JaggaBadaJasoos at 09:48, 26 May 2021

2021-05-26T09:48:57Z

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{{short description|proposed legislative bill in India}}
{{distinguish|text=[[The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013]], an anti-corruption Act passed by the parliament of India}}

{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
The '''Jan Lokpal Bill''', also referred to as the '''Citizen's Ombudsman Bill''', was a bill drawn up by civil society activists in India seeking the appointment of a Jan Lokpal, an independent body to investigate corruption cases.<ref name="ndtv">{{cite news|url= http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/what-is-the-jan-lokpal-bill-why-its-important-96600&cp|title=What is the Jan Lokpal Bill, why it's important|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=16 August 2011|access-date=17 August 2011}}</ref>

The Jan Lokpal aimed to deter corruption, compensate citizen grievances, and protect [[whistle-blowers]]. The prefix ''Jan'' (translation: citizens) signifies that these improvements include inputs provided by "ordinary citizens" through an activist-driven, non-governmental public consultation.<ref name="toi_iac">{{cite web|title=Support for Anna Hazare grows online|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-16/mumbai/29892098_1_anna-hazare-website-caller-tune|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217224751/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-16/mumbai/29892098_1_anna-hazare-website-caller-tune|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=16 August 2011}}</ref>

The word ''Lokpal'' was coined in 1963 by [[L. M. Singhvi]], a member of parliament during a debate.

==Inspiration==
The demand for a Jan Lokpal was inspired by the Hong Kong [[Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)|Independent Commission Against Corruption]].<ref>{{cite news |title=India marcheslka.com/story_main48.asp?filename=Ws280111SOCIETY_II.asp|work=[[Tehelka]] |date=28 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India should learn a lesson from Hong Kong on tackling corruption|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-08-06/news/29858808_1_icac-corruption-transparency|work=The Economic Times |location=India |date=6 August 2011}}</ref> and taken forward by a group of activists that came to be styled by the media as [[Team Anna]].

==Key features==
Some important features of the bill are:<ref name=ndtv/>
# To establish a centre anti-corruption institution called ''Lokpal'', supported by ''[[Lokayukta]]'' at the state level.
# As is the case with the [[Supreme Court of India]] and [[Cabinet Secretariat of India|Cabinet Secretariat]], the ''Lokpal'' will be supervised by the [[Cabinet Secretary]] and the [[Election Commission of India|Election Commission]]. As a result, it will be completely independent of the government and free from ministerial influence in its investigations.
# Members will be appointed by judges, [[Indian Administrative Service]] officers with a clean record, private citizens and constitutional authorities through a transparent and participatory process.
# A selection committee will invite short-listed candidates for interviews, the video recordings of which will thereafter be made public.
# Inquiry has to be completed within 60 days and investigation to be completed within six months. Lokpal shall order an investigation only after hearing the public servant.
# Losses to the government by a corrupt individual will be recovered at the time of conviction.
# [[Whistle-blower]]s who alert the agency to potential corruption cases will also be provided with protection.

== Campaign for passage ==

The first version of the Lokpal Bill drafted by the [[Government of India]] in 2010 was considered ineffective by some anti-corruption activists from civil society,<ref name="FirstOpposition">{{cite news|title=Social activists draft new Lokpal Bill|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_social-activists-draft-new-lokpal-bill_1485559|publisher=DNA|date=24 December 2010}}</ref> who came together to draft a citizen's version of the Lokpal Bill later called the Jan Lokpal.<ref name="FirstOpposition"/> Public awareness drives<ref>{{cite news |title=Drive around Delhi to demand strong Lokpal Bill|url=http://www.sify.com/news/drive-around-delhi-to-demand-strong-lokpal-bill-news-national-ldnuaeejieb.html |newspaper=Sify News |date =9 February 2021 |access-date =5 April 2011 |url-status=dead|archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/5xi4nNr1v?url=http://www.sify.com/news/drive-around-delhi-to-demand-strong-lokpal-bill-news-national-ldnuaeejieb.html |archive-date = 5 April 2011}}</ref> and protest marches<ref name=FirstOpposition/> were carried out to campaign for the bill. Public support for the Jan Lokpal Bill draft gathered steam after Anna Hazare announced that he would hold an [[hunger strike|indefinite fast]] from 5 April 2011 for the passing of the Jan Lokpal bill.<ref>{{cite news |title = Anna Hazare announces fast unto death till Jan Lokpal Bill enacted | url = http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/anna-hazare-announces-fast-unto-death-till-jan-lokpal-bill-enacted/articleshow/7868097.cms |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date = 4 April 2011 |access-date =5 April 2011 |archive-url= https://www.webcitation.org/5xi4sP1kB?url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/anna-hazare-announces-fast-unto-death-till-jan-lokpal-bill-enacted/articleshow/7868097.cms |archive-date = 5 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Mumbai to join Hazare's fast today for Jan Lokpal |url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/mumbai-to-join-hazares-fast-today-for-jan-lokpal/771505/ |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date = 5 April 2011 |access-date=5 April 2011 |archive-url= https://www.webcitation.org/5xi599Dzh?url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/mumbai-to-join-hazares-fast-today-for-jan-lokpal/771505/ |archive-date = 5 April 2011}}</ref>

