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{{About|the religious organization|the political party|Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|other uses|Jamaat-e-Islami (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Jamaat e Islami
| founder = [[Syed Abul Ala Maududi]]
| founded = {{start date and age|1941}}
| founding_location = [[Aurangabad]], [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]], [[British India]]
| type = Islamic Organization
| purpose = [[Pan-Islamism]] [[Islamic conservatism]] [[Islamic revivalism]] [[Islamic socialism]] [[Sufism#Neo-Sufism|Neo-Sufism]] [[Shia–Sunni relations|Shi'a–Sunni unity]] [[Anti-communism]]
| successor = * [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan]] in [[Pakistan]]
* [[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind]] in [[India]]
* [[Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh]] in [[Bangladesh]]
* [[Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| image = Jamaat e Islami Arabic Calligraphy Text.svg
| caption = ''Jamaat-e-Islami'' in [[Arabic calligraphy]]
| affiliations = [[Muslim Brotherhood]]<ref name=roy-35>{{cite book|last1=Roy|first1=Olivier|title=The Failure of Political Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/failureofpolitic00royo|url-access=registration|date=1994|publisher=Harvard University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/failureofpolitic00royo/page/35 35]}}</ref>
| native_name = جماعتِ اسلامی
}}
{{Islamism sidebar|Movements}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}

'''Jamaat-e-Islami''' ({{lang-ur|{{nq|جماعتِ اسلامی}}}}) is an Islamic movement founded in 1941 in [[British rule in India|British India]] by the Islamic theologian and socio-political philosopher, [[Abul Ala Maududi|Syed Abul Ala Maududi]].<ref name="books.google.com.au">van der Veer P. and Munshi S. (eds.) [https://books.google.com/books?id=pAm_YptXTPMC&pg=PA153&dq=jamaat+e+islami ''Media, War, and Terrorism: Responses from the Middle East and Asia''.] Psychology Press, 2004, p. 138. {{ISBN|9780415331401}}.</ref>

Along with the [[Muslim Brotherhood]], founded in 1928, Jamaat-e-Islami was one of the original and most influential Islamist organisations,<ref name=roy-35>{{cite book|last1=Roy|first1=Olivier|title=The Failure of Political Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/failureofpolitic00royo|url-access=registration|date=1994|publisher=Harvard University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/failureofpolitic00royo/page/35 35]}}</ref> and the first of its kind to develop an ideology based on the modern revolutionary conception of Islam.<ref name=globsec>{{cite web|title=Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan Islamic Assembly Jamaat-e-Islami-e-Pakistan (JIP)|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/ji.htm|website=Globalsecurity.org|access-date=9 November 2014}}</ref>
{{Sunni Islam |collapsed=1}}
The group split into separate independent organisations in [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]—[[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan]] and [[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind]]—following the [[Partition of India]] in 1947. Other groups related to or inspired by Jamaat-e-Islami developed in [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami|Bangladesh]], [[Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir|Kashmir]], [[UK Islamic Mission|Britain]], and [[Jamiat-e Islami|Afghanistan]] (see below). The Jamaat-e-Islami parties maintain ties internationally with other Muslim groups.<ref name="HHPBMM2010: 171">[[#HHPBMM2010|Haqqani, ''Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military'', 2010]]: p.171</ref>

Islam is the ideology of the Jamaat-e-Islami. Its structure is based on its belief on the three-fold concept of the Oneness and sovereignty of God (Monotheism), the Concept of Prophethood and the Concept of Life after Death. From these fundamentals of belief follow the concepts of unity of all mankind, the purposefulness of man's life, and the universality of the way of life taught by the Muhammed.<ref name="About Jamaat">{{Cite web|date=2012-06-22|title=About Jamaat|url=https://jamaateislamihind.org/eng/about-jamaat/|access-date=2021-04-30|website=Jamaat-e-Islami Hind|language=en-US}}</ref>

It was the first organised Islamic reformist movement in the Indian subcontinent formed on 26 August 1941 in Lahore under the leadership of Syed Abul Ala Maududi, the Jamaat Addressed all Indians regardless of caste and creed. It appeals to all sections of humanity to eschew the path of violence and mutual hatred, terrorism and oppression, and to settle down to the task of building a Righteous Society on stable and abiding foundations. From its very inception it advocated the cause of the Righteous Way, the way of peace and abiding well-being. It recalls to the Indian mind the message and teachings of all apostles, prophets and divine messengers.<ref name="About Jamaat"/>

