2409:4043:906:4320:7EB4:DB26:D8BB:82C9 at 18:57, 21 April 2021

2021-04-21T18:57:48Z

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{{Jainism}}
There are several [[Jain]] councils mentioned in Jain texts associated with revision and redaction of [[Jain Agamas]] (sacred texts). The first council was held at [[Pataliputra]]. The second councils were probably held simultaneously at Mathura and [[Vallabhi]]. The third council was held at Vallabhi under auspices of Devarddhigani ''Kshamashramana'' when the texts were written down. The definite dates of councils are not mentioned in the texts before Jinaprabhamuni's ''Sandehavisausadhi'' of 1307 CE. The later texts states that the last Vallabhi council was held 980 or 993 years after the death (''[[Nirvana]]'') of last [[Tirthankara]] [[Mahavira]] (After Vardhamana = AV).

==Councils==
[[File:Five Bronzes Valabhipur.jpg|thumb|Five Bronzes recovered from [[Vallabhi]] ]]

===Pataliputra Council===
The first council was held at [[Pataliputra]] (now [[Patna]], Bihar, India). The ''Avashyaka-churni'' (dated between Samvat 650 and 750=593–693 CE) describes: There was twelve years long famine which resulted in the monks moving to the coast. When the famine ended, they gathered at Pataliputra. They gathered the sacred knowledge and put together the eleven ''Anga''s but could not gather the ''Ditthivada'' (''[[Drstivada]]''). [[Bhadrabahu]] who knew the fourteen [[Purva]]s was then in [[Nepal]]. The ''sangha'' sent emissaries to him and informed to come and teach Dittivada. He refused to come citing that he had undertaken a practise ''Mahaprana''. The emissaries returned and informed the ''sangha''. The ''sangha'' sent emissaries again and asked, "What is the punishment for someone who disobeys an order of the ''sangha''?" He replied "That one is to be expelled." He added, " Do not expel me, send intelligent [students], I will teach them."<ref name=WR/>

[[Hemchandra]]'s ''Parishishtaparvan'', probably based on ''Avashyaka-churni''; also known as ''[[Pattavali|Sthaviravali]]'' (stories on the lives of elders or Jain patriarchs), contains detailed information about the council and how the knowledge of the Purvas was lost.<ref name=WR/><ref>Roy, Ashim Kumar (1984). ''A History of the Jains New Delhi''. Gitanjali Publishing House.</ref>

===Mathura Council and Vallabhi Council I===
The second councils were held simultaneously at [[Mathura]] (now in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India) under auspices of Skandila and at [[Vallabhi]] (now in [[Gujarat]], India) under auspices of Nagarjuna to continue the transmission of sacred knowledge after famines.<ref name=WR/>

===Vallabhi Council II===
The Vallabhi Council was convened by [[Svetambara]] [[Jain monk]]s at [[Vallabhi]] (now in [[Bhavnagar district]], [[Gujarat]], India) to reduce down to writing sacred texts (Jain Agama) that had so far been transmitted orally. The council was presided by Devarddhigani ''Kshamashramana''. Vallabhi was then under the [[Maitraka]] rule.<ref name=WR>{{Cite book|title=Studies in Jaina history and culture : disputes and dialogues|url=https://archive.org/details/studiesjainahist00flug|url-access=limited|last=Wiles|first=Royce|publisher=Routledge|year=2006|isbn=9780415360999|editor-last=Flügel|editor-first=Peter|location=London and New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/studiesjainahist00flug/page/n77 61]–84|chapter=The dating of the Jaina councils: Do scholarly presentations reflect the traditional sources?|oclc=71148706}}</ref><ref>Sacitra Śrī Sthānāṅgasūtra: Mūla Pāṭha-Hindi-Aṅgrejī Anuvāda, Vivecana Evaṃ Raṅgīna Citroṃ Sahita, Volume 1, Amaramuni, Sudharamasvāmi, Śrīcanda Surānā Sarasa, Padma Prakāśana, 2004, p. 15</ref><ref name="Singh2008">{{cite book|author=Upinder Singh|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1120-0|page=444}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Winternitz |first=Maurice |title=A History of Indian Literature: Buddhist literature and Jaina literature time period = 513 AD|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lgz1eMhu0JsC |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |date=1993 |orig-year=1983 |volume=II |isbn=81-208-0265-9 |page=416}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=George |first=Vensus A. |title=Paths to the Divine: Ancient and Indian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VYaRePV92YwC |publisher=The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy |date=2008 |volume=XII |isbn=978-1-56518-248-6|page=321}}</ref>

