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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name = Jaisalmer State
|common_name = Jaisalmer
|nation =
|status_text = [[Monarchy|Kingdom]] 1156–1818<br /> [[Princely State]] 1818–1947<br /> Dynasty [[Bhati]]
|era =
|year_start = 1156
|date_start =
|event_start=
|year_end = 1947
|date_end =
|event_end= [[Independence of India]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 = Chalukya Empire
|s1 = India
|flag_p1 =
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag = Jaisalmer Flag.svg
|image_coat = Jaisalmer Royal COA.png
|image_map = Jaisalmer_and_Neighbours.svg
|image_map_caption = Map of Jaisalmer State with the [[Thikana|duchies]] of Satto, Pithala, Loharki, Lakhmana, Didhu, Kanod, Tota, Bhadariya, and Nachna
|stat_area1 =41600
|stat_year1 =1931
|stat_pop1 = 76,255
|today = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
|footnotes = Coat of arms based on ''The Princely Armory.'' Publ. by The Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing. Calcutta. 1877
|demonym=|capital=}}
[[File:Jaisalmer Flag.svg|thumb|265x265px|This is the royal standard of erstwhile Jaisalmer Princely State.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jaisalmer|url=https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/in-jaisa.html|access-date=2021-04-16|website=www.crwflags.com}}</ref> It continues to be royal flag of Bhatis. The flag still fly over the Jaisalmer fort and private properties of Bhati Rajputs.]]
[[File:Jaisalmer Flag at Palace.jpg|thumb|160px|Flag of Jaisalmer over Royal Palace]]
[[File:Jaisalmer founder.JPG|thumb|160px|[[Rawal Jaisal|Maharawal Jaisal Singh]]. [[Jaisalmer Fort]].]]

'''Jaisalmer State''' was a [[Bhati|Bhati Rajput]] kingdom in the far-western part of present-day [[Rajasthan, India]], from the mid-12th century CE until 1947. In 1156 CE, [[Rawal Jaisal]] moved his capital from [[Lodhruva|Ludarva]] to [[Jaisalmer]] because the former was vulnerable to attacks from Turko-Afghan and Baloch tribes. The descendants of Jaisal continued to exercise absolute control over Jaisalmer until 1818 CE, when a treaty of [[subsidiary alliance]] with the [[British Empire]] made it a [[princely state]], a British Protectorate still running its own internal affairs. Known as the Maharawal, the native ruler of the princely state was entitled to a 15-gun salute.<ref>
[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V24_392.gif Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 24, p. 386.]
</ref>

==Early History==
The royal dynasty of Jaisalmer claims to be descended from the deified hero [[Krishna]]. The Bhati rulers originally ruled parts of Afghanistan; their ancestor Rawal Gaj is believed to have founded the city of Gajni. According to James Tod, this city is present-day [[Ghazni]] in Afghanistan, while Cunningham identifies it as modern-day [[Rawalpindi]]. His descendant Rawal Salivahan is believed to have founded the city of [[Sialkot]] and made it his new capital. Salivahan defeated the Saka Scythians in 78 CE at Kahror, assuming the title of Saka-ari (foe of the Sakas). Salivahan's grandson Rawal Bhati conquered several neighbouring regions. It is from him that the Bhati clan derives its name.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V14_008.gif|title = Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 14, page 2 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library}}</ref>