The Jamaat believes that Islam and Muslims have a special commitment to building a peaceful and prosperous world, a world where there is no material exploitation, no division of human life into separate material and spiritual domains, and where divine values hold good in all walks of life. A world where religion is no tool for hegemonisation, but is a way of life that is holistic and profoundly positive.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-07-16|title=History|url=https://jamaateislamihind.org/eng/about-jamaat/history/|access-date=2021-04-30|website=Jamaat-e-Islami Hind|language=en-US}}</ref>

Maududi was the creator and leader of Jamaat-e-Islami, which [[opposition to the partition of India|opposed the partition of India and the creation of Pakistan]], actively working to prevent it.<ref name="Oh2007">{{cite book |last1=Oh |first1=Irene |title=The Rights of God: Islam, Human Rights, and Comparative Ethics |url=https://archive.org/details/rightsgod00ohir |url-access=limited |date=2007 |publisher=Georgetown University Press |isbn=978-1-58901-463-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/rightsgod00ohir/page/n52 45] |language=en |quote=In the debate over whether Muslims should establish their own state, separate from a Hindu India, Maududi initially argued against such a creation and asserted that the establishment of a political Muslim state defined by borders violated the idea of the universal ''umma''. Citizenship and national borders, which would characterize the new Muslim state, contradicted the notion that Muslims should not be separated by one another by these temporal boundaries. In this milieu, Maududi founded the organization Jama'at-i Islamic. The Jama'at for its first few years worked actively to prevent the partition, but once partition became inevitable, it established offices in both Pakistan and India.}}</ref> Though he opposed the creation of Pakistan fearing the liberalism of its founders and the British-trained administrators, when it happened, he viewed it as a gradual step to the Islamization of its laws and constitution even though he had earlier condemned the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] for the same approach. After the partition of India, the organisation became the spearhead of the movement to transform Pakistan from a Muslim homeland into an [[Islamic state]]. Madudi, like the traditionalist [[ulama]], believed in the [[Kutub al-Sittah|six canonical hadiths]] and the [[Quran]], and also accepted much of the four [[Madhhab|schools]] of ''[[fiqh]]''. His efforts focused on transforming to a "theo-democracy" based on the Sharia which would enforce things like abolition of interest-bearing banks, [[Gender segregation and Islam|sexual separation]], [[Hijab#Women|veiling of women]], [[Hudud#Punishments|hadd penalties]] for theft, [[adultery]], and other crimes.<ref name=Ruthven-330-1>{{cite book|last1=Ruthven|first1=Malise|title=Islam in the World|date=2000|publisher=Penguin|pages=329–1|edition=2nd}}</ref> The promotion of Islamic state by Maududi and Jamaat-e Islami had broad popular support.<ref name=Adams-106-7>{{cite book|last1=Adams|first1=Charles J|editor1-first=John L.|editor1-last=Esposito|title=Voices of Resurgent Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/voicesofresurgen00hcen|url-access=registration|date=1983|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/voicesofresurgen00hcen/page/106 106–7]|chapter=Mawdudi and the Islamic State}}</ref>

Maududi believed politics was "an integral, inseparable part of the Islamic faith". Islamic ideology and non-Islamic ideologies (such as [[capitalism]] and [[Socialism in Pakistan|socialism]], [[liberalism]] or [[secularism]]) were mutually exclusive. The creation of an Islamic state would be not only be an act of piety but would be a cure for all of the many (seemingly non-religious) social and economic problems that Muslims faced.<ref name="kepel-34">{{cite book|last1=Kepel|first1=Gilles|title=Jihad: on the Trail of Political Islam|date=2002|publisher=Belknap Press|page=34}}</ref><ref name="nasr-vanguard-7">{{cite book|last1=Nasr|first1=S.V.R.|title=The Vanguard of the Islamic Revolution: The Jamaat-i Islami of Pakistan|date=1994|publisher=I.B.Tauris|page=7|isbn=9780520083691|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5LWepMdh7OkC&q=hind}}</ref> Those working for an Islamic state would not stop at India or Pakistan but would effect a sweeping revolution among mankind, and control all aspects of the world's life.<ref name="Adams-105-world">{{cite book|last1=Adams|first1=Charles J|editor1-first=John|editor1-last=Esposito|title=Voices of Resurgent Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/voicesofresurgen00hcen|url-access=registration|date=1983|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/voicesofresurgen00hcen/page/105 105]|chapter=Mawdudi and the Islamic State}}</ref>

