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{{Short description|Medieval city of Delhi, established 1326–1327}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{about|the fortified site|main mosque located within the fortification|Begumpur Mosque}}
{{infobox building
| name = Jahanpanah
| native_name =
| image = Octagonal pavilion and hypostyle hall.jpg
| image_size = 250
| caption = '''Bijaymandal''' in Jahanpanah, the fourth city of Medieval Delhi
| former_names =
| pushpin_map = India New Delhi
| coordinates = {{coord|28.521|77.246|region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| altitude =
| building_type = [[Fort]]s, [[mosque]]s and [[tomb]]s
| architectural_style = Tughlaq
| structural_system =
| cost =
| location = [[South Delhi]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| address =
| client = [[Tughlaq Dynasty]]
| owner = [[Government of Delhi]]
| landlord =
| construction_start_date = A.D. 1326
| completion_date = A.D. 1327
| inauguration_date =
| demolished_date =
| destruction_date =
| height =
| diameter =
| other_dimensions =
| floor_count =
| floor_area = Fort area: {{convert|20|ha|acre|abbr=on|1}}
| main_contractor =
| architect =
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| civil_engineer =
| other_designers =
| quantity_surveyor =
| awards =
| references = <ref name =madan>{{cite web |url=http://www.fig.net/pub/athens/papers/wsa3/WSA3_5_Mohan.pdf |title=Historical Information System for Surveying Monuments and Spatial Data Modeling for Conservation of Cultural Heritage in Delhi |author=Mohan, Madan |access-date=2009-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202195247/http://www.fig.net/pub/athens/papers/wsa3/WSA3_5_Mohan.pdf |archive-date=2 February 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}

'''Jahanpanah''' was the fourth medieval city of [[Delhi]] established in 1326–1327 by [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi Sultan]], [[Muhammad bin Tughlaq]]. To counter the persistent threat of Mongol invasions, Tughlaq constructed the fortified city of Jahanpanah (meaning "Refuge of the World" in Persian), incorporating the Adilabad Fort, built in the 14th century, along with all the establishments located between [[Qila Rai Pithora]] and [[Siri Fort]]. Neither the city nor the fort has survived. Many reasons have been offered for such a situation. One of these is exemplified by the idiosyncratic rule of Mohammed bin Tughlaq, who inexplicably decreed the capital to be moved to [[Daulatabad Fort|Daulatabad]] in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], only to return to Delhi soon after.<ref name =madan/><ref name=speak>{{cite book |last=Aitken |first=Bill |chapter=Speaking Stones: World Cultural Heritage Sites in India |orig-year=2002 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lu5jGGQ8fJkC&q=delhi+continuously+inhabited&pg=PA21 |access-date=2009-05-25 |title=The other Delhis |page=25 |publisher=Eicher Goodearth Limited |isbn=81-87780-00-2 |year=2001|quote=Whatever the cause of Tughalqabad's demise, Ghiyasuddin’s successor Mohammed Bin Tughlaq returned to the original Rajput site. However, the Mongol threatened again and the new ruler decided to wall Qila Rai Pihora, Siri and the suburbs between them to build his Jahanpnah or 'Refuge of the World'}}</ref><ref name=maps>{{cite web |format=Map |url=http://india.mapsofindia.com/culture/monuments/adilabad-fort.html |title=Adilabad - The Fourth Fort of Delhi |access-date=2009-05-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102031657/http://india.mapsofindia.com/culture/monuments/adilabad-fort.html |archive-date=2 January 2008 }}</ref>

The ruins of the city's walls can be seen in the road between Siri to [[Qutub Minar]], and also in isolated patches behind the [[Indian Institute of Technology]] (IIT), in Begumpur, [[Khirki Masjid]], [[Satpula]] and many other nearby locations; at some sections, as seen at Satpula, the fort walls were large enough to have few inbuilt storerooms to stack provisions and armoury. The mystery of the city's precincts (complex) has unfolded over the years with later day excavations revealing a large number of monuments in the villages and residential colonies of [[South Delhi]].