To dissuade Hazare from going on an indefinite hunger strike, the Office of the Prime Minister directed the personnel and law ministries to see how the views of social activists could be included in the bill.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Find-ways-to-include-activists-opinion-PMO/Article1-671509.aspx |title=Find ways to include activists' opinion: PMO |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2011 |access-date=9 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314082809/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Find-ways-to-include-activists-opinion-PMO/Article1-671509.aspx |archive-date=14 March 2011}}</ref> On 5 April, the [[National Advisory Council]] rejected the Lokpal bill drafted by the government. Union Human Resource Development Minister [[Kapil Sibal]] then met social activists [[Swami Agnivesh]] and [[Arvind Kejriwal]] on 7 April to find ways to bridge differences over the bill.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://truthdive.com/2011/04/07/Hazare-fast-Sibal-meets-Agnivesh-Kejriwal-to-pursue-constructive-dialogue.html |title=Hazare fast: Sibal meets Agnivesh, Kejriwal to pursue constructive dialogue |publisher=TruthDive |access-date=9 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721041004/http://truthdive.com/2011/04/07/Hazare-fast-Sibal-meets-Agnivesh-Kejriwal-to-pursue-constructive-dialogue.html |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> However, no consensus could be reached on 7 April owing to several differences of opinion between the social activists and the Government.

===Lokpal and Lokayukta Bill 2011 in Parliament===
On 27 December 2011, [[Lok Sabha]] Parliament winter session passed the Government's Lokpal as the Lokpal and Lokayukta Bill 2011. Before passing this bill, it was introduced in [[Lok Sabha]] with key amendments moved. During the 10-hour house debate, a number of opposition parties claimed introduced bill was weak and wanted it withdrawn. Key amendments that were discussed but defeated were following:
* Including corporates, media and NGOs receiving donations
* Bringing CBI under the purview of Lokpal
Amendments that the house agreed upon were:
* Keeping the defence forces and coast guard personnel out of the purview of the anti-graft ombudsman
* Increasing the exemption time of former MPs from five to seven years<ref name="news_ls_passes_lkpb">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/lok-sabha-passes-lokpal-bill/892719/|title=Lok Sabha passes Lokpal Bil|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=27 December 2011}}</ref>

This bill was then presented in Rajya Sabha where it hit a logjam.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2758728.ece No vote on Lokpal, Rajya Sabha adjourns abruptly]</ref>

==Criticisms==

===Naïve approach===
The activist bill was criticised as being [[naïve]] in its approach to combating corruption. According to Pratap Bhanu Mehta, President of the Center for Policy Research Delhi,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/of-the-few-by-the-few/772773/0|title=Of the few, by the few version|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=7 April 2011|access-date=8 April 2011}}</ref> the bill "is premised on an institutional imagination that is at best naïve; at worst subversive of representative democracy". The very concept of a Lokpal concept received criticism from ex [[Human Resource Development]] minister [[Kapil Sibal]] in that it would lack accountability, be oppressive and undemocratic.<ref name=SibalCriticism>[https://archive.today/20130103113142/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-30/india/29721063_1_lokpal-panel-janlokpal-kapil-sibal Jan Lokpal a Frankenstein's monster: Sibal], Abantika Ghosh, TNN, 30 June 2011, NEW DELHI, [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ The Times of India]</ref>

===Extra-constitutional===
Kejriwal rejected the claim of Lokpal being extra-constitutional with the explanation that the body will only investigate corruption offences and submit a charge sheet which would then be tried and prosecuted through trial courts and higher courts, and that other bodies with equivalent powers in other matters exist. The bill also lists clear provisions for the Supreme Court to abolish the Lokpal.<ref name="Joyson">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1607789.ece |title=I will fight till death: Anna Hazare|newspaper=The Hindu|date=7 April 2011|access-date=12 April 2011|location=Chennai, India|first=Jiby|last=Kattakayam}}</ref>

