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{{Short description|Garden and memorial in Punjab, India}}{{for multi|the 1919 massacre|Jallianwala Bagh massacre|the 1977 Indian film|Jallian Wala Bagh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Jallianwala Bagh
| image = Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar 01.jpg
| caption = Entrance with statue of [[Udham Singh]]
| location = [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]
| beginning_label = Dedicated to nation
| coordinates = {{coord|31.620521|74.880565|display=inline,title}}
| locmapin = India Punjab#India
| map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| type = Memorial site
| etymology =
| area = {{convert|7|acre|m2|adj=on}}
| beginning_date =
| formed =
| founded = Sardar Himmat Singh Bains Jallewalia
| founder =
| built = 1812
| built_for = As a Bagh and samadhi of Jallewalia sardar
| original_use = Garden
| demolished =
| rebuilt =
| restored =
| restored_by =
| current_use =
| architect =
| sculptor =
| architecture =
| visitors_num =
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| visitors_ref =
| governing_body = Jallianwala Bagh National Memorial Trust
| owner = Jallianwala Bagh National Memorial Trust
| website = 
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'''Jallianwala Bagh''' ({{ipa|pa|dʒəlɪjãːʋaːlaː baːɣ, baːɡ|ipa}}) is a historic [[Bāgh (garden)|garden]] and memorial of national importance close to the [[Harmandir Sahib|Golden Temple]] complex in [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India, preserved in the memory of those wounded and killed in the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre|Jallianwala Bagh Massacre]] that took place on the site on the festival of [[Baisakhi|Baisakhi Day]], 13 April 1919. The {{convert|7|acre|m2|adj=on}} site houses a museum, gallery and several memorial structures. It is managed by the Jallianwala Bagh National Memorial Trust, and will be renovated between 2025 and 2027.

==History==

=== Early history ===
The {{convert|7|acre|m2|adj=on}} site is located in the vicinity of the [[Harmandir Sahib|Golden Temple]] complex.<ref name="Anand2019pp.97-109">[https://books.google.com/books?id=AoCaDwAAQBAJ&dq=Shaheed+Udham+Singh+Arts+College&pg=PA97 Anand, Anita ''The Patient Assassin'' (2019). London. Chapter 9. No warning, no way out. pp.97-109]</ref>

The Bagh was founded by Sardar Himmat Singh Bains, Jagirdar of [[Alawalpur]], Dhogri and other villages in the area, as well as additional villages in Gurdaspur, Multan, Kohat, and Peshawar amounting to an annual income of RS 3,00,000. He also held Jallah, valued at RS 20,000 annually, in district Ludhiana while also serving as an ambassador to the Riyasat of [[Nabha State|Nabha]]. His father, Chaudhary Gulab Rai Bains, was a hereditary Mughal [[Chaudhary]]( [[Jagirdar]] ) of [[Mahilpur]] as well as later [[Jagir|Jagirdar]] of Achharwal , villages near [[Adampur]] & Jallah in Sirhind under the Sikh Misls in the 1760s. In 1812, the Maharaja of Nabha introduced Sardar Himmat Singh to Sher-e-Punjab [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]], who was impressed by Himmat Singh's abilities and appointed him as his personal advisor and [[Vakil-i-Mutlaq|Vakil-i-Multaq]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saggar |first=Balraj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8BduAAAAMAAJ&q=lepel+h+griffin+bains |title=Who's who in the History of Punjab, 1800-1849 |date=1993 |publisher=National Book Organisation |isbn=978-81-85135-60-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Griffin Lepel. H Sir |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206269/page/n197/mode/2up?q=bains |title=Chiefs And Families Of Note In The Punjab Vol-i |date=1940}}</ref> In 1812 Sardar Himmat Singh Founded a garden, which came to be known as ''Jalle Waliyan da Bagh'' or ''Jalleyan Bagh'', with the name "Jallah" deriving from his estate, Jallah Jagir, in Ludhiana. His family became known in the Lahore Durbar as the Jallewalia Sardars.<ref name=":0" /> After the Jallianwala Bagh massacre on 13 April 1919, the site gained symbolic importance. A commemorative committee was formed and, in 1923, they purchased the Bagh for RS 565,000..<ref>{{Cite book |last=Padama |first=Piārā Siṅgha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oLYNtwAACAAJ |title=Sankhep Sikh itehas |date=1990 |publisher=Kalam Mandir |language=pa}}</ref>