Due to the constraints triggered by the unfettered urban expansion of Delhi, Jahanpanah has been engulfed by the upscale urban developments of South Delhi. The village and the wealth of ruins scattered all around are enclosed by the South Delhi suburbs of Panchsheel Park, [[Malviya Nagar (Delhi)|Malviya Nagar]], Adchini, and the [[Aurobindo Ashram]]. It is hemmed in the north–south direction between the [[Outer Ring Road, New Delhi|Outer Ring Road]] and the [[Qutb Complex]], and on the east–west direction by the [[Mehrauli]] [[road]] and the Chirag Delhi road, with Indian Institute of Technology, located on the other side of the [[Mehrauli]] road as an important landmark.<ref name="Arch">{{Cite book |chapter=Delhi and its Neighbourhood |author=Sharma, Y. D. |title=Siri Fort & A- Siris |pages=25 & 73 |access-date=2009-04-24 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |location=New Delhi |year=2001 |url=http://www.indiaclub.com/Shop/SearchResults.asp?ProdStock=8780 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050831215230/http://www.indiaclub.com/shop/SearchResults.asp?ProdStock=8780 |archive-date=31 August 2005 }}</ref><ref name="Lucy">{{Cite book |title=Delhi - A thousand years of Building |author=Peck, Lucy |chapter=Jahanpanah |pages=58–69 |publisher=Roli Books |location=New Delhi |year=2005 |isbn=81-7436-354-8}}</ref><ref name="place">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiasite.com/delhi/places/begumpurimasjid.html |title=Begumpuri Masjid |access-date=2009-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705092512/http://www.indiasite.com/delhi/places/begumpurimasjid.html |archive-date=5 July 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Etymology==
Jahanpanah's [[etymology]] consists of two [[Persian language|Persian]] words, جهان ‘Jahan’, "the world", and پناه ‘panah’,"shelter", thus "Refuge of the World"

==History==
Mohammed bin Tughlaq, the son of [[Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq]], who ordered the establishment of [[Tughlaqabad]], constructed the new city of Jahanpanah between 1326 and 1327 by encircling and hemming the earlier cities of Siri and [[Lal Kot]] with 13 gates.<ref name=fort>{{cite book |title=Forts of India |last=Verma |first=Amrit |year=1985 |publisher=The Director of Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |location=New Delhi |page=7 |isbn=81-230-1002-8}}</ref> But what remains of the city and the Adilabad Fort are largely ruins, which leave much ambiguity and conjecture regarding its physical status as to why and when it was built by Tughlaq. Some of the structures which have survived partially are the Bijay Mandal (that is inferred to have housed the Hazar Sutan Palace, now destroyed), the Begumpur Mosque, the Serai Shaji Mahal, the Lal Gumbad, the Baradari with other nearby structures and scattered swathes of rubble masonry walls. From [[Ibn Batuta]]’s chronicle of the period (he lived in Delhi from 1333–41), it is inferred that Lal Kot (Qutb complex) then constituted the urban area, Siri was the military [[cantonment]], and the remaining area consisted of his [[palace]] (Bijaymandal) and other structures like [[mosques]], etc.<ref name=Lucy/><ref name=fort1>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaprofile.com/monuments-temples/delhi-forts.htm |title=Forts of Delhi |work=India Profile |date= |access-date=2009-05-19}}</ref>

Ibn Batuta reasoned that Muhammad Shah wished to see a unified city comprising Lal Kot, Siri, Jahanpanah and Tughlaqabad with one contiguous fortification encompassing them but cost considerations compelled him to abandon the plan halfway. In his chronicle, Batuta also stated that the Hazar Sutan Palace (palace of a thousand pillars), built outside the Siri fort limits but within the Jahanpanah City area, was the residence of the Tughlaqs.<ref name=Lucy/><ref name=peter>{{Cite book |author=Jackson, Peter |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |access-date=2009-05-23 |chapter=Zenith of the sultanate |pages=259–260 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&q=Jahanpanah&pg=PA259 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=9780521543293}}</ref>

Hazar Sutan Palace was located within the fortified area of the Jahnapanah in Bijaya Mandal (literal meaning in Hindi: 'victory platform'). The grand palace with its audience hall of the beautifully painted wooden canopy and columns is vividly described but it does no longer exists. The Fort acted as a safe haven for the people living between [[Qila Rai Pithora]] and Siri. Tughalqabad continued to act as Tughlaq’s centre of government until, for strange and inexplicable reasons, he shifted his capital to [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Daulatabad]], however, he returned after a short period.<ref name=Arch/>