==History==
Maududi opposed British rule but also opposed both the anti-colonialist [[Muslim nationalism in South Asia|Muslim nationalist]] [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]]'s proposal for a separate Muslim state led by [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], and the [[composite nationalism]] (''muttahida qaumiyyat'') idea of [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind|Jam'iyyat al-Ulama-ye Hind]] and [[Deobandi]] scholar [[Husain Ahmad Madani|Maulana Sayyid Hussain Ahmad Madani]] for a united independent India with separate institutional structures for Hindus and Muslims.<ref name=malik-370>{{cite book|last1=Malik|first1=Jamal|title=Islam in South Asia: A Short History|publisher=BRILL|page=370}}</ref>

At the time of the [[Indian independence movement]], Maududi and the Jamaat-e-Isami actively worked to [[Opposition to the partition of India|oppose the partition of India]].<ref name="Oh2007"/> Maududi argued that the division of India violated the Islamic doctrine of the [[ummah]] and believed that the partition would separate Muslims by a temporal boundary.<ref name="Oh2007"/> As such, before the partition of colonial India happened, the Jamaat-e-Islami actively worked to prevent it.<ref name="Oh2007"/> Its Pakistan branch would actively oppose the split between East and West Pakistan and the creation of Bangladesh.

In his view Muslims were not one religious or communal group among many working to advance their social and economic interests, but a group "based upon principles and upon a theory" or ideology. A "righteous" party (or community) that had "a clearly defined ideology, allegiance to a single leader, obedience, and discipline",<ref name="CJA1983: 104">[[#CJA1983|Adams, ''Maududi and the Islamic State'', 1983]]: p.104</ref> would be able to transform the whole of India into [[Divisions of the world in Islam#Dar al-Islam|Dar al-Islam]].<ref name="CJA1983: 104"/> Unlike fascists and communists, once in power an Islamic state would not be oppressive or tyrannical, but instead just and benevolent to all, because its ideology was based on God's commands.<ref name=Mortimer-Faith-204ideol>{{cite book|last=Mortimer|first=Edward |title=Faith and Power: The Politics of Islam|date=1982|publisher=Vintage Books|page=204}}</ref><ref>Charles J. Adams (1966), "The Ideology of Mawlana Maududi" in D.E. Smith (ed.) ''South Asian Politics and Religion'' (Princeton) pp.375, 381–90.</ref>

In 1940, the Muslim League met in Lahore and passed the [[Lahore Resolution]], calling for autonomous states in the Muslim majority areas of India. Maududi believed the nationalism in any form was un-Islamic, concerned with mundane interests of people and not Islam.<ref name=Adams-104-5>{{cite book|last1=Adams|first1=Charles J|editor1-first=John|editor1-last=Esposito|title=Voices of Resurgent Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/voicesofresurgen00hcen|url-access=registration|date=1983|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/voicesofresurgen00hcen/page/104 104–5]|chapter=Mawdudi and the Islamic State}}</ref> In response he launched his own party, Jamaat-e-Islami, founded on 26 August 1941, at Islamia Park, Lahore.<ref name="HCIF2012: p.li">[[#HCIF2012|Historical Dictionary of Islamic Fundamentalism, 2012]]:pli</ref> Seventy-five people attended the first meeting and became the first 75 members of the movement.