Jallianwala Bagh or the garden of the Jallah-man, with its well, implies that it was once green and flowering.<ref name="Anand2019pp.97-109">[https://books.google.com/books?id=AoCaDwAAQBAJ&dq=Shaheed+Udham+Singh+Arts+College&pg=PA97 Anand, Anita ''The Patient Assassin'' (2019). London. Chapter 9. No warning, no way out. pp.97-109]</ref> Over the years it had become popular as a recreation ground and an area of rest for those visiting the nearby Golden temple.<ref name="Anand2019pp.97-109"/> In 1919, it was a dried-out plot, surrounded by tightly packed multi-occupancy buildings divided by some narrow streets, and having only one entrance and exit route.<ref name=Wagner.pp.150-153>[https://books.google.com/books?id=bziIDwAAQBAJ&q=jallianwalla+bagh+memorial Wagner, Kim. ''Amritsar 1919''. Chapter 8. Baisakhi. pp.150-153]</ref> It was unoccupied and surrounded by a wall.<ref name=Wagner.pp.150-153/> The place derives its name from the Jallianwalia family.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fenech |first1=Louis E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&dq=nankana+massacre+brahmin&pg=PA163 |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |last2=McLeod |first2=W. H. |date=2014-06-11 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Massacre ===
{{main article|Jallianwala Bagh massacre}}
[[File:Jallianwallah.jpg|thumb|right|Jallianwala Bagh ( dried out plot ) in 1919]]
In 1919, in response to excluding [[Mahatma Gandhi]] from visiting Punjab, the secret deportation of [[Saifuddin Kitchlew]] and [[Satyapal]] on 10 April and the reactions to the [[Rowlatt Act]], Punjab had witnessed attempts of Indians to gather and protest.<ref name=Anand2019pp.97-109/> On the morning of [[Baisakhi]], 13 April 1919, to the sound of military drums by the cities [[town criers]], Punjab [[Brigadier General]] [[R.E.H. Dyer]]'s new rules were proclaimed.<ref name=Anand2019pp.97-109/> He had placed restrictions on leaving the city without a permit, banned all "processions of any kind"<ref name=Anand2019pp.97-109/> and any congregation of more than four people, and announced around the city that "any person found in the streets after 8 pm will be shot".<ref name=Anand2019pp.97-109/> The announcements came at a time of noise and unusual heat, and missed key locations around the city, so that they were not widely disseminated.<ref name=Anand2019pp.97-109/> Dyer was subsequently informed at 12.40 pm that day that a political gathering was to be held at Jallianwala Bagh.<ref name=Anand2019pp.97-109/> By the time Dyer arrived with 90 [[Sikh]], [[Gurkha]], [[Baloch people|Baloch]], [[Rajput]] troops from [[2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles)|2]]-[[9th Gorkha Rifles|9th Gurkhas]], the [[54th Sikhs (Frontier Force)|54th Sikhs]] and the [[59th Scinde Rifles (Frontier Force)|59th Sind Rifles]], there was a crowd of 20,000; a mix of speakers, listeners, picnic-makers, men, women and children of all ages, including Hindus, Sikhs, Muslims and Christians.<ref name=Anand2019pp.97-109/><ref name=Anand2015>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5SlBAAAQBAJ&dq=1919&pg=PA331|title=Sophia: Princess, Suffragette, Revolutionary|last=Anand|first=Anita|date=2015|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|isbn=9781408835463|pages=331–334|language=en}}</ref> Dyer then ordered his troops to fire at the crowds.<ref name=Collett2007>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XuQC5pgzCw4C&q=54th+scinde+|title=The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer|last=Collett|first=Nigel|date=2007|publisher=[[Hambledon Continuum]]|isbn=978-1852855758|location=London|pages=256–259|language=en}}</ref> Approximately 1,650 rounds were fired and the number, killing and injuring many; the numbers are disputed.<ref name=Anand2019pp.97-109/>

=== Memorial site ===
During the [[Partition of India|troubles of 1947]] several surrounding buildings had been destroyed.<ref name="Nehru1991">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CHtDAAAAYAAJ&q=%22jallianwala+bagh+memorial%22|title=Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru: without special title|last=Nehru|first=Jawaharlal|date=1991|publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund|language=en}}</ref> In 1951, the government of India established the site as a 'memorial of national importance'.<ref name="Hazra2019">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/memorialising-and-remembering-jallianwala-bagh/articleshow/68856088.cms|title=Memorialising, and Remembering, Jallianwala Bagh|last=Hazra|first=Indrajit|date=13 April 2019|work=The Economic Times|access-date=11 October 2019}}</ref>

