https://indianpedia.org/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Jain_communitiesJain communities - Revision history2026-07-31T01:15:16ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.45.4https://indianpedia.org/index.php?title=Jain_communities&diff=123872&oldid=prev>Frietjes at 14:52, 8 July 20212021-07-08T14:52:50Z<p></p>
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{{Jainism}}<br />
The [[Jain]] in India are the last direct representatives of the ancient [[Shramana]] tradition. people who practice [[Jainism]] an ancient religion of Indian subcontinent are collectively refer to as Jains.<br />
<br />
==Sangha==<br />
{{Main|Sangha (Jainism)}}<br />
<br />
Jainism has a fourfold order of ''muni'' (male monastics), ''[[aryika]]'' (female monastics), ''[[Śrāvaka (Jainism)|Śrāvaka]]'' (layman) and ''sravika'' (laywoman). This order is known as a ''sangha''.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}<br />
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==Cultural influence==<br />
The Jain have the highest [[Literacy in India|literacy rate in India]], 94.1.% compared with the national average of 65.38%. They have the highest female literacy rate, 90.6.% compared with the national average of 54.16%.<ref>{{citation |title=Jains steal the show with 7 Padmas |url=http://timesofindia.com/india/Jains-steal-the-show-with-7-Padmas/articleshow/46856659.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=9 April 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Literacy race: Jains take the honours |date=7 September 2004 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Literacy-race-Jains-take-the-honours/articleshow/842893.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><br />
<br />
As per national survey NFHS-4 conducted in 2018 Jains was declared wealthiest of any community with 70% of its population living in top quintiles of wealth.<ref>https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/delhi-and-punjab-richest-states-jain-wealthiest-community-national-survey/story-sakdd3MBOfKhU2p5LrNVUM.html</ref><br />
The sex ratio in the 0-6 age group is the second lowest for Jain (870 females per 1,000 males).<br />
<br />
==Communities==<br />
Jain's are found in almost every part of the country. There are basically about 110 different Jain communities in [[India]]. They can be divided into six groups based on historical and current residence.<br />
* [[Oswal]]<br />
* [[Bhandari]]<br />
* [[Sarawagi|Khandelwal]]<br />
* [[Varaiya]]<br />
* [[Agarwal]]<br />
* [[Porwad]]<br />
* [[Bagherwal]]<br />
* [[Humad]]<br />
* [[Barar]]<br />
* [[Gupta]]<br />
* [[Jaiswal Jain]]<br />
* [[Samaiya]]<br />
* [[Mahatma Jain]] <br />
* [[Palliwal]]<ref>{{cite book |title=The Assembly of Listeners: Jains in Society |editor1-first=Michael |editor1-last=Carrithers |editor2-first=Caroline |editor2-last=Humphrey |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-52136-505-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LW8czr_HzzwC&pg=PA83 |page=83}}</ref><br />
* [[Veerwal]]<br />
Major Jain communities:<br />
* [[Jain Bunt]] are a Jain community from [[Karnataka]], India.{{sfn|Kumar Suresh Singh|2004|pp=387–391(Emigrant Bunts by P. Dhar)}}<br />
* Jain [[Komati caste|Komati]] is a small community scattered all over [[South India|South]] and [[Central India]] and patrons of many Jain Institutions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jainsamaj.org/rpg_site/literature2.php?id=614&cat=42|title=Jain Culture In Telugu Literature |website=jainsamaj.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207000251/http://www.jainsamaj.org/rpg_site/literature2.php?id=614&cat=42|archive-date=7 February 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/Inscription-on-the-last-Jain-temple-in-Telangana-found/article14427991.ece|title=Inscription on the last Jain temple in Telangana found|website=thehindu.com}}</ref><br />