=== Adilabad ===
[[File:Adilabad Fort Facade.jpg|thumb|Adilabad Fort Facade]]
[[File:Adilabad interior.jpg|thumb|Adilabad interior]]
Adilabad, a fort of modest size, built on the hills to the south of Tughlaqabad, was provided with protective massive ramparts on its boundary around the city of Jahanpanah. The fort was much smaller than its predecessor fort, Tughlaqabad fort, but of similar design. [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) in its evaluation of the status of the fort for conservation has recorded that two gates, {{blockquote|"…one with [[barbican]]s between two [[bastion]]s on the south-east and another on the south-west. Inside, it, separated by a [[Bailey (castle)|bailey]], is a [[citadel]] consisting of walls, bastions and gates within which lay the palaces."<ref name=maps/><ref name="asi65">{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/PDF_data/detailed_proposal.pdf |title=Commonwealth Games-2010, Conservation, Restoration and Upgradation of Public Amenities at Protected Monuments |work=Adilabad Fort |page=65 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]], Delhi Circle |year=2006 |access-date=29 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011160921/http://asi.nic.in/PDF_data/detailed_proposal.pdf |archive-date=11 October 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}

The fort was also known as ‘Muhammadabad’, but inferred as a latter-day development.<ref name=Arch/> The two gates on the southeast and southwest of Adilabad fort had chambers at the lower level while the east and west gates had grain bins and courtyards at the upper floors. The fortifications built, linking with the other two city walls, was {{convert|12|m|ft|abbr=on|1}} in thickness and extended to a length of {{convert|8|km|mi|abbr=on|1}}. Another smaller fortress, called the Nai-ka-Kot (literally "Barber's fortress") was also built at a distance of about {{convert|700|m|ft|abbr=on|1}} from Adilabad, with the citadel and army camps, which are now seen only in ruins.<ref name=arch>{{cite journal |author1=Welch, Anthony |author2=Crane, Howard |date=1983 |title=The Tughluqs: Master Builders of the Delhi Sultanate |url=http://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/3053/original/DPC0347.PDF |journal=Muqarnas |publisher=Brill |volume=1 |pages=129–130 |doi=10.2307/1523075 |jstor=1523075 |access-date=13 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813185947/http://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/3053/original/DPC0347.PDF |archive-date=13 August 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Tughlaq's primary attention to infrastructure, particularly of iron supply to the city, was also well thought-out. A structure ([[weir]] or tank) with seven sluices ([[Hindi]]: [[Satpula]], meaning "seven bridges") was built on a stream that flowed through the city. This structure called the [[Satpula]] still exists (though non–functional), located near [[Khirki Mosque|Khirki village]] on the boundary walls of Jahanpanah. Similar structures had also been built at Tughlaqabad and Delhi in [[Hauz Khas Complex]], thus covering the water supply needs of entire population of Jahanpanah.<ref name =tracy>{{cite book |date=2000 |chapter=Chapter 9: Delhi walled: Changing boundaries |editor=Tracy, James D. |title=City Walls: The Urban Enceinte in Global Perspective |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=264–268 |isbn=978-0-521-65221-6}}</ref>
{{multiple image
| title=The Royal Begumpur Mosque
| image1= Begumpuri Masjid East gate.jpg|caption1=East gate entry into Begumpur Masjid
| image2 = Begumpuri Masjid Central pishtaq.jpg|caption2=Begumpur [[Masjid]] central pishtaq on west wall
}} [[Khirki Mosque]] lies in Khirki village.