==History of Jaisalmer==
[[File:Asia 800ad.jpg|thumb|250px|The Bhati kingdom, marked as Multhan in 800 CE]]
The state of Jaisalmer had its foundations in what remains of the Empire ruled by the Bhati dynasty. Early Bhati rulers ruled over large empire stretching from [[Ghazni]]<ref name="tod_197198">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.114834 |title=Rajasthan or the Central and Western Rajpoot States, Volume 2, page 197-198 |publisher=Higginbotham And Co. Madras|date=2018-08-14}}</ref> in modern-day Afghanistan to [[Sialkot]], [[Lahore]] and [[Rawalpindi]] in modern-day Pakistan<ref name="IGI">{{cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V21_278.gif |title=Imperial Gazetter of India, Volume 21, page 272 - Imperial Gazetteer of India - Digital South Asia Library |publisher=Dsal.uchicago.edu |date=2013-02-18 |access-date=22 November 2013}}</ref> to [[Bhatinda]], [[Sri Muktsar Sahib district|Muktsar]] & [[Hanumangarh]] in Modern day India.<ref name="Bh_gov1">{{cite web |url=http://bathinda.nic.in/html/district_at_a_glance.html#N10024 |title=Bhatinda Government: District at A glance- Origin |publisher=Bhatinda Government |date=2018-08-14 |access-date=14 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110050936/http://bathinda.nic.in/html/district_at_a_glance.html#N10024 |archive-date=10 January 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The empire crumbled over time because of continuous invasions from the central Asia. According to Satish Chandra, the Hindu Shahis of Afghanistan made an alliance with the Bhati rulers of Multhan, because they wanted to end the slave raids made by the Turkic ruler of Ghazni, however the alliance was defeated by Alp Tigin in 977 CE.<ref>Medieval India 1206-1526 part one, pg.17 by Satish Chandra</ref> Bhati dominions continued to be shifted towards the South as they ruled Multan, then finally got pushed into Cholistan and Jaisalmer where Rawal Devaraja built [[Derawar Fort|Dera Rawal / Derawar]].<ref name="RajGz">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.71381 |title=Provinical Gazetteers Of India: Rajputana |publisher=Government of India |date=2018-08-14}}</ref> Jaisalmer was the new capital founded in 1156 by [[Rawal Jaisal|Maharawal Jaisal Singh]] and the state took its name from the capital. On 11 December 1818 Jaisalmer became a [[British protectorate]] in the [[Rajputana Agency]].<ref>[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_A-J.html Princely States of India]</ref><ref name="RajGz" />

Traditionally, in the Middle Ages, the main source of income for the kingdom was levies on [[Caravan (travellers)|caravan]]s, but the economy was heavily affected when [[Bombay]] emerged as a major port and sea trade replaced the traditional land routes. Maharawals Ranjit Singh and Bairi Sal Singh attempted to turn around the economic decline but the dramatic reduction in trade impoverished the kingdom. A severe [[drought]] and the resulting [[famine]] from 1895 to 1900, during the reign of Maharawal Salivahan Singh, only made matters worse by causing widespread loss of the livestock that the increasingly agriculturally based kingdom relied upon.

The attempts of Maharawal Jawahir Singh (1914–1949) at modernization were also not entirely successful in turning the kingdom's economy around, and the drylands of Jaisalmer remained backward compared with other regions of [[Rajputana]], especially the neighbouring state of [[Jodhpur State|Jodhpur]]. Nonetheless, the extensive water storage and supply, sanitation, and health infrastructures developed in the 1930s by the prime minister Dewan Bahadur Brijmohan Nath Zutshi provided significant relief during the severe droughts of 1941 and 1951. Maharawal During 1930–1947, Jawahir Singh and his ministers also promoted technical education and the academic disciplines of civil and mechanical engineering in the state.

After the departure of the British from India in 1947, the Maharawal signed an [[Instrument of Accession]] to the new [[Dominion of India|Union of India]], while retaining some internal autonomy until the 1950s.