* [[Saraks]] is a community in [[Jharkhand]], [[Bihar]], [[Bengal]], and [[Orissa, India|Orissa]]. They have been followers of Jainism since ancient time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anagrasarkalyan.gov.in/htm/obc_list.html |title=Government of West Bengal: List of Other Backward Classes |publisher=Govt. of West Bengal |access-date=December 23, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119112501/http://www.anagrasarkalyan.gov.in/htm/obc_list.html |archive-date=19 January 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
* [[Porwal]] community that originated in southern [[Rajasthan]], India.{{sfn|K. S. Singh|2004|p=1738}}<br />
* [[Parwar (Jain community)|Parwar]] is a major Jain community from the [[Jainism in Bundelkhand|Bundelkhand region]], which is largely in [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Lalitpur District, India|Lalitpur District, Jhansi]].{{sfn|Kumar Suresh Singh|2004|p=565}}<br />
* [[Agrawal Jain]] of [[Hisar, Haryana]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/TYwWWYXGX3L72a1psxhe3N/A-history-of-the-Agarwals.html|title=A history of the Agarwals|last=Patel|first=Aakar|date=2015-02-06|website=Livemint|language=en|access-date=2020-01-09}}</ref><br />
* [[Bhabra]] of [[Punjab region|Punjab]] is an ancient merchant community from Punjab region which mainly follows Jainism.<br />
* [[Sarawagi]] or ''Khandelwali'' originated from [[Khandela]], a historical town in northern Rajasthan.{{sfn|Kumar Suresh Singh|2004|p=565}}<br />
* [[Bagherwal]] from [[Baghera]] (currently known as [[Ajmer district]]) a princely state in Rajasthan, a community of [[Digambara|Digambar]] sect.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}<br />
* [[Shrimal Jain|Shrimal]], originally from Rajasthan, [[Shrimal]] town in southern Rajasthan. The Shrimal (Srimal) Jain are part of the [[Oswal]] merchant and minister caste that is found primarily in the [[North India|north of India]].{{sfn|K. S. Singh|1989|p=524}}<br />
* [[Oswal]] are a Jain community with origins in the [[Marwar]] region of Rajasthan and [[Tharparkar district]] in [[Sindh]].{{sfn|Babb|2004|pp=164–178}}<br />
* [[Jaiswal Jain|Jaiswal]] are mainly located in the [[Gwalior]] and [[Agra]] region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jaiswalsamajvizag.com/about.html|title=About Jaiswals|website=Jaiswal Samaj|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430084050/http://www.jaiswalsamajvizag.com/about.html|archive-date=30 April 2018|url-status=live|access-date=12 January 2019|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
* [[Navnat]] emerged as a result of blending of several smaller Jain communities in [[East Africa]] as well as in Gujarat itself in early 20th century.{{sfn|Adam|2015|p=299}}<br />
*[[Veerwal]] is a [[Jain]] community in the [[Mewar]] region in [[Rajasthan]], India.<br />
*[[Humad]] is the name of an ancient [[Jain]] community originally from Gujarat and Rajasthan, India.<br />
*[[Varaiya]] is a Jain community with origins in the Madhya Pradesh, India.<br />
<br />
===Central India===<br />
* [[Jainism in Bundelkhand]]<br />
* [[Jainism in Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
<br />
===Western India===<br />
* [[Jainism in Gujarat]] ([[Gujarati Jain]])<br />
* [[Jainism in Maharashtra]] ([[Marathi Jain]])<br />
** [[Jainism in Mumbai]]<br />
<br />
===Northern India===<br />
* [[Jainism in Delhi]]<br />
* [[Jainism in Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
* [[Jainism in Rajasthan]] ([[Marwari Jain]])<br />
<br />
===Southern India===<br />
* [[Jainism in Karnataka]]<br />
* [[Jainism in Kerala]]<br />
* [[Jainism in North Karnataka]]<br />
* [[Jainism in Tamil Nadu]] ([[Tamil Jain]])<br />
<br />
===Eastern India===<br />
* [[Jainism in Bengal]]<br />
* [[Jainism in Nagaland]]<br />
<br />
==Diaspora==<br />
[[Virchand Gandhi]] made a presentation of Jainism at the [[Parliament of the World's Religions]] in [[Chicago]] in 1893, marking one of the earliest appearances of Jainism outside India.{{sfn|J. Gordon Melton|Martin Baumann|2010|p=1555}} The World Jain Congress was held in [[Leicester]] in 1988.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=246}}<br />
* [[Jainism in Europe]]<br />
* [[Jainism in Canada]]<br />
* [[Jainism in the United States]]<br />
