from a Bhagavata Purana (Ancient Stories of the Lord) LACMA M.72.1.26.jpg|175px|left|thumb|In a folio from the ''Bhagavata Purana'', Krishna uproots the Parijata Tree while Indra and Shachi (Indrani) apologise.]]<br />
<br />
According to another story in the ''Ramayana'', Anuhlada, the son of the [[Daitya]] [[Hiranyakashipu]], wanted to marry Shachi, but she refused. As a result, he took permission from Puloman to forcefully abduct and marry her. During the abduction, Indra spotted Anuhlada and Shachi and saved his wife by killing both Anuhlada and Puloman.{{sfn|Dalal|2014|p=166}}{{sfn|Debroy|2017a}}{{efn|In contrast, Alain Daniélou writes that Puloman was killed after Indra eloped with Shachi.{{sfn|Daniélou|1991|p=109}}}} The Southern Indian text ''[[Kanda Purana]]'' narrates that when the asura [[Surapadman]] desired Shachi, Indra appointed the god [[Shasta (deity)|Shasta]] as her guard. During his absence, Surapadman's sister came to Shachi and unsuccessfully tried to convince her to marry the asura.{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=330}}{{sfn|Dalal|2014|p=399}} In the epics, Shachi's beauty and devotion are compared to other women, such as [[Rohini (goddess)|Rohini]], [[Arundhati (Hinduism)|Arundhati]], [[Sita]], and [[Draupadi]].{{sfn|Mukherjee|1999|p=29, 39}}{{sfn|Debroy|2017b}} The ''Mahabharata'' also mentions that the heroine Draupadi was Shachi's [[avatar|incarnation]], though Draupadi is praised as an incarnation of [[Lakshmi|Sri]] in other earlier chapters of the text.{{sfn|Brodbeck|Black|2007|p=136}} <br />
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The Puranas attest that Shachi owned the [[Parijata]] tree (''[[Nyctanthes arbor-tristis]]''), which was one of the jewels emerging from the ''[[Samudra Manthan]]'' (the churning of the ocean). In the ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'' and ''Bhagavata Purana'', the god [[Krishna]] and his wife [[Satyabhama]] visited [[Amaravati (mythology)|Amaravati]] to return the earrings of Indra's mother [[Aditi]], which were stolen by the demon [[Narakasura]]. Shachi considered Satyabhama to be inferior because of her mortal background and introduced her to Aditi.{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=330}} Later, while travelling through Indra's garden, Satyabhama saw the Parijata tree and decided to transplant it to [[Dvārakā|Dvaraka]]. When Shachi's guards warned Satyabhama, she challenged Shachi to ask Indra to protect the tree if he was truly submissive to her will. After hearing about Satyabhama's words from a guard, Shachi insisted that her husband take back her possession. A battle between Indra and Krishna occurred, in which the latter was victorious and took the tree with him.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|1996}}{{sfn|Cush|Robinson|York|2012|p=775}}<br />
<br />
====Association with the Matrikas====<br />
{{main|Matrikas}}<br />
[[File:13th century Saptamatrikas Panagal Group of Temples ruins, Sakti tradition.jpg|thumb| 13th-century Saptamatrikas Panagal Group of Temples ruins, Sakti tradition; Indrani is the one with elephant icon below her]]<br />
In [[Shaktism]], the goddess-oriented sect of Hinduism, Indrani (or Aindri) is the name of one of the Sapta [[Matrika]]—the seven divine mothers. Sometimes, Indra's wife and the Matrika are equated into one goddess.{{sfn|Chandra|1998}} <br />
<br />
The legends of the Matrikas are narrated in various texts. In the ''[[Devi Mahatmyam]]'', when the gods could not defeat the powerful demons Shumbha and Nishumbha, their [[Shakti]]s (power) personified themselves to defeat the demon. Indrani is described to be emerging from Indra and has similar characteristics to him.{{sfn|Kinsley|1988|p=156}}{{sfn|Cush|Robinson|York|2012|p=739}} According to later chapters in the ''Devi Mahatmyam'', the Matrikas appeared again to defeat [[Raktabīja|Raktabija]], a demon with the power to multiply himself whenever a drop of his blood reached the ground. In this battle, the Matrikas emerged from different parts of the supreme goddess.{{sfn|Kinsley|1988|p=159}}{{sfn|Leeming|Fee|2016}} <br />
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The ''[[Varaha Purana]]'' associates each of the Matrikas with an emotion; Indrani is associated with jealousy.{{sfn|Kinsley|1988|p=159}}{{sfn|Leeming|Fee|2016}}<br />
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==Iconography and worship==<br />
{{Multiple images<br />