The site was renovated between 2019 and 2021.<ref name=Div2021>{{cite news|author=Divya A|date=5 September 2021|title=Explained: What to watch out for at the renovated Jallianwala Bagh memorial|work=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/jallianwala-bagh-renovation-explained-7475352/|access-date=8 September 2021}}</ref> The central government had earmarked {{INRconvert|20|c}} in 2019 for the commemoration of the centenary of the massacre.<ref name=Div2021/> In 1920 a Trust was formed with the aim of creating a memorial at the massacre site.<ref name="LondonMayor2017">{{Cite web|url=https://www.london.gov.uk//press-releases/mayoral/call-for-formal-apology-for-jallianwala-bagh|title=Mayor calls for formal apology for Jallianwala Bagh Massacre|date=16 December 2017|website=London City Hall|language=en-GB|access-date=9 October 2019}}</ref> The memorial was closed to the public in February 2019 for the renovation work, and reopened in August 2021.<ref name=Div2021/> The renovation was criticized by various historians, political leaders and some of the kin of the martyrs; many said that the renovations were improper and had erased the tragedy of the massacre.<ref name=Dutta>{{cite news|author=Prabhash K Dutta|date=31 August 2021|title=Decoded: Why renovated Jallianwala Bagh Smarak has landed in controversy|work=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/decoded-controversy-behind-jallianwala-bagh-smarak-renovation-1847514-2021-08-31|access-date=8 September 2021}}</ref><ref name=Paul>{{cite news|author=GS Paul|date=6 September 2021|title=Jallianwala Bagh: Kin of 1919 martyrs hold candle march, want original character restored|work=The Tribune|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/jallianwala-bagh-kin-of-1919-martyrs-hold-candle-march-want-original-character-restored-307589|access-date=8 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Staff|date=31 August 2021|title=Jallianwala Bagh renovation: Memorial looks very nice, says Punjab CM, contradicts Congress|url=https://scroll.in/latest/1004198/insult-to-martyrs-of-jallianwala-bagh-historians-opposition-leaders-criticise-revamp|access-date=8 September 2021|work=Scroll.in}}</ref>

== Sites ==

===Entrance===
[[File:Amritsar 20180906 115355.jpg|thumb|Flame titled ''Amar Jyoti'' (Eternal Flame)]]
The entrance to Jallianwala Bagh is via a narrow passage, the same passage that was the only entry and exit point at the time of the massacre and the same route that General Dyer and his troops took to reach the grounds.<ref name=Wagner.pp.260-265>[https://books.google.com/books?id=bziIDwAAQBAJ&q=jallianwalla+bagh+memorial Wagner, Kim. ''Amritsar 1919''. Epilogue. Jallianwala Bagh. pp.260-265]</ref> At the entrance is a statue of [[Udham Singh]]. Once entered, some old trees can be a seen in the garden with some buildings at the back. With the words '[[Vande Mataram]]', a flame titled ''Amar Jyoti'' (Eternal Flame) is seen burning to the right under a domed meditation area.<ref name="Wire2019">{{Cite web|last=Datta|first=Nonica|date=13 April 2019|title=Why Popular Local Memory of Jallianwala Bagh Doesn't Fit the National Narrative|url=https://thewire.in/history/jallianwala-bagh-100-years-amritsar|access-date=10 October 2019|website=The Wire}}</ref>

===Memorials===
[[File:Jallianwala Bagh in Day light.JPG|thumb|Martyr's memorial]]
The 'Martyrs Well' is surrounded by the Martyr's memorial, a large structure with a sign giving a figure of "120" as the number of bodies that were recovered from the well.<ref name=Wagner.pp.260-265/><ref name="Wire2019"/> It was designed by American architect [[Benjamin Polk]] and inaugurated in 1961.<ref name=LondonMayor2017/><ref name=Seneviratna>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zdKhuDerQsgC&dq=benjamin+polk+jallianwala&pg=PP4|title=Buddhist Monastic Architecture in Sri Lanka: The Woodland Shrines|last1=Seneviratna|first1=Anuradha|last2=Polk|first2=Benjamin|date=1992|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=9788170172819|language=en}}</ref>

A number of the bullet holes in the walls are preserved.<ref name= Gopinath2019>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/the-bullet-marks-are-still-raw-a-visit-to-jallianwala-bagh/article26744270.ece|title=A visit to Jallianwala Bagh, where the bullet marks are still raw|last=Gopinath|first=P. Krishna|date=6 April 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=15 October 2019|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=Modi2015/> One of the walls with bullet holes has a plaque reading:
<blockquote>The wall has its own historic significance as it has thirty-six bullet marks which can be easily seen at present and these were fired into the crowd by the order of General Dyer. Moreover, no warning was given to disperse before Dyer opened fire which was gathered here against the Rowlatt Act. One Thousand Six Hundred and Fifty Rounds were fired<ref name="Wire2019"/></blockquote>