* [[Jainism in Africa|Jainism in East Africa]] - One of the oldest Jain overseas diaspora. Their number was estimated at 45,000 at the independence of the East African countries in the early 1960s.<ref name="google26">{{citation |last1=Gregory|first1=Robert G.|title=Quest for equality: Asian politics in East Africa, 1900-1967|date=1993|publisher=Orient Longman Limited|location=New Delhi|isbn=0-863-11-208-0|page=26|url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Vl8tMabf5KUC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1 }}</ref> Most members of the diaspora belonged to Gujarati speaking Halari Visa Oshwal Jain community originally from the [[Jamnagar]] area of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]].<ref name="google26"/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mehta|first1=Makrand|title=Gujarati Business Communities in East African Diaspora: Major Historical Trends|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=2001|volume=36|issue=20|page=1738|jstor=4410637}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Population==<br />
The Jain population in India according to 2011 census is 0.54% i.e. 4,451,753 (Males 2,278,097; Females 2,173,656) out of the total population of India 1,210,854,977 (males 623,270,258; females 587,584,719).<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html|title=C-1 Population By Religious Community|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|last=Office of registrar general and census commissioner|date=2011}}</ref> The tabular representation of Jain population in the major states of India as per 2011 Census data released by the government is:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! S. No. !! State !! Persons (total) !! Persons (rural) !! Persons (urban) !! Male (total) !! Male (rural) !! Male (urban) !! Female (total) !! Female (rural) !! Female (urban)<br />
|-<br />
| 1 || India || 4,451,753 || 904,809 || 3,546,944 || 2,278,097 || 467,577 || 1,810,520 || 2,173,656 || 437,232 || 1,736,424<br />
|-<br />
| 2 || [[Maharashtra]] || 1,400,349 || 269,959 || 1,130,390 || 713,157 || 140,476 || 572,681 || 687,192 || 129,483 || 557,709<br />
|-<br />
| 3 || [[Rajasthan]] || 622,023 || 166,322 || 455,701 || 317,614 || 84,649 || 232,965 || 304,409 || 81,673 || 222,736<br />
|-<br />
| 4 || [[Gujarat]] || 579,654 || 44,118 || 535,536 || 294,911 || 22,357 || 272,554 || 284,743 || 21,761 || 262,982<br />
|-<br />
| 5 || [[Madhya Pradesh]] || 567,028 || 109,699 || 457,329 || 291,937 || 57,431 || 234,506 || 275,091 || 52,268 || 222,823<br />
|-<br />
| 6 || [[Karnataka]] || 440,280 || 220,362 || 219,918 || 225,544 || 113,598 || 111,946 || 214,736 || 106,764 || 107,972<br />
|-<br />
| 7 || [[Uttar Pradesh]] || 213,267 || 30,144 || 183,123 || 110,994 || 15,852 || 95,142 || 102,273 || 14,292 || 87,981<br />
|-<br />
| 8 || [[Delhi]] || 166,231 || 192 || 166,039 || 85,605 || 94 || 85,511 || 80,626 || 98 || 80,528<br />
|-<br />
| 9 || [[Tamil Nadu]] || 89,265 || 10,084 || 79,181 || 45,605 || 5,044 || 40,561 || 43,660 || 5,040 || 38,620<br />
|}<br />
<br />
It is likely that the actual population of Jains may be significantly higher than the census numbers.{{citation needed|reason=Your explanation here|date=February 2016}}<br />
<br />
The Jain population in United States is estimated to be about 150,000 to 200,000.<ref>{{citation|last=Lee|first=Jonathan H. X.|title=Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife|date=21 December 2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-35066-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofas00leej/page/487 487–488]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofas00leej/page/487}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Wiley|first=Kristi L.|title=Historical dictionary of Jainism|year=2004|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-5051-4|page=19}}</ref><br />
<br />
In Japan, there are more than 5,000 families who have converted to Jainism and is growing faster there.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/india/thousands-of-japanese-making-a-smooth-transition-from-zen-to-jain/amp_articleshow/74262195.cms|title=Thousands of Japanese making a smooth transition from Zen to Jain|date=23 February 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Legal status of Jainism as a distinct religion in India]]<br />