| image2 = The Hindu Godess Indrani (a); The Hindu Goddess Brahmani (b) LACMA M.91.232.11a-b (2 of 2).jpg<br />
| caption2 = A painting of the Matrika Indrani, Nepal, c. 1800<br />
| image1 = 12th-century Vedic Indra and Indrani at Shaivism Hindu temple Hoysaleswara arts Halebidu Karnataka India (crop).jpg<br />
| caption1 = Indra and Indrani at a temple, India, c. 12th century<br />
| align = left<br />
| total_width = 300<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Sculptures of Indrani and Indra are common in Hindu temples. They are typically depicted sitting on the white elephant [[Airavata]]. While explaining the iconography as described in the ''[[Vishnudharmottara]]'', archeologist [[T.A. Gopinatha Roa]] writes that Indrani should be depicted with two arms, seated on the lap of her husband. She is of golden complexion and is dressed in blue garment. One of her hand embraces Indra, while the other one carries a ''santana-manjari''.{{sfn|Gopinatha Rao|1916|p=520}}<br />
<br />
Roa describes the Matrika Indrani as being red, with three eyes and four hands. Two of her hands should be in Varada and Abhaya [[mudra]], while the other two hands hold a [[vajra]] (thunderbolt) and a spear. She wears a ''kirita'' on her head and is decorated with various ornaments. Her ''[[vahana]]'' (vehicle), as well as her emblem banner, is an elephant.{{sfn|Rao|1997|p=385}} According to the ''Vishnudharmottara'', like Indra, Indrani is yellow and has one thousand eyes. She has six arms, four of which carry a sutra, vajra, pot, and vessel. The remaining two are in Abhaya and Varada mudra. The ''[[Devi Bhagavata Purana]]'' states that Shachi has two arms and carries an ''[[ankusha]]'' (goad) and vajra, while the ''Purva Karangama'' depicts her as having two eyes and carrying a lotus in one hand.{{sfn|Rao|1997|p=385}} {{sfn|Dalal|2014}} Indrani is associated with the ''kalpaka'' tree; sometimes, a lion is mentioned as her ''vahana''.{{sfn|Stutley|2019}}<br />
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Indrani is usually venerated with Indra and is rarely worshipped as an independent deity. Author [[Roshen Dalal]] states that Indra and Indrani are the ''[[kul devata]]'' (family deity) of the royal family of [[Vidarbha]]. In the ''Bhagavata Purana'', [[Rukmini]], the chief wife of Krishna, visited a temple dedicated to Indra and Shachi.{{sfn|Dalal|2014|p=165}} In [[Hindu astrology]], Indrani is the ruler of [[Shukra]] (Venus) and symbolises the quality of [[rajas]].{{sfn|Kalomiris|2019}} In modern times, Indrani is sometimes equated with the Matrika of the same name and is worshipped along with the other Matrikas. A [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] (worship) dedicated to Indrani is performed during the Ashada Navratri.<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 8, 2019|first=Nikita|last=Banerjee|title=Ashtami – Why is Ashtami the most important day during Navratri?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/rituals-puja/why-is-ashtami-the-most-important-day-during-navratri/articleshow/68206690.cms|access-date=2 June 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==In other religions==<br />
[[File:Indradeva.jpg|thumb|[[Indra]] and Indrani riding [[Airavata]]. Folio from a Jain text, [[Panch Kalyanaka]], {{circa|1670|1680}}, painting in [[LACMA]] museum, originally from Amber, [[Rajasthan]]]]<br />
Indrani exists in other religions, though she plays a minor role.<br />
In [[Jain]] tradition, she is a mirror image of Indra, and they represent an ideal couple.{{sfn|Appleton|2016}} According to myth, when a [[Tirthankara]] is born, Indra descends with his consort Indrani, riding the great elephant Airavata, to celebrate the event.{{sfn|Goswamy|2014|p=245}}<br />
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In the Buddhist [[Pāli Canon]], Indrani is referred to as Sujā, the wife of [[Śakra (Buddhism)|Śakra]].{{sfn|Daniélou|1991|p=487}}{{sfn|Appleton|2016}} Born to asura [[Vemacitrin]], Sujā went through a long process and was reborn over many lifetimes to purify herself and become Śakra's wife. As Vemacitrin was his nemesis, Śakra, disguised as an old asura, came to Sujā and took her with him. After defeating Vemacitrin, Sujā and Śakra got married and she became his chief consort.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 April 2009|title=Suja, Sujā: 6 definitions|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/suja|access-date=29 April 2021|website=www.wisdomlib.org}}</ref><br />