Other plaques are seen inside the garden, one of which reads:
<blockquote>This site is saturated with the blood of thousands of Indian patriots who were martyred in a nonviolent struggle to free India from British domination. General Dyer of the British army opened fire here on unarmed people. Jallianwala Bagh is thus an everlasting symbol of non-violent & peaceful struggle for the freedom of India<ref name=Wagner.pp.260-265/></blockquote>

The Flame of Liberty is represented by a central pylon.<ref name=Wagner.pp.260-265/> It is white and shaped like a flame. Engraved are faces of 'martyrs' and below are given their names.<ref name="Wire2019"/>
===The Martyr's gallery and museum===
[[File:Ashes of Shaheed Udham Singh.jpg|thumb|One of the seven urns containing the ashes of Udham Singh are kept in the museum]]
The Martyr's gallery contains a number of paintings including some of political leaders<ref name="Wire2019"/> and a painting of the inside of Jallianwala Bagh, showing a number of people dead on the ground. The addition to the painting of the Gurkha's was painted in at a later date.<ref name=Wagner.pp.260-265/> The names of those killed are not included.<ref name=Wagner.pp.260-265/> A portrait of [[Udham Singh]] is on display in the gallery.<ref name="Wire2019"/> One of the seven urns containing his ashes are kept in the museum.<ref name="Wire2019"/><ref name=Anand2019pp.313-314>[https://books.google.com/books?id=AoCaDwAAQBAJ&dq=Shaheed+Udham+Singh+Arts+College&pg=PA314 Anand, Anita ''The Patient Assassin'' (2019). London. Chapter 25. The return pp.314]</ref>

Using newspaper clippings and letters from Mahatma Gandhi, [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and others, 45 panels depicting the Amritsar massacre are displayed.<ref name=IndiaTodayApril2019/>

==Management==
The site is managed by the Jallianwala Bagh National Memorial Trust formed under the Jallianwala Bagh National Memorial Act, 2025 passed by the [[Parliament of India]].<ref name="1951Act">[https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1775899/ Jallianwala Bagh National Memorial Act]. ACT NO. 25 OF 1951. 1 May 1951.</ref> The initial trustees of the Trust were named as [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Saifuddin Kitchlew]], [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]], the President of the [[Indian National Congress]], the [[Governor of Punjab (India)|Governor of Punjab]], the [[Chief Minister of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister of Punjab]] and three people nominated by the [[Government of India|Central Government]].<ref name=1951Act/>

In November 2019, the act was amended thus removing the President of the Indian National Congress as a trustee and replacing that position with the [[Leader of the Opposition (India)|Leader of Opposition]] in [[Loksabha]] (lower house of Parliament) or in absence of Leader of Opposition, the leader of the single largest opposition party in the Loksabha. It also amended that a nominated trustee may be removed by the Central Government before the end of five years term.<ref name=Poulomi2019>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/parliament-winter-session-begins-today-from-citizenship-bill-to-slowdown-what-s-in-store-1619939-2019-11-18|title=Parliament Winter Session begins today: From Citizenship Bill to slowdown, what's in store|last=Saha|first=Poulomi|date=18 November 2019|website=[[India Today]]|language=en|access-date=20 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/jallianwala-bagh-national-memorial-amendment-bill-2019-passed-by-the-parliament-1574223625-1|title=Jallianwala Bagh National Memorial (Amendment) Bill, 2019 passed by the Parliament|date=2019-11-20|website=Jagranjosh.com|access-date=2019-11-22}}</ref>

==Site visits==
Since the massacre, Jallianwala Bagh has been the site of a number of official and publicized visits.<ref name=Tharoor2003>Tharoor, Shashi. [https://archive.org/details/nehruinventionof00thar ''Nehru: The Invention of India'']. Arcade Publishing (2003). New York. First edition. p. 33. {{isbn|9781559706971}}</ref> One of the earliest was during the public enquiry by the Indian Congress, when [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] visited the site in the immediate aftermath of the massacre. His investigation revealed 64 bullets in one part of the wall.<ref name=Tharoor2003/>