Despite these clarifications, critics feel that the exact judicial powers of Lokpal are rather unclear in comparison with its investigative powers. The bill<ref>[http://www.annahazare.org/pdf/Jan%20lokpal%20bill%20by%20Expert%20(Eng).pdf Jan Lokpal Bill version 1.8], annahazare.org</ref> requires "...members of Lokpal and the officers in the investigation wing of Lokpal shall be deemed to be police officers". Although some supporters have denied any judicial powers of Lokpal,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/15/stories/2011041556271000.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110417075219/http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/15/stories/2011041556271000.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 April 2011 |title=Opinion: Jan Lokpal bill: addressing concerns |date=15 April 2011 |access-date=17 August 2011 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> the government and some critics have recognised Lokpal to have quasi-judicial powers.<ref>{{cite news|last=Parsai |first=Gargi |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/05/24/stories/2011052465041200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110530105008/http://www.hindu.com/2011/05/24/stories/2011052465041200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 May 2011 |title=Lokpal panel postpones sticky issues |date=24 May 2011 |access-date=17 August 2011 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

The bill also states that "Lokpal shall have, and exercise the same jurisdiction powers and authority in respect of contempt of itself as a High court has and may exercise, and, for this purpose, the provisions of the Contempt of Courts Act, 1971 (Central Act 70 of 1971) shall have the effect subject to the modification that the references therein to the High Court shall be construed as including a reference to the Lokpal."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110409234626/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/full-text-the-jan-lokpal-bill/148401-53.html Full text: The Jan Lokpal Bill], CNN-IBN, 7 April 2011</ref><ref>[http://e-news4u.com/news_details.php?/full/details/jan//lokpal/bill/-/draft/&id=5423 Full details Jan Lokpal Bill – Draft] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426081240/http://e-news4u.com/news_details.php?%2Ffull%2Fdetails%2Fjan%2F%2Flokpal%2Fbill%2F-%2Fdraft%2F&id=5423 |date=26 April 2012 }}, Saturday, 9 April 2011, e-news4u.com</ref><ref>[https://www.scribd.com/doc/52734312/Lokpal-Bill Lokpal Bill], Jan Lokpal Bill version 1.8,</ref> Review of proceedings and decisions by Lokpal is prevented in the bill by the statement "...no proceedings or decision of the Lokpal shall be liable to be challenged, reviewed, quashed or called in question in any court of ordinary Civil Jurisdiction.". As a result, how the trials will be conducted is unclear in the bill, although the bill outlines requiring judges for special courts, presumably to conduct trials that should be completed within one year. The critics hence express concern that, without judicial review, Lokpal could potentially become an extra-constitutional body with investigative and judicial powers whose decisions cannot be reviewed in regular courts.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-27/india/29708555_1_civil-society-upa-government-rahul-gandhi | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719071138/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-27/india/29708555_1_civil-society-upa-government-rahul-gandhi | url-status=dead | archive-date=19 July 2012 | title=Can Lokpal be investigator, prosecutor, jury and judge? |author=Dhananjay Mahapatra| work=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 June 2011 }}</ref>

===Scope===
The matter of whether the Indian Prime Minister and higher judiciary should or should not be prosecutable by the Lokpal remains as one of the major issues of dispute. Anna's own nominee for co-chairing the joint panel Justice Verma, the former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, has expressed his constitutional objections for including the Prime Minister and higher judiciary under Lokpal.<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.indianexpress.com/news/hazare-proposes-justices-verma-hegde-as-chairman-of-lokpal-bill-panel/773523 | title = Hazare proposes Justices Verma, Hegde as chairman of Lokpal Bill panel | newspaper=The Indian Express| date = 8 April 2011}}</ref> According to him, "this would foul with the basic structure of the constitution".<ref>{{cite news| url = http://english.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/contentView.do?channelId=&contentId=9571258&programId=1073750974&tabId=1&contentType=EDITORIAL&BV_ID=@@@ | title = Judiciary, PM should not be under Lokpal: Former CJI | newspaper=Malayala Manorama| date = 26 June 2011}}</ref>

===Criticism from the Director of the Central Bureau of Investigation===
In a presentation before the Standing Committee of the Parliament, the Central Bureau of Investigