>John of Reading at 16:27, 7 July 2021

2021-07-07T16:27:26Z

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{{Infobox river
| name = Jalangi River
| name_native = জলঙ্গী, খড়ে
| name_native_lang = bn
| name_other = খড়িয়া
| name_etymology =

| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| map = Nadia Rivers.jpg
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption=

| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 = One of the three Nadia Rivers
| subdivision_type4 = District
| subdivision_name4 = [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]] and [[Nadia district|Nadia]]
| subdivision_type5 = Cities
| subdivision_name5 = [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]], [[Tehatta]], [[Mayapur]]

| length = {{convert|220.5|km|mi|abbr=on}} But recent study revealed that it is 233 km
| width_min = {{convert|75.89|m|mi|abbr=on}} at Moktarpur–Chandpur
| width_avg = {{convert|162.58|m|mi|abbr=on}}
| width_max = {{convert|224.21|m|mi|abbr=on}} at Moktarpur–Velanagar
| depth_min = {{convert|0.82|m|mi|abbr=on}} at Jitpur-Saguna cross section
| depth_avg =
| depth_max = {{convert|7.74|m|mi|abbr=on}} at Sibpur-Hatishala cross section
| discharge1_location= [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi-Hooghly]]
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max =

| source1 = River Padma
| source1_location = The Jalangi leaves the [[Ganges]] or [[Padma river|Padma]] near [[bhagawangola]] in [[Murshidabad district]]
| source1_coordinates= {{coord|20|05|26|N|88|41|53|E}}
| source1_elevation =
| mouth = Bhagirathi
| mouth_location = Swarupganj, opposite [[Nabadwip]], the birth-place of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Sri Chaitanya]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|23|29|23|N|88|28|57|E}}
| mouth_elevation =
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size = {{convert|2815.33|km2|abbr=on}}
| tributaries_left = Bhairab Khal (different from Bhairab river and a different channel), Kesto-Raier Khal, Saraswati Khal, River Anjana
| tributaries_right = Sialmari, Bhairab River, Chhoto Bhairab, Gobra-Suti Nala, Kalma Khal
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}
[[Image:Van de Brook's map.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Van den Brouck's map of 1660]]

'''Jalangi River''' ({{lang-bn| জলঙ্গী নদী}}), is a branch of the [[Ganges river]] in [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]] and [[Nadia district|Nadia]] districts in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It flows into the Bhagirathi river and strengthens its lower channel, the [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]].<ref>Majumdar, Dr. R.C., ''History of Ancient Bengal'', First published 1971, Reprint 2005, p. 4, Tulshi Prakashani, Kolkata, {{ISBN|81-89118-01-3}}.</ref>

The river below the point where the Jalangi meets the [[Ganges river|Ganges]] is known as [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]] and the course above it from the point of its separation from the main flow of the Ganges to its confluence with the Jalangi, it is called Bhagirathi.<ref>Bandopadhyay, Dilip Kumar, ''Bharater Nadi'' (Rivers of India), 2002, {{in lang|bn}}, p. 68, Bharati Book Stall, 6B Ramanath Mazumdar Street, Kolkata</ref>

[[Ghurni]], a neighbourhood of [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]], a centre for the production of clay dolls, often referred to as Krishnanagar clay dolls, is located on the banks of the Jalangi. [[Nabadwip]], the birthplace of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] is located in the west bank of the united flow of river Jalangi and Bhagirathi.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Das|first1=Balai Chandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1kb8DwAAQBAJ&q=The+Jalangi:+A+Story+of+Killing+of+a+Dying+River&pg=PA381|title=Anthropogeomorphology of Bhagirathi-Hooghly River System in India|last2=Ghosh|first2=Sandipan|last3=Islam|first3=Aznarul|last4=Roy|first4=Suvendu|date=2020-10-27|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-000-19457-9|pages=387|language=en}}</ref> [[Mayapur]] is located at the confluence of the Jalanagi and Bhagirathi.