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==Notes==<br />
{{Reflist|group=note}}<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
===Citations===<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
===Sources===<br />
{{ref begin}}<br />
*{{cite book|first=David|last=Kinsley|title=Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HzldwMHeS6IC|year=1988|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-90883-3|pages= 17–18; 156–158}}<br />
*{{Cite book|last=Monier-Williams|first=Monier|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3NWAAAAcAAJ&q=Wife+of+Indra|title=A Sanskrit-English Dictionary|date=1872|publisher=Clarendon|language=en}}<br />
*{{Cite book|last=Dalal|first=Roshen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&q=Shachi|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|date=18 April 2014|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-81-8475-277-9|language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite book|last1=Leeming|first1=David|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kjO6CwAAQBAJ&q=matrikas&pg=PT33|title=The Goddess: Myths of the Great Mother|last2=Fee|first2=Christopher|date=15 March 2016|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=978-1-78023-538-7|language=en}}<br />
*{{Cite book|last=Mani|first=Vettam|pages= [https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/330/mode/2up 330], [https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/660/mode/2up 660]|title=Puranic encyclopaedia : a comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and Puranic literature|date=1975|publisher=Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass|others=Robarts – University of Toronto}}<br />
* {{Cite book|last=Sinha|first=Purnendu Narayana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OveYh2v-1roC&q=Sachi&pg=PT110|title=A Study of the Bhagavata Purana: Or, Esoteric Hinduism|date=28 September 2020|publisher=Library of Alexandria|isbn=978-1-4655-2506-2|language=en}}<br />
*{{Cite book|last=Daniélou|first=Alain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1HMXN9h6WX0C&q=Indra+wife&pg=RA1-PA260|title=The Myths and Gods of India: The Classic Work on Hindu Polytheism from the Princeton Bollingen Series|date=December 1991|publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co|isbn=978-0-89281-354-4|language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite book|last=Bhattacharya|first=Sunil Kumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SyyNIL7Ug2kC&q=shachi+satyabhama+Bhagavata+Purana&pg=PA37|title=Krishna-cult in Indian Art|date=1996|publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-7533-001-6|language=en}}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Mukherjee|first=Prabhati|title=Hindu Women: Normative Models |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ovdvq7mjpUC&q=Sachi|year=1999|publisher=Orient Blackswan|location=Calcutta|isbn=81-250-1699-6}}<br />
* {{Cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Maneka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PkW6hs1OjyEC&q=Saci|title=The Penguin Book of Hindu Names|date=1993|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-012841-3|language=en}}<br />
*{{Cite book|last=Lochtefeld|first=James G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC&q=indrani+indrajita&pg=PA297|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 1|date=15 December 2001|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc|isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8|language=en}}<br />
*{{Cite book|last1=Brodbeck|first1=Simon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=56fr2p5f7l0C&q=saci+&pg=PA136|title=Gender and Narrative in the Mahabharata|last2=Black|first2=Brian|date=9 August 2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-11995-0|language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite book|last=Debroy|first=Bibek|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=prU8DwAAQBAJ&q=With+Puloma%27s+consent%2C+Anuhlada+Shachi.+Indra+killed+Puloma|title=The Valmiki Ramayana: Vol. 2|year=2017a|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-87326-27-9|language=en}}<br />
*{{Cite book|last=Debroy|first=Bibek|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oLU8DwAAQBAJ&q=Shachi|title=The Valmiki Ramayana: Vol. 3|year=2017b|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-87326-28-6|language=en}}<br />