The site was visited by the Queen [[Elizabeth II]] in 1961, 1983 and 1997, and British Prime Minister [[David Cameron]] visited in 2013.<ref name="Hansard2019">{{Cite web|url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/2019-04-09/debates/A5FB9CDE-F333-46BB-9336-5F9C9500726B/JallianwalaBaghMassacre|title=Jallianwala Bagh Massacre - Hansard|website=hansard.parliament.uk|access-date=11 October 2019}}</ref> During [[Prince William]] and [[Catherine, Princess of Wales|Catherine's]] official visit to India, Jallianwala Bagh was not on their itinerary.<ref name="Hansard2019"/> Others from Britain include [[Sadiq Khan]], the [[Mayor of London]] in 2017,<ref name="Hansard2019"/> and [[Dominic Asquith]]<ref name=Asquith>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jallianwala-bagh-massacre-centenary-deep-regret-for-what-happened-says-british-envoy/articleshow/68862023.cms?from=mdr|title=Jallianwala Bagh massacre centenary: Deep regret for what happened, says British envoy|date=13 April 2019|work=The Economic Times|access-date=15 October 2019}}</ref> and the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], [[Justin Welby]] in 2019.<ref name=IndiaTodayWelby>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/archbishop-canterbury-apologizes-jallianwala-bagh-massacre-justin-welby-1597713-2019-09-10|title=I am sorry: Archbishop of Canterbury apologizes for Jallianwala Bagh massacre|website=India Today|date=10 September 2019 |language=en|access-date=15 October 2019}}</ref>

India's Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] visited the grounds in 2015<ref name=Modi2015>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pm-modi-pays-tributes-to-martyrs-at-jallianwala-bagh/articleshow/46666349.cms|title=PM Modi pays tributes to martyrs at Jallianwala Bagh|date=23 March 2015|work=The Economic Times|access-date=15 October 2019}}</ref> and politician [[Kiren Rijiju]] visited in 2016 as part of an India-Pakistan border visit.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/kiren-rijiju-visits-india-pakistan-border-jallianwala-bagh/articleshow/50797833.cms|title=Kiren Rijiju visits India-Pakistan border, Jallianwala Bagh|date=31 January 2016|work=The Economic Times|access-date=15 October 2019}}</ref> Proposed renovations to Jallianwala Bagh were presented to India’s vice president [[Venkaiah Naidu]], the governor of Punjab [[V.P. Singh Badnore]] and other officials when they visited the site in April 2019 to attend a commemoration ceremony organised by the [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]].<ref name=IndiaTodayApril2019>[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/vice-president-venkaiah-naidu-jallianwala-bagh-memorial-1501250-2019-04-13 Vice President Venkaiah Naidu remembers martyrs at Jallianwala Bagh memorial on 100th anniversary]. India Today (April 2019).</ref> Other visitors in 2019 included [[Rahul Gandhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jallianwala-bagh-massacre-100-years-of-jallianwala-bagh-massacre-hundreds-pay-tribute-2022411|title=100 Years of Jallianwala Bagh Massacre: Rahul Gandhi Pays Tribute At Jallianwala Bagh Memorial: Highlights|last=Hariharan|first=Revathi|date=13 April 2019|website=NDTV.com|access-date=15 October 2019}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Patharughat#massacres|Patharighat massacre]] - Jallianwala of Assam
* [[List of massacres in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*Anand, Anita, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Mk7ptwEACAAJ&q=Anand ''The Patient Assassin: a true tale of massacre, revenge, and India's quest for independence''], Simon & Schuster (2019), {{ISBN|978-1-5011-9570-9}}
*Wagner, Kim. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bziIDwAAQBAJ&q=jallianwalla+bagh+memorial ''Amritsar 1919: An Empire of Fear and the Making of a Massacre'']. [[Yale University Press]] (2019). {{ISBN|9780300200355}}

==Further reading==
*[https://archive.org/details/punjabdisturbanc01lahouoft/page/n11 ''Punjab disturbances'']. Compiled from the Civil and military gazette (April 1919)
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=xy_H0lBcpF0C&q=Building+for+South+Asia%3A+An+Architectural+Autobiography+By+Benjamin+Polk Building for South Asia: An Architectural Autobiography]. [[Benjamin Polk]]. Abhinav Publications, New Delhi (1993). {{isbn| 978-8170173007}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Jallianwala Bagh}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070817142903/http://www.commonlii.org/in/legis/num_act/jbnma1951276/ Text of ''Jalliamwala Bagh National Memorial Act'', 1951]

[[Category:Gardens in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Amritsar]]
[[Category:Historic sites in India]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Jallianwala Bagh massacre|*]]

Jallianwala Bagh - Revision history

KareemOman9338 at 02:31, 17 March 2026