==Etymology==
The name ''Jalangi'' derives from two Bengali words ''Jal'' (Water) and ''Angi'' (who (female) possess body). ‘Jalangi’ is a Bengali word meaning ‘watery body’ or ‘the body is made of water’.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Das|first1=Balai Chandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1kb8DwAAQBAJ&q=The+Jalangi:+A+Story+of+Killing+of+a+Dying+River&pg=PA381|title=Anthropogeomorphology of Bhagirathi-Hooghly River System in India|last2=Ghosh|first2=Sandipan|last3=Islam|first3=Aznarul|last4=Roy|first4=Suvendu|date=2020-10-27|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-000-19457-9|pages=385|language=en}}</ref> However, the name ‘Jalangi’ has been derived from that very settlement ‘Jalangi’ in P.S. [[Jalangi]] of [[Murshidabad district]], at which, the river would take-off its supply from river [[Padma River|Padma]] (Majumder, 1995, p-37)

==The course of the river==
Jalangi is a moribund river of 233 km in length in the Bhagirathi-Hooghly basin. The river is simultaneously a distributary of the river Padma and a tributary of the river Bhagirathi. The reach of 9.1 km from abandoned off-take at Char Madhubona near Gopalpur (Ghat) to Sialmari confluence at Kopila is erased out from the map of the region and 41.9 km from Sialmari confluence to Bhairab-Jalangi confluence at Moktarpur, though traceable but dead at present. The reach downstream to the Bhairab-Jalangi confluence up to Jalangi-Bhagirathi confluence at Swarupganj (182km) is being maintained by the base flow of seepage water, contribution of Bhairab, and other spills during two months of the rainy season.<ref>2. Das BC and Bhattacharya S (2020). The Jalangi: A Story of Killing of a Dying River. In Das et al. (2020) eds. Anthropogeomorphology of Bhagirathi-Hooghly River System in India. Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN (eBook) 9781003032373. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003032373</ref>

The Jalangi leaves the Ganges or Padma at the extreme north of the Nadia district at 24°05´26´´ N and 88°41´53´´ E and joins the river Bhagirathi at Swarupganj (23°24´42´´ N and 88°22´50´´ E), opposite Nabadwip, the birth-place of Sri Chaitanya.

1. Offtake at Char-Madhubona to Sialmari Confluence at Kopila 9.10 km (Untraceable)
2. Sialmari Confluence at Kopila to Bhairab Confluence at Moktarpur 41.9 km (Dead)
3. Bhairab Confluence at Moktarpur to Suti Confluence at Bali-Tungi 42.7 km
4. Suti Confluence at Bali-Tungi to Kalma Khal Confluence at Radhanagar 55.2 km
5. Kalma Khal Confluence at Radhanagar to Bhagirathi-Jalangi Confluence at Swarupganj 84.1 km
Total length from Offtake at Char-Madhubona to Bhagirathi-Jalangi Confluence at Swarupganj 233 km <ref>2. Das BC and Bhattacharya S (2020). The Jalangi: A Story of Killing of a Dying River. In Das et al. (2020) eds. Anthropogeomorphology of Bhagirathi-Hooghly River System in India. Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN (eBook) 9781003032373. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003032373</ref>

==Changes in the course of rivers==
The Jalangi is a modern stream, but its age is not known. Apparently it opened up long after the [[Bhairab River]] ran as a strong stream in a south easterly direction. Although it is generally believed that the river has opened up within the last few hundred years, there is no direct evidence of this.<ref name = "Hirst">Hirst, Major F.C., Director of Surveys, Bengal and Assam, ''Report on the Nadia Rivers 1915'', first published in 1916 by the Bengal Secretariat Book Depot, reproduced in ''Rivers of Bengal'', Vol III, p.27, West Bengal District Gazetteers, Higher Education Department, Government of West Bengal, 2002.</ref> It is shown in Van den Brouck's map.<ref>Roy, Niharranjan, ''Bangalir Itihas, Adi Parba'', {{in lang|bn}}, first published 1972, reprint 2005, p. 84, Dey's Publishing, 13 Bankim Chatterjee Street, Kolkata, {{ISBN|81-7079-270-3}}</ref>

The Bhairab once flowed from the Ganges, across the present beds of the Jalangi, and further eastwards towards [[Faridpur District|Faridpur]]. The Bhairab is no more a very active river. The Mathabhanga is a younger stream than Jalangi and it was not till very recently that the river completed its junction with the Hooghly by adopting the [[River Churni|Churni]] (now its lower reaches) for its main course. Earlier most of the water of the Mathabhanga ran off to the east down the Kumara, Chitra, Coboduk (Bhairab), and [[Ichamati River|Ichamati]], but all these escape routes have been shut off, except a small amount for the Ichamati.<ref name = "Hirst"/>