==Rulers==

===Rawals===

*1153 – 1168: [[Rawal Jaisal]] Singh
*1168 – 1200: Shalivahan Singh II
*1200 – 1200: Baijal Singh
*1200 – 1219: Kailan Singh
*1219 – 1241: Chachak Deo Singh
*1241 – 1271: Karan Singh I
*1271 – 1275: Lakhan Sen
*1275 – 1276: Punpal Singh
*1276 – 1294: Jaitsi Singh I
*1294 – 1295: Mulraj Singh I
*1295 – 1306: Durjan Sal (Duda)
*1306 – 1335: Gharsi Singh
*1335 – 1402: Kehar Singh II
*1402 – 1436: Lachhman Singh
*1436 – 1448: Bersi Singh
*1448 – 1457: Chachak Deo Singh II
*1457 – 1497: Devidas Singh
*1497 – 1530: Jaitsi Singh II
*1530 – 1530: Karan Singh II
*1530 – 1551: Lunkaran Singh
*1551 – 1562: Maldev Singh
*1562 -1577 :RAIMAL SINGH
*1578 – 1624: Bhim Singh
*1624 – 1634: Kalyan Singh
*1634 – 1648: Manohar Das Singh
*1648 – 1651: Ram-Chandra Singh
*1651 – 1661: Sabal Singh

===Maharawals===
* 1661 – 1702: Amar Singh of Jaisalmer (b. 16.. – d. 1702)
* 1702 – 1708: Jaswant Singh of Jaisalmer (d. af.1722)
* 1708 – 1722: Budh Singh (d. 1722)
* 1722 – 1762: Akhi Singh
* 1762 – 1820: Mulraj II (b. ... – d. 1820)
* 1820 – 1846: Gaj Singh (b. ... – d. 1846)
* 1846 – 1864: Ranjit Singh of Jaisalmer
* 1864 – 1891: Bairi Sal (b. ... – d. 1891)
* 12 Apr 1891 – 11 Apr 1914: Shalivahan Singh III (b. 1887 – d. 19...)
* 9 Jul 1914 – 15 Aug 1947: Jawahir Singh (b. 1882 – d. 1949)
* 1949 – 1950: Girdhar Singh (b. 13th Nov. 1907 - d. 27th Aug. 1950)
* 1950 – 1982 (titular): [[Raghunath Singh of Jaisalmer|Raghunath Singh]] (b. 18th Nov. 1929 - d. 28th Feb. 1982, titles and privileges abolished in 1971)
* 1982 – 2020 (customary only): Brijraj Singh (b. 13th Nov. 1968 - d. 28th Dec. 2020)
* 2020–Present: Chaitanya Raj Singh (b. 28 January 1993)

===Dewans (prime ministers)===
*c.1885 – 1891: Mohata Nathmal
*c.1890 – 1903: Mehta Jagjiwan
*189. – 1900: Thakur Kushal Singh (acting)
*1900: Rawatmal Purohit Khetrapaliya (acting)
*c.1909: Lakshmi Das Sapat
*1911 – Jun 1912: Mohammed Niyaz Ali Kazi Hapiri (b. 1866 – d. 19..)
*Jun 1912 – 21 Mar 1930: Murarji Rooji (Moraji Rao) Sapat
*c.1892 – 1902: HH Shri Panna Lal Ji Soni Nathani
*c.1930 – 1932: HH Shri Umedmal Ji Soni Nathani (acting)
*19.. – 19..: M.L. Khosala
*19.. – 19..: Pandit Jamana Lal
*19.. – 19..: Munshi Nand Kishore (known for improvements in animal husbandry)
*19.. – 19..: Lala Rakhpat Raj
*19.. – 19..: P.K. Shurugula
*19.. – 19..: Dewan Bahadur Brijmohan Nath Zutshi (known for development of modern waterworks, hospitals and girls' schools)
*19.. – 19..: Anand Swaroop (known for improvements in education)
*19.. – 19..: Onkar Singh
*c.1940 – c.1942: Lakhpat Rai Sikund{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}}
*c.1942 – 19..: Dewan Bahadur Brijmohan Nath Zutshi

==See also==
* [[Bada Bagh]]
* [[History of Jaisalmer]]
* [[Salute state]]
* [[Political integration of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
* {{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Jaisalmer |volume=15 |page=129 |short=1}}

{{Princely states of India}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|26.92|N|70.9|E|region:IN-GU_type:city_source:kolossus-cawiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Princely states of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Jaisalmer district]]
[[Category:12th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:1156 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:1947 disestablishments in India]]

Jaisalmer State - Revision history

>Citation bot at 09:32, 6 October 2021