==Dates of councils==
No dates are cited for Pataliputra council in ''Avashyaka-churni''. Hemchandra's ''Parishishtaparvan'' (dated [[Vikram Samvat]] 1216–1229) states the Pataliputra council was held in 160 AV.<ref name=WR/>

''Nandisutra'' by Devavachaka mentions Skandila and Nagarjuna in ''Sthaviravali'' (list of elders) who had organised the sacred texts. It is demonstrated by [[Jambuvijaya]] that the text was known to Mallavadin in the fifth century. So the earlier version of it must be older than that. ''Nandisutra-churni'' which comments on it is dated 676 CE. So it is established that Skandila and Nagarjuna existed before 676 CE.<ref name=WR/>

The following sources mentions them in the list of elders but continues the older accounts:<ref name=WR/>
# Jinadasagani, ''Nandisutra-curni'' (676 CE) (plus the ''Ayara-'' and ''Dasasrutaskandha-curni''s).
# [[Haribhadra]] (700–770 CE) ''Laghuvrtti'' on ''Nandisutra''.
# Silakka (9th century CE) ''Ayarattka''.
# Santyacarya Vadivetala (d. Samvat 1096 [1039]?), ''Sisyahita'' on ''Uttaradhyayana''.
# [[Hemachandra]] (1088–1172 CE), ''Yogashastra'' commentary.
# Malayagiri (c. 1093–1193 CE) ''tika'' on the ''Prakirnaka'' entitled ''Joisakarandaga''.

The ''Kalpasutra'' (''Kalpasutra'', ''Jinacaritra'', section 148) mentions redaction dates of 980 AV or 993 AV but does not mentions places or persons.<ref name=WR/> Bhadresvara's (c. 1150–1200 CE) ''Kahavali'' is not considered as reliable source for date though it contains tales mentioned in earlier literature. Jinaprabhamuni's (1307 CE) ''Sandehavisausadhi'', commentary on ''Kalpasutra'', was the first indication of associating 980 AV with Vallabhi Council but also cite other possibilities.<ref name=WR/>

The 980 AV or 993 AV dates are associated with these events in ''Sandehavisausadhi'':<ref name=WR/>
# The Vallabhi council under the presidency of Devarddhigani where redaction carried out.
# The council of Mathura under the presidency of Skandila who seems to have revised the sacred knowledge.
# The public reading of the ''Kalpasutra'' before king [[Dhruvasena]] to relieve him from grief of death of his son.
# The change of last day of [[Paryusana]] by Kalakacharya from the fifth to the fourth day of [[Bhadrapada]] month.

The following late sources associates 980 or 993 AV with Vallabhi council:<ref name=WR/>
# Vinayavijaya (1559 CE) ''Subodhika'', commentary on ''Kalpasutra''.
# Dharmasagara (1571 CE), ''Kiranavali'' or ''Vyakhanapaddhati'' commentary on ''Kalpasutra''.
# Samayasundara (c. 1630 CE), ''Samacarishataka''.
# Samayasundara (1642 CE), ''Kalpalata'', commentary on ''Kalpasutra''.
# Laksmivallabha ( 1835 CE) ''Kalpadruma'', commentary on ''Kalpasutra''.

==See also==
* [[Jain schools and branches]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jainism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:History of Jainism]]

Jain councils - Revision history

2409:4043:906:4320:7EB4:DB26:D8BB:82C9 at 18:57, 21 April 2021