Maududi saw his group as a vanguard of Islamic revolution following the footsteps of early Muslims who [[Hijra (Islam)|gathered]] in [[Medina]] to found the first "Islamic state".<ref name=kepel-34 /><ref name=nasr-vanguard-7 /> Members uttered the ''[[Shahada]]'', the traditional statement of conversion to Islam, when they joined, implying to some that Jama'ati felt they had been less-than-true Muslims before joining.<ref name="SVRN1996: 110">[[#SVRN1996|Nasr, ''Mawdudi and the Making of Islamic Revivalism'', 1996]]: p.110</ref> Jamaat-e-Islami was and is strictly and hierarchically organised in a pyramid-like structure. All supporters work toward the common goal of establishing an ideological Islamic society, particularly through educational and social work, under the leadership of the emir.<ref name="Kepel (2006)">Kepel G. [https://books.google.com/books?id=OLvTNk75hUoC&pg=PA441&dq=jamaat+e+islami&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rYRTU_DpEY7HlAXW4oHwAQ&ved=0CEUQ6AEwBDgo#v=onepage&q=jamaat%20e%20islami&f=false ''Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam''.] I.B.Tauris, 2006 p.34 {{ISBN|1845112571}}, 9781845112578.</ref><ref name=growth-371>[https://books.google.com/books?id=xL9YAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA371&dq=Jamaat-e-Islami+maududi&hl=en&sa=X&ei=6rtWVO7PEJClyQT75YC4AQ&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Jamaat-e-Islami%20maududi&f=false ''Encyclopedia of Islam & the Muslim World''], Richard C. Martín, Granite Hill Publishers, 2004, p.371</ref> Being a [[vanguard party]], not all supporters could be members, only the ''elite''. Below members were/are "affiliates", and "sympathizers" beneath them. The party leader is called an ''[[Emir|ameer]]'' (commander).<ref name="Adel (2012)-70">Adel G. H. et al. (eds.) [https://books.google.com/books?id=RS73Xn1Gjv8C&pg=PA67&dq=jamaat+e+islami&hl=en&sa=X&ei=B0tSU5OvEY3pkgWmroDYCA&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBDgK#v=onepage&q=jamaat%20e%20islami&f=false ''Muslim Organisations in the Twentieth Century: Selected Entries from Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam''.] EWI Press, 2012 p.70 {{ISBN|1908433094}}, 9781908433091.</ref>

Maududi sought to educate the elite of the Muslim community in the principles of Islam and correct "their erroneous ways of thinking" both because he believed societies were influenced from the top down.<ref name=adams-102-elite>{{cite book|author1=Adams, Charles J.|editor1-last=Esposito|editor1-first=John L.|title=Voices of Resurgent Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/voicesofresurgen00hcen|url-access=registration|date=1983|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/voicesofresurgen00hcen/page/102 102]|chapter=Maududi and the Islamic State}}</ref>

During the years before the partition of India, Jamaat-e-Islami stood aloof from the intense political fights of the time in India, concentrating on "training and organising" and refining and strengthening the structure of Jamaat-e-Islami.<ref name="VRICJA1983: 105-6">[[#VRICJA1983|Adams, "Maududi and the Islamic State", 1983]]: p.105-6</ref>