=== Begumpur Mosque ===
{{main|Begumpur Mosque}}
Today, remnants of the city lie scattered across Begumpur village, serving as a silent testament to its ancient glory. The [[Begumpur Mosque]], a vestige of the old city, of overall layout plan of {{convert|90|x|94|m|ft|abbr=on|1}} with the inner [[courtyard]] measuring {{convert|75|x|80|m|ft|abbr=on|1}}, is said to be patterned on an Iranian design conceived by an [[Iran]]ian [[architect]] called Zahir al-Din al-Jayush. A majestic building in the heart of the city with pride of place played a pivotal role in serving as a [[madrasa]], an administrative centre with the [[treasury]] and a mosque of large proportions serving as a social community hub surrounded by a market area. It has an unusual layout with three arches covered passages with a "three by eight" deep nine-bay prayer hall on the west. The construction of this mosque is credited to two sources. One view is that it was built by [[Malik Maqbul|Khan-i-Jahan Maqbul Tilangani]], prime minister during [[Feroz Shah Tughlaq]]’s rule, who was also a builder of six more [[masjid]]s (two of them in the close vicinity). The other view is that it was built by Tughlaq because of its proximity to Bijay Mandal and could probably be dated to 1351 CE, the year Tughlaq died here. In support of the second view, it is said that Ibn Batuta, the chronicler of the period (till his departure from Delhi in 1341 CE) had not recorded this monument. The mosque, considered an architectural masterpiece, has three gates, one in each of the three covered passages: in the north, east (main gate) and south. The west wall which has the [[mihrab]], has Tughluqi-style tapering [[minaret]]s flanking the central high opening covered by a big dome. The entire passageway of the west wall has twenty-five arched openings. The mihrab wall depicts five projections.

The prayer hall has modest decorative carvings but the columns and walls are bland. The eastern gate approach is from the road level up a flight of steps to negotiate the raised plinth on which this unique mosque has been built with a [[four-iwan layout]]. Stone chajjas or [[eaves]] can also be seen on all the four [[Arcade (architecture)|arcades]]. The northern entry with {{convert|1|m|ft|abbr=on|1}} raised entrance, probably linked the mosque to the Bijayamandal Palace. The stucco plastering work on the mosque walls has lasted for centuries and even now shows some tiles fixed on them at a few locations. The mosque was under occupation during Jahanpanah's existence till the 17th century. In the modern era, encroachers took over the mosque but were eventually evicted by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) in 1921. A shuttered by-lane entry from the north has been interpreted as an approach that was used by the womenfolk of the Sultan's family for attending prayers in the mosque.<ref name="Arch" /><ref name="Lucy" /><ref name="place" /><ref name="arch" />

{{multiple image
| title = Bijaymandal and precincts
| image1 = Octagonal pavilion from Begampur mosque.jpg|caption1=View of Bijaymandal Palace ruins
| image2 = A Dome next to Bijaymandal view.JPG|caption2=Dome of Unique Design next to Bijaymandal Palace
}}

=== Bijay Mandal ===
Bijay Mandal is a structure with a layout measuring {{convert|74|by|82|m|ft}}, featuring a well-proportioned square dome. It cannot be categorized as a [[tower]] or a palace though.<ref name=Lucy/><ref name=digit>{{cite journal |author1=Anthony Welch |author2=Howard Crane |date=1983 |title=The Tughluqs: Master Builders of the Delhi Sultanate |url=http://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/3053/original/DPC0347.PDF |journal=Muqarnas |publisher=Brill |volume=1 |pages=148–149 |doi=10.2307/1523075 |jstor=1523075 |access-date=13 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813185947/http://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/3053/original/DPC0347.PDF |archive-date=13 August 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is a Tughlaqi structure with an octagonal plan built in [[rubble]] [[masonry]] (with massive battered sloping walls on east, west and southern directions) on a raised platform with doorways in each cardinal direction. The purpose of this unusual structure and the ruins of the Sar Dara Palace was described by Ibn Battuta as the palace with multiple chambers and the large public audience hall as the famed Hazar Sutan Palace. It was also interpreted as serving as an observation tower to monitor the activities of his troops. The ambiance of the place presented it as a place to relax and enjoy the scenic view of the environs. The inclined path around the monument was a walkway leading to the apartments of the Sultan. Two large openings in the living rooms of the floor were inferred as leading to the [[bank vault|vaults]] or the treasury. On the level platform, outside the building in front of the apartment rooms, small holes equally spaced are seen, which have been inferred to be holes used to fix wooden pillars to hold a temporary ''shamiana'' ([[pavilion]]) or cover.

