Devanam at 08:30, 24 July 2026

2026-07-24T08:30:17Z

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[[File:Sindhu-Saraswati Civilisation.png|thumb|250px|Size and major sites of the Indus Valley civilization]]

The '''Indus Valley civilization''' was a [[Bronze Age]] civilization(3300–1300 [[BC]]; mature period 2700-1700 BC)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shinde|first=Vasant.S.|last2=Kim|first2=Y.J.|last3=Woo|first3=E.J.|last4=Jadhav|first4=N.|last5=et|first5=al.|year=2018 |title=Archaeological and anthropological studies on the Harappan cemetery of Rakhigarhi, India|journal=PLOS One Volume, 13(2), e0192299}}</ref>

The [[civilization]] was in the [[subcontinent]]. It was discovered by [[archaeologist]]s in the 1880s.
It developed along the [[Indus|Indus River]] and the [[Ghaggar-Hakra River]] and even that areas are now in modern [[Pakistan]], north-west [[India]] and [[Afghanistan]]. The civilization started during the [[Bronze Age]] and the height of its development was between 2500 BC and 1500 [[BC]]. Including the civilizations directly before and after, it may have lasted from the 33rd to the 14th century BC.<ref>Allchin, Bridget 1997. ''Origins of a Civilization: the prehistory and early archaeology of South Asia''. New York: Viking.</ref><ref>Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark 1998. ''Ancient cities of the Indus Valley civilisation''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-577940-1}}</ref>

The Indus Valley civilization covered a large area {{ndash}} from [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] (Pakistan) to [[Gujarat]] (Republic of India). The first city to be discovered by excavation (digging up) was [[Harappa]] and therefore this civilization is also known as 'Harappan Civilization'.

They were good builders. The ruins of the site shows skillful design. Their buildings had two or sometimes more stories. The bathrooms were attached to the rooms. One of the unique features of the city was its elaborate [[drainage]] system. A brick-lined drainage channel flowed alongside every street. Removable bricks were placed at regular intervals for easy cleaning and inspection.

The harappan [[trade]]rs used [[seal (device)|seals]] on the knots of the sacks to be transported to make sure that they were not opened during the journey. Nobody knows how to read their [[writing system]].

In 1842 Charles Masson wrote a book that mentioned the sites of Indus Valley Civilisation.<ref>Masson, Charles 1842. Chapter 2: Haripah, in ''Narrative of various journeys in Balochistan, Afghanistan and the Panjab; including a residence in those countries from 1826 to 1838''. London: Richard Bentley, p. 472.</ref> Few people paid attention. Later, in 1921-22, John Marshall organised the first [[archaeological]] dig at Harappa.<ref>Marshall, John (ed) 1931. ''Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization''. [[Asian Educational Services]]. {{ISBN|978-81-206-1179-5}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Mohenjo-daro Priesterkönig.jpeg|So-called "Priest King" statue, [[Mohenjo-Daro]], late Harappan period, National Museum, [[Karachi]], Pakistan
IndusValleySeals.JPG|Seals found at sites of the Indus Valley civilization
Mohenjodaro Sindh.jpeg|Mohenjodaro Sindh
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:History of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Ancient history]]
[[Category:History of India]]
[[Category:History of Afghanistan]]

{{simple-Wikipedia}}

Indus Valley civilization - Revision history

Devanam at 08:30, 24 July 2026