==Groups associated with Jamaat-e-Islami==
* [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan]], based in Pakistan. In 1947, Jamaat-e-Islami moved its operations to [[West Pakistan|West-Pakistan]] after [[Partition of India|Independence]].<ref name="HCIF2012: p.223">[[#HCIF2012|''Historical Dictionary of Islamic Fundamentalism'', 2012]]:p.223</ref>
* [[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind]], based in India. Founded by Jamaat-e-Islami Members who remained in India after 1947 independence.
* [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami]], based in Bangladesh, legalized in 1975 under the military regime. Later declared ''de facto'' illegal by the High Court Division of the [[Supreme Court of Bangladesh]] in 2018 for abetting the [[Pakistan Armed Forces]] perpetrating the [[1971 Bangladesh genocide|genocide in Bangladesh at 1971]].
* [[Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir]], in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. It was formed in 1953 after the pro-plebiscite prime minister of Jammu and Kashmir was arrested by the Indian government.<ref name=JIKwebsite>{{cite web|title=Jama'at-e-Islami Jammu & Kashmir|url=http://www.jamaateislamijk.org/about-us/81-jama-at-e-islami-jammu-kashmir.html|website=Official website|access-date=1 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205173324/http://www.jamaateislamijk.org/about-us/81-jama-at-e-islami-jammu-kashmir.html|archive-date=5 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Jamiat-e Islami]], based in Afghanistan. Founded in 1972 by [[Burhanuddin Rabbani]], it was also said to be inspired by [[Abul A'la Maududi]] and the Jamaat-e-Islami party.<ref name="HHPBMM2010: 171"/> Predominantly ethnically [[Tajik people|Tajik]], the group was a major player in [[Islamic Unity of Afghanistan Mujahideen|the "Peshawar Seven"]] during the [[Soviet–Afghan War|jihad against Soviet military]] in the 1980s.<ref name=Kepel-141>{{cite book|last1=Kepel|first1=Gilles|title=Jihad: on the trail of Political Islam|date=2002|publisher=Belknap|page=141}}</ref>
* [[Hezbi Islami]], also based in Afghanistan, broke away from Jamiat-e Islami in 1975–1976.<ref name="HHPBMM2010: 173">[[#HHPBMM2010|Haqqani, ''Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military'', 2010]]: p.173</ref> Led by [[Gulbuddin Hekmatyar]], its ethnic make-up was overwhelmingly Ghilzai [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]]. It's less moderate stance won it the backing of Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan (and Saudi Arabia and Pakistan president [[Zia ul-Haq]]) during the jihad against the Soviet military.<ref name="Kepel-141"/><ref name=Saikal-213>{{cite book|last1=Saikal|first1=Amin|title=Modern Afghanistan: A History of Struggle and Survival|date=2012|publisher=I.B.Tauris|page=214|isbn=9781780761220|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RaTrVFoWvU8C&q=Jamiat-e+Islami+afghanistan&pg=PA384|access-date=2 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Roy|first=Olivier|author-link=Olivier Roy (professor)|title=Islam and resistance in Afghanistan|year=1992|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=[[Cambridge]]|isbn=978-0-521-39700-1|page=76}}</ref>
* [[UK Islamic Mission]] was founded by members of the [[East London Mosque]] in 1962.<ref>{{cite book|last=Glynn|first=Sarah|title=Class, Ethnicity and Religion in the Bengali East End: A Political History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VGkjDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT188|date=2015-01-01|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-1-84779-958-6|pages=188–}}</ref> Also "inspired by the [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|Jamaat-e-Islami party]] in [[Pakistan]]" and the "Islamic revivalist teachings of [[Abul A'la Maududi]] and others."<ref name=BMMS>{{cite web|title=UK Islamic Mission conference|url=http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/bmms/1994/08August94.html#UK%20Islamic%20Mission%20conference|work=August 1994 Vol. II, No. 8, p. 6/7|publisher=British Muslims Monthly Survey|access-date=8 March 2014}}</ref>
* Supporters of Jammat-e Islami also have groups in other states.<ref>{{cite web|title=Abul A'ala Maududi Forum - Sri Lanka|url=http://aamaududifsl.blogspot.com/|access-date=9 November 2014|date=26 May 2013}}</ref> According to ''The Columbia World Dictionary of Islamism'', Jamaat-e-Islami branches have followed Pakistani immigration to [[South Africa]] and [[Mauritius]] as well as the UK.<ref name=CWDI-93>{{cite book|editor1-last=Roy|editor2-first=Antoine |editor2-last=Sfeir|editor3-first=Dr. John |editor3-last=King|editor1-first=Olivier|title=The Columbia World Dictionary of Islamism|publisher=Columbia University Press|page=93|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rNrMilgHKKEC&q=pakistan+world+center+of+islam&pg=PA92|access-date=5 February 2015|chapter=Britain|year=2007 |isbn=9780231146401 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [[Islamic schools and branches]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

*{{cite book|author1=Adams, Charles J.|editor1-last=Esposito|editor1-first=John L.|title=Voices of Resurgent Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/voicesofresurgen00hcen|url-access=registration|date=1983|publisher=Oxford University Press|chapter=Maududi and the Islamic State|ref=VRICJA1983}}
*{{cite book|last1=Haqqani|first1=Hussain|title=Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military|publisher=Carnegie Endowment|year=2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYppZ_dEjdIC&q=jamaat-e-islami&pg=PA171 |isbn=9780870032851|ref=HHPBMM2010}}
*{{cite book|last=Guidere |first=M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tCvhzGiDMYsC&q=jamaat+e+islami&pg=PA356 |title=Historical Dictionary of Islamic Fundamentalism |publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=2012 |isbn=9780810879652|ref=HCIF2012}}

{{Islamism}}
{{Abul Ala Maududi}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jamaat-e-Islami| ]]
[[Category:Islamic political parties in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Islamist groups]]
[[Category:Sunni Islamic branches]]
[[Category:Islamist political parties in India]]

Jamaat-e-Islami - Revision history

->Wallu2 at 06:54, 9 December 2021