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{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Jagadeva
| image = Paramaras of Vidarbha King Jagaddeva 12th-13th centuries.jpg
| caption = A gold coin of Jagadeva
| spouse = Virmati (as mentioned in [[Alexander Kinloch Forbes|Ras-Mala]])
| father = [[Udayaditya]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| dynasty = [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]]
}}

'''Jagadeva''', also known as '''Jagaddeva''' or '''Jagdev Parmar''', was an 11th-12th century prince from the [[Paramara dynasty]] of central India. He is known from an inscription discovered at [[Jainad]] and some folk legends. His political status is uncertain, although according to one theory, he may have been a vassal of the [[Western Chalukya]]s.

== Ancestry and political status ==
The coins and inscriptions from Jagadeva's period have been found in the northern parts of [[Amravati division|Berar]] and [[Deccan Plateau|Marathwada]] regions of [[Maharashtra]], not the traditional Paramara territory of [[Malwa]]. These regions were dominated by the [[Chalukyas of Kalyani]]. An inscription discovered at [[Jainad]] names Jagaddeva as the son of the Paramara king [[Udayaditya]] (reigned c. 1060–1086).<ref>{{cite book |author=Gulab Chandra Choudhary |title=Political History of Northern India, from Jain Sources: (c. 650 A. D. to 1300 A. D.) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CpMBAAAAMAAJ |year=1964 |publisher=Sohanlal Jaindharma Pracharak Samiti |page=108 }}</ref> Four gold coins bearing the name "[[Shri]]-Jagadeva" have also been discovered. Several scholars, including P. C. Roy, identify the issuer of these coins as the Paramara prince.<ref name="PCRoy_1980">{{cite book |author=P. C. Roy |title=The Coinage of Northern India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2Et2zZGJPUC&pg=PA66 |year=1980 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-122-5 |pages=66–68 }}</ref> M. H. Krishna surmised that the Chalukya king [[Someshvara I|Someshvara]] was known by the title "Jagaddeva" ("Lord of the world") in the northern part of his kingdom, and it was he who issued these coins. However, all the known Chalukya coins feature [[Kannada script]], while coins of Jagaddeva feature the [[Nagari script]] used by the Paramaras. Therefore, Krishna's theory is purely conjectural.<ref>{{cite book |author=A. V. Narasimha Murthy |title=The Coins of Karnataka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fPoXAAAAMAAJ |year=1975 |publisher=Geetha Book House |page=86 }}</ref>

V. P. Rode theorizes that Jagadeva accepted the suzerainty of [[Vikramaditya VI]] of Kalyani. Vikramaditya made him governor of Berar and a part of Deccan. P. C. Roy disagrees with this theory, arguing that a vassal could not have issued gold coins in his own name, and the coins do not mention the Chalukyas.<ref name="PCRoy_1980"/>

A legendary account in the ''[[Alexander Kinloch Forbes|Ras-Mala]]'' states that Jagadeva succeeded Udayaditya as the king.<ref name="AR_Rasmala"/> Therefore, D. C. Ganguly suggested that Jagadeva was another name for [[Lakshmadeva]] (r. c. 1086-1094 CE), who according to Paramara inscriptions, was the successor of Udayaditya. According to Ganguly's theory, he abdicated the throne in favour of his brother [[Naravarman]] (r. c. 1094-1133 CE). He then governed the southern part of the Paramara kingdom (northern parts of Berar and Deccan) until at least 1112 CE. Later, he lived at the Chalukya court at Vikramaditya's invitation.<ref name="PCRoy_1980"/> K. C. Jain disagrees with this theory, arguing that Jagaddeva and Lakshmadeva were two distinct princes.<ref>{{cite book |author=Kailash Chand Jain |title=Malwa Through the Ages, from the Earliest Times to 1305 A.D |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3O7q7cU7k0C&pg=PA358 |year=1972 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0824-9 |page=358 }}</ref>

== Jainad inscription ==
{{Location map
|India
|label = Jainad
|position = right
|lat = 19.74
|long = 78.64
|caption = Location of Jainad in modern India
|float = right
|width = 200
}}
The undated [[Jainad]] inscription was found on the floor of a temple [[mandapa]]. It was composed by the poet Ashvatthama in [[Sanskrit]] language, and has been dated to the 11th century on a [[paleography|palaeographical]] basis. It records the construction of a temple dedicated to [[Surya]] (the sun deity) by one Padmavati. The inscription states that it was issued during Jagaddeva's rule.<ref name="HVTrivedi_1990">{{cite book |author=Harihar Vitthal Trivedi |title=Inscriptions of the Paramāras (Part 2) |series=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Volume VII: Inscriptions of the Paramāras, Chandēllas, Kachchapaghātas, and two minor dynasties |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8B4LAQAAMAAJ |year=1991 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |pages=93–97 }}</ref>