*{{Cite book|last=Jordan|first=Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aqDC5bwx4_wC&q=Indra|title=Dictionary of Gods and Goddesses|date=14 May 2014|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0985-5|language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite book|last=Stutley|first=Margaret|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vQWQDwAAQBAJ&q=elements%20of%20Hindu%20iconography|title=The Illustrated Dictionary of Hindu Iconography|date=9 April 2019|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-429-62425-4|language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite book|last=Muir|first=John|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MDpNAAAAcAAJ&q=indr%C4%81%E1%B9%87%C4%AB&pg=PA82|title=Original Sanskrit Texts on the Origin and History of the People of India, Their Religion and Institutions: Contributions to a knowledge of the cosmogony, mythology, religious ideas, life and manners, of the Indians in the Vedic age. Volume fifth|date=1870|publisher=Trübner & Company|language=en}}<br />
*{{Cite book|last=Rao|first=T. A. Gopinatha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-o2xe6iLcAkC&q=Indrani|title=Elements of Hindu Iconography|date=1997|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishe|isbn=978-81-208-0876-8|language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite book|last=Gopinatha Rao|first=T. A.|url=http://archive.org/details/ElementsOfHinduIconographyVol.IIPartII|title=Elements Of Hindu Iconography, Vol. II Part II|date=1916}}<br />
* {{Cite book|last=Kapoor|first=Subodh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MeEvAoVVRO0C&q=indra+indrani+ape&pg=PA1084|title=Encyclopaedia of Vedic Philosophy: The Age, Religion, Literature, Pantheon, Philosophy, Traditions, and Teachers of the Vedas|date=2002|publisher=Cosmo|isbn=978-81-7755-357-4|language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite book|last1=Cush|first1=Denise|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3N4mGlbutbgC&q=Indra+wife&pg=PA529|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|last2=Robinson|first2=Catherine|last3=York|first3=Michael|date=21 August 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-18978-5|language=en}}<br />
*{{Cite book|last=Chandra|first=Suresh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mfTE6kpz6XEC&q=Puranic+Encyclopaedia+puloman&pg=PA154|title=Encyclopaedia of Hindu Gods and Goddesses|date=1998|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-039-9|language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite book|last=Kalomiris|first=James|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VvWuDwAAQBAJ&q=sukra+indrani&pg=PT52|title=The Vedic Astrologer: The Spiritual Legacy of the Nakshatras|date=4 September 2019|publisher=Balboa Press|isbn=978-1-9822-2638-1|language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D4LcyREW2KEC&q=Upashruti+shachi+nahusha&pg=PT96|title=The Mahabharata: Volume 4|date=1 June 2015|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-81-8475-534-3|language=en|first = Bibek|last= Debroy}}<br />
*{{Cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Rabindra Nath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8G03cs7AVhgC&q=Upashruti+shachi&pg=PA126|title=An Episodic Interpretation of the Mahabharata|date=1989|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri|language=en}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Goswamy |first=B. N. |author-link=B. N. Goswamy |year=2014 |title=The Spirit of Indian Painting: Close Encounters with 100 Great Works 1100–1900 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J5E3BQAAQBAJ |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-670-08657-3 }}<br />
*{{Cite book|last=Appleton|first=Naomi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3QWcDQAAQBAJ&q=Indr%C4%81%E1%B9%87i|title=Shared Characters in Jain, Buddhist and Hindu Narrative: Gods, Kings and Other Heroes|date=25 November 2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-05574-7|language=en}}<br />
{{ref end}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Commons category inline}}<br />
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{{Hindu deities and texts}}<br />
{{Shaktism}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
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[[Category:Beauty goddesses]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]</div>149.62.206.209