The process of ushering people into the presence of the Sultan was labyrinthine and formal, involving entry through semi–public places to private chambers to the audience hall. The debate over whether the Hazara Sultan Palace mentioned as existing during [[Alauddin Khalji]]'s reign was the same structure present during the Tughlaq period remains inconclusive. A plausible hypothesis is that the stone hall of the palace was built by Alauddin Khalji while the tower adjoining the stone buildings was surely built by Mohammed bin Tughlaq.<ref name="maps" /><ref name="Arch" /><ref name="Lucy" /><ref name="tracy" /><ref name="digit" />

Archaeological excavations carried out by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] unearthed treasures from the vaults in the buildings, which date the occupation of this monument during Feroz Shah's reign and also by Sheikh Hasan Tahir (a saint) during [[Sikander Lodi]]’s rule at the beginning of the 16th century. Furthermore, excavations conducted in 1934 have revealed wooden pillar bases attributed to the Hazar Sutan Palace.<ref name="Arch" /><ref name="Lucy" /><ref name="digit" />
Within the close precincts of Bijay Mandal stands a conspicuous domed building, distinguished by a unique architectural façade featuring two openings on each of its three sides. This structure is thought to be an annex to another building, as indicated by underground passages connecting it to an adjoining structure. However, the purpose for which this dome was originally built remains unknown.<ref name="Lucy" />
;Kalusarai Masjid
[[File:Kalu Sarai Masjid.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Ruins of Kalu Sarai Masjid]]
[[File:Serai Shahji Mahal.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Serai Shahji Mahal]]
Kalu Sarai Masjid, situated {{convert|500|m|ft}} north of Bijay Mandal, is in a severely dilapidated condition and urgently requires restoration due to its status as a heritage monument. Currently, it is illegally occupied as a residential complex.

The masjid was built by the eminent mosque builder [[Malik Maqbul Tilangani|Khan-i-Jahan Maqbul Tilangani]], who served as Prime Minister during the reign of Feroz Shah Tughlaq, as one of the seven mosques he constructed; this particular mosque retains the same architectural panache as the other six commissioned by him. Even today, the visible decorations of the mihrab appear more intricate than those in his other mosques. Originally constructed with rubble masonry and plastered surfaces, the mosque featured a frontage of seven arched openings, three bays in depth, and was crowned by a series of low domes, exemplifying the typical Tughlaqi architectural style.<ref name="Arch" /><ref name="Lucy" /><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.kamalkapoor.com/muslim-spiritual-places/kalu-sarai-masjid-delhi.asp|title= Kalu Sarai Masjid|access-date= 2009-05-24|archive-date= 6 July 2009|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090706043845/http://www.kamalkapoor.com/muslim-spiritual-places/kalu-sarai-masjid-delhi.asp|url-status= dead}}</ref>

=== Serai Shaji Mahal ===
East of Begumpur Masjid, in the village of Serai Shahji, lie edifices from the Mughal period, among which the Serai Shahji Mahal stands as a notable monument. The area surrounding this structure is scattered with decrepit gates, graves, and irregular urban tenements. A bit further from this structure is the tomb of [[Shaikh Farid Bukhari|Shaikh Farid Murtaza Khan]], who during [[Emperor Akbar]]’s period, was credited with building a number of serais, a mosque, and [[Faridabad]] village, which is now the present–day large city in [[Haryana]].<ref name=Arch/><ref name=Lucy/>

== Other notable structures ==
[[File:Lal Gumbad.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Lal Gumbad (Rakabwala Gumbad)]]
[[File:Posing in front of the tomb of Yusuf Qattaal.jpg|thumb|200px|right|The tomb in Sadhana Enclave]]
Other notable structures in the Jahanpanah's ambit of {{convert|20|ha|acre|abbr=on|1}} area in close vicinity of the present day Panchshila Public School are the following:<ref name =madan/><ref name=Arch/><ref name=Lucy/>