The inscription begins with verses praising Surya and [[Shiva]]. It then mentions the [[Agnivansha]] myth, which states that the founder of the Paramara dynasty was created by [[Vashistha]] from a sacrificial fire pit. Jagaddeva was born in this dynasty: his father and paternal uncle are named as Udayaditya and [[Bhoja]] respectively.<ref name="HVTrivedi_1990"/>

Next, the record describes the military achievements of Jagaddeva:<ref name="HVTrivedi_1990"/>
* ''He defeated the king of [[History of Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]].'' Historian H. V. Trivedi believes that this refers to the [[Chola]] king [[Rajaraja Chola II|Rajaraja II]], and Jagaddeva may have led a Chalukya invasion against the Chola occupation of Andhra territory.
* ''He "uprooted in sport" the king of Chakradurga.'' Chakradurga can be identified with the present-day [[Bastar district]]; its ruler at that time was Someshvara of an obscure dynasty named Naga.
* ''He successfully invaded [[Dwarasamudra|Dorasamudra]], causing "acute pain in the heart of the chief of Malahara".'' Trivedi theorizes that this refers to the Chalukya invasion of the [[Hoysala]] kingdom, which was ruled by [[Veera Ballala I|Ballala]]. According to him, "Malahara" is a variation of "Malaha" or "Malapa" (hill chiefs), and referred to a [[hill tribe]] to which the Hoysalas belonged.
* ''He fought against the [[Gurjaradesa|Gurjaras]], causing a flood of tears among the wives of the Gurjara warriors.'' The inscription mentions the word "Jayasimha" in this sentence. D. C. Ganguly interpreted the sentence to mean that Jagaddeva's bravery was an "announcement of the valour of Jayasimha". He concluded that Jagaddeva may have fought against the [[Chaulukya]] (Solanki) king of [[Gujarat]], as part of the Paramara army under [[Jayasimha I (Paramara dynasty)|Jayasimha I]]. However, a later translation appearing in [[Epigraphia Indica]] interprets the verse to mean that Jayasimha was an enemy of Jagaddeva. On basis of this, Trivedi identifies Jayasimha as the Chaulukya king [[Jayasimha Siddharaja]].
* ''He subdued the king Karna.'' Ganguly identified Karna as the [[Karna (Chaulukya dynasty)|Chaulukya king Karna]], but [[V. V. Mirashi]] disagreed with this theory, pointing out that Jagadeva's father Udayaditya is said to have destroyed the king of Dahala. The Dahala region was ruled by the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuris]], so Mirashi identifies Karna as the [[Lakshmikarna|Kalachuri king Karna]].<ref>{{cite book |author=V. V. Mirashi |author-link=Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi |chapter=The Kalacuris |editor=R. S. Sharma |title=A Comprehensive history of India: A.D. 985-1206 |volume=4 (Part 1) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ahFuAAAAMAAJ |year=1957 |publisher=Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House | isbn=978-81-7007-121-1 |page=493 }}</ref> According to H. V. Trivedi, the Kalachuri king may be identified as either Karna or his son [[Yashahkarna|Yashah-Karna]]. Jaggadeva's brother [[Lakshmadeva]] is known to have invaded the Kalachuri capital [[Tripuri, Madhya Pradesh|Tripuri]] during Yashah-Karna's reign, and might have been aided by Jagaddeva in this campaign.<ref name="HVTrivedi_1990"/>

The rest of the inscription describes Padmavati, who resembled [[Lakshmi]] and constructed the "Nimbaditya" temple "in this city". The inscription does not name the city, but it is possible that it refers to Jainad, where the inscription was found in a temple. Padmavati is described as the queen of Arjuna, who was a member of the Dahima family. Arjuna is described as a subordinate and a favourite of the king Udayaditya. The inscription also mentions Udayaditya's minister Lolarka as another member of the Dahima family. He is described a Shaivite who was loyal to Jagaddeva. Lolarka's father Gunaraja was also a favourite of Udayaditya.<ref name="HVTrivedi_1990"/>