* [[List of Jains]]<br />
* [[Sarak]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
===Citations===<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
===Sources===<br />
* {{citation |last=Adam |first=Michel |title=Indian Africa: Minorities of Indian-Pakistani Origin in Eastern Africa |url={{Google books|PQPqCgAAQBAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=Mkuki na Nyota Publishers |date=2015 |isbn=978-9987-08-297-1 }}<br />
* {{citation |last=Babb |first=Lawrence A. |title=Alchemies of Violence: Myths of Identity and the Life of Trade in Western India |url={{Google books|74tUY0le33UC|page=PA164|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=Sage |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7619-3223-9 }}<br />
* {{citation |last=Dundas |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Dundas |title=The Jains |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8iAAgAAQBAJ |edition=Second |date=2002 |orig-year=1992 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=0-415-26605-X }}<br />
* {{citation |editor=J. Gordon Melton |editor-link=J. Gordon Melton |editor2=Martin Baumann |title=Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v2yiyLLOj88C |edition=Second |volume=One: A-B |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |date=2010 |isbn=978-1-59884-204-3 }}<br />
* Facets of Jainology : Selected Research Papers on Jain Society, Religion and Culture/Vilas Adinath Sangave. Mumbai, Popular Prakashan, 2001<br />
* {{citation |last=Shah |first=Natubhai |title=Jainism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLNQKGcDIhsC&pg=PA60 |year=2004 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1938-2<br />
}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=K. S. |title=People of India |url={{Google books|vm_KCE4XXPMC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |edition=Rajasthan |publisher=Popular Prakashan |date=1989 |isbn=978-81-7154-769-2 |ref={{sfnref|K. S. Singh|1989}} }}<br />
* {{citation |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=K. S. |title=People of India: Maharashtra |url={{Google books|4bfmnmsBfQ4C|page=PA1738|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |year=2004 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |agency=Anthropological Survey of India |location=Mumbai, India |isbn=978-81-7991-102-0 |ref={{sfnref|K. S. Singh|2004}} }}<br />
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=Kumar Suresh |title=People of India: Maharashtra |url={{Google books|OmBjoAFMfjoC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |agency=Anthropological Survey of India |volume=1 |year=2004 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7991-100-6 |ref={{sfnref|Kumar Suresh Singh|2004}} }}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160215054641/http://hukonchu.com/ Hukonchu.com] - resource for Jain literature and religious information<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20171111204617/http://www.jainsamaj.org/rpg_site/literature2.php?id=451&cat=42 "Jainism in America"] by Yashwant K. Malaiya<br />
*[http://jjctoronto.blogspot.com/ Jain Jagruti Centre, Toronto]<br />
*[https://www.vidhyavihaar.com/ Jain Temple at Palitana, Gujarat] - Vidhya Vihaar<br />
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{{Jainism topics}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Jain Community}}<br />
[[Category:Jain communities| ]]<br />
[[Category:Social groups of India]]<br />
[[Category:Social groups of Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Social groups of West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Social groups of Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Social groups of Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Social groups of Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Social groups of Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Social groups of Tamil Nadu]]</div>>Frietjes