The Lal Gumbad was built as a tomb for Shaikh Kabbiruddin Auliya (1397), a 14th century [[Sufi saint]] who served as a disciple of Sufi saint Shaikh Raushan Chiragh–i–Delhi. The dome tomb was built with [[red sandstone]]. It is considered to be a small size replica of the [[Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq]]’s Tomb in Tughlaqabad.<ref name=peck>{{Cite book |title=Delhi - A thousand years of Building |author=Peck, Lucy |chapter=Jahanpanah |page=63 |publisher=Roli Books Pvt Ltd. |location=New Delhi |year=2005 |isbn=81-7436-354-8 |url=https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no43813.htm |access-date=2009-05-19 |quote=The Lal Gumbad itself is very similar to the tomb of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq (died 1324), although it was built much later in the century for Shiekh Kabiruddin Auliya, a disciple of Chiragh Delhi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006201656/http://www.vedamsbooks.com/no43813.htm |archive-date=6 October 2008 }}</ref> The gateway to the tomb has a pointed arch with marble bands. It is also called the Rakabwala Gumbad as [[dacoits]] stolen the [[finial]] on the roof of the tomb by climbing up over the iron rungs (called 'Rakab') on its western wall. Apart from these structures, the four walls of a mosque also are located within the compound of the tomb.

The vicinity of Sadhana Enclave features the Baradari, an arched hall. Thought to have been built in the 14th century or 15th century, it is in a fairly well-preserved condition.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://delhigovt.nic.in/archeology/showMonu.asp?mId=7 |title=Baradari at Sadhana Enclave |publisher=Government of NCT of Delhi |access-date=2009-07-14 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080417050623/http://delhigovt.nic.in/archeology/showMonu.asp?mId=7 |archive-date=17 April 2008 }}</ref> A Lodi period tomb is also seen nearby.

Farther from Sadhana Enclave, on its opposite side in Sheikh Serai, three tombs are noted, of which only one is well preserved: the square-domed tomb of Sheikh Alauddin (1541–42).<ref>{{cite web |title=13 structures notified by archaeology dept |date=2009-07-14 |last= Richi |first=Verma |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/13-structures-notified-by-archaeology-dept/articleshow/4891671.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024131353/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-08-14/delhi/28174995_1_heritage-structures-monuments-heritage-buildings |url-status=live |archive-date=2012-10-24 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2009-07-22 }}</ref> The tomb building, elevated on twelve columns with perforated screens on the façade, features a large dome set on a sixteen-faced drum. The ceiling is adorned with intricate plaster medallions on the [[Spandrel|spandrels]] of the arches, while the parapets display a [[merlon]] design.

==Conservation measures==
Archaeological excavations were done by [[Archaeological Survey of India|ASI]] in part of the fort walls at its junction with the eastern wall of [[Qila Rai Pithora]]. The excavations revealed rough and small stones in the foundations followed by an [[ashlar]] face in the exterior wall above ground. The ASI undertook conservation efforts for the wall, including the installation of railings, environmental improvements, and enhanced lighting, at a cost of ₹15 lakhs (US$30,000) in preparation for the 2010 Commonwealth Games.<ref name="asi">{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/PDF_data/detailed_proposal.pdf |title=Commonwealth Games-2010, Conservation, Restoration and Upgradation of Public Amenities at Protected Monuments |work=Jahapanah Wall |page=54 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]], Delhi Circle |year=2006 |access-date=29 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011160921/http://asi.nic.in/PDF_data/detailed_proposal.pdf |archive-date=11 October 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Gallery==

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180>
Entry view from courtyard of Begumpur Msjid.JPG|View of East gate entry from inside the courtyard of Begumpur Masjid
Begumpuri Masjid East gate detail.jpg|Closer view of East gate of Begumpur Masjid
Begampur Masjid.jpg|Begampur Masjid West wall and North wall
Begumpuri Masjid Courtyard1.jpg|Begumpur Masjid Courtyard and the small domes on the roof
Begumpuri Masjid Mihrabs under main west dome.jpg|Begumpur Masjid Mihrabs under main west wall
Baradari.jpg|Baradari
"Wall mosque" near Lal Gumbad.jpg|Wall mosque near Lal Gumbad
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category-inline}}

{{Delhi|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Architecture of the Tughlaq dynasty]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 14th century]]
[[Category:1320s establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Delhi]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Delhi]]

Jahanpanah - Revision history

Tox Digital at 19:18, 22 March 2026