== Legends ==

=== Legend of Virmati and Jagadeva ===
One legend about Jagadeva is mentioned in the ''[[Alexander Kinloch Forbes|Ras-Mala]]'', a collection of [[Gujarat]]i legends. It names Jagdev Parmar (Jagadeva) as the son of king Udayadit of Dhar (Udayaditya) and his [[Solanki dynasty|Solanki]] (Chaulukya) wife. The king's favourite son and the heir apparent was Rindhaval, his son by another wife from [[Vaghela dynasty|Vagheli]] family. The [[Chavda dynasty|Chavda]] ruler of Tuktoda was impressed with Jagdev's merits, and married his daughter Virmati to the Paramara prince. Jagdev left his father's kingdom because of harassment from the Vagheli queen and reached Tuktoda. From there, he and Virmati marched to [[Anahilavada|Anhilvara]] (Patan), the capital of the Solanki king Sidh Raj Jesangh ([[Jayasimha Siddharaja]]).<ref name="AR_Rasmala"/>

Virmati's mother was the sister of the Solanki king, and Jagdev hoped to find employment with him. Virmati went to the royal palace to seek the king's help, but she was trapped in a room by a woman named Jamoti, who had been paid by the governor's son Dungarsi to find a paramour for him. When Dungarsi came to the room, Virmati got him drunk and killed him. When the king learned about this incident, he praised Virmati as an honourable woman and enlisted Jagdev in his service.<ref name="AR_Rasmala"/>

One day, the Solanki king asked Jagdev to investigate some strange sounds he had been hearing. Jagdev found four wailing women, who introduced themselves as the [[Fate]]s of Patan. They told him that the Solanki king was about to die. Near them were four other women, who were laughing. They introduced themselves as the Fates of Delhi. Jagdev asked them if there was any way to save the king's life. They told him that if a highly ranked man offered his life instead, the king would survive. Jagdev then decided to offer his life, but his wife insisted that their entire family offer their lives. First, they offered their first-born son to the Fates. The Fates beheaded the boy, but impressed with the family's loyalty to the king, they let the rest of the family go. The Solanki king had secretly seen the entire episode. He was pleased with Jagdev's loyalty, and married one of his daughters to Jagdev. Virmati was satisfied with this arrangement, because multiple wives indicated the high status of a Rajput lord. According to this legend, Jagdev went back to Dhar after Udayadit's death and became the new Paramara king.<ref name="AR_Rasmala">{{cite book |title=The Imperial and Asiatic Quarterly Review and Oriental and Colonial Record |chapter=The Rajput Legend of Jagdev Parmar |author=A. Rogers |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ij1BAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA400 |year=1893 |publisher=Oriental University Institute |pages=400–409 }}</ref>

[[Navalram Pandya|Navalram]]'s play ''Veermati'' (1869) is based on this legend.<ref>{{cite book |author=Rameśa Ma Śukla |title=Navalram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rXQhAAAAMAAJ |year=1988 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |page=18 }}</ref> [[Shree Nath Patankar]] made ''Sati Veermata'', an Indian silent film based on the legend, in 1923.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|url-access=registration|accessdate=12 August 2012|year=1999|publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref>

=== Other legends ===
According to another bardic tradition, some tribes in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent are descended from "Jagdev Parmar", that is, Jagadeva. During the reign of Jagadeva's nephew [[Yashovarman (Paramara dynasty)|Yashovarman]] (r. c. 1133-1142 CE), the [[Delhi Sultanate]] invaded Malwa. The bardic works state that Jagadeva's descendant Rai Shankar and some other Paramaras migrated to [[Punjab]] via [[Rajputana]] as a result of this invasion. Rai Shankar had three sons: Gheo (the ancestor of [[Gheba]]s), Teo or Tenu (the ancestor of Tiwanas) and Seo (the ancestor of [[Sial (tribe)|Sials]]). Teo's descendants established the [[Mataur]] village in present-day Haryana, from where the Tiwanas migrated to other places. Some of them converted from [[Hinduism]] to [[Sikhism]] and [[Islam]] in the later centuries.<ref>{{cite book |author=Ian Talbot |title=Khizr Tiwana, the Punjab Unionist Party and the Partition of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jEldAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 |year=2013 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-136-79036-2 |pages=13–14 }}</ref>

The rulers of the [[Muli State|Muli princely state]] in present-day Gujarat also claimed descent from Jagdev Parmar.<ref name="(India)1977">{{cite book |author=Gujarat (India) |title=Gujarat State Gazetteers: Surendranagar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=25BhAAAAIAAJ |year=1977 |publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State |page=110 }}</ref>

The Ambaraian rulers of the [[Akhnoor]] principality in present-day [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] traced their ancestry to "Jagdev Singh" (Jagadeva), who had migrated from Dhar.<ref>{{cite book |author=P. K. Kaul |title=Himalayan principalities in Jammu, Kangra, and Bhadarwah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LUpuAAAAMAAJ |year=1993 |publisher=Jay Kay |page=22 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Paramara dynasty]]

Jagadeva - Revision history

UpdateBot at 18:03, 8 November 2021