The point to note is that while earlier the rivers in the region flowed in a south-easterly direction, but later some force pulled the Jalangi and the Mathabhanga in a south-westerly direction. The inference is that it occurred because of a local subsidence, which was active for some period prior to 1750 and which has since become inactive.<ref name = "Hirst"/>

==Erosion==
Erosion of the banks is not only a problem for the more turbulent rivers such as Padma and Bhagirathi, but also comparatively smaller rivers such as Jalangi. In 2006, the state government sanctioned Rs. 7 crore for anti-erosion work in the Jalangi River.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=23&id=115823&usrsess=1
|title= Rivers wreak havoc|last=Pramanick |first= Asim | work= Bengal| publisher= The Statesman, 27 August 2005| access-date=2007-11-28 }} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=6&id=153394&usrsess=1
|title= Rs. 63 crore to stem erosion in Nadia| work= Bengal| publisher= The Statesman, 11 August 2006| access-date=2007-11-28 }} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

==Bridge==
At present, there are 3 complete road-bridges and 2 rail-bridges on the river Jalangi. '''Three''' incomplete road bridges are also waiting for completion. From upstream to downstream, those are-

* Karimpur-Bakshipur road bridge (incomplete) On Karimpur-Domkal Road,

* Fazilnagar-Amtala road bridge (incomplete) On proposed Fazilnagar-Amtala Road
* Radhanagar-Patikabari road bridge On Radhanagar-Patikabari-Nawda-Amtala Road
* Dwijendralal Setu (দ্বিজেন্দ্রলাল সেতু), inaugurated by Honorable Pūrta & Ābāsana Minister Sri Jatin Chakraborty on 1st July 1979 On Palashipara-Tehatta Road,at Palashipara
* Dwijendra Setu (দ্বিজেন্দ্র সেতু), named by Honorable Pūrta & Sarak minister Sri Kshiti Goswami on 21st July 1995 On NH 12 formerly NH-34 at Krishnagar
* Proposed Road Bridge-II On NH-12 at Krishnagar
* Old Rail Bridge at Krishnagar On Sealdah-Lalgola Railway inaugurated in 1905
* New Rail Bridge at Krishnagar On Sealdah-Lalgola Railway at Krishnagar inaugurated in 2012<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Das|first1=Balai Chandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1kb8DwAAQBAJ&q=The+Jalangi:+A+Story+of+Killing+of+a+Dying+River&pg=PA381|title=Anthropogeomorphology of Bhagirathi-Hooghly River System in India|last2=Ghosh|first2=Sandipan|last3=Islam|first3=Aznarul|last4=Roy|first4=Suvendu|date=2020-10-27|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-000-19457-9|pages=265–279|language=en}}</ref>
==Bengali poetry==
<gallery mode="packed">

File:Jalangi River.jpg|Jalangi near Krishnanagar, West Bengal, India
File:শিয়ালকাঁটা1.jpg|Beauty of Jalangi River (Pricky Poppy flowers)
File:Beauty of Jalangi River 3.jpg|Colourful Local flowers in Jalangi River

</gallery>

The Jalangi is emotionally referred to by the modern Bengali poet [[Jibanananda Das]] in his poem ''abar asibo phire'':<ref>Bandopadhyay, Dilip Kumar, p. 226</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://victorian.fortunecity.com/canal/178/file/zibon12.htm|title=Zibananada Das|work=Abar Asibo Firey|publisher=Fortune City|access-date=2007-11-28|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013231902/http://victorian.fortunecity.com/canal/178/file/zibon12.htm|archive-date=2007-10-13}}</ref>

:''"abar asibo ami banglar nodi math khet bhalobeshe''
:''jalangir dheuey bheja banglar e shobuj korun dangaey"''
::(When again I come, smitten by Bengal's rivers and fields, to this
::Green and kindly land, Bengal, moistened by the Jalangi river's waves.)
Lyricist Sagar Chattapadhyaya and folk singer Bablu Halder's song is well known regarding the Jalangi river as ''<nowiki/>'O Amar Jalangi Nadi, Tor Kolete Roilam Ami, Janamo Abodhi'''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Rivers in and around Bengal}}

{{coord|23|24|43|N|88|22|51|E|type:waterbody_region:IN_dim:20000|display=title}}

[[Category:Rivers of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rivers of India]]

Jalangi River - Revision history

>John of Reading at 16:27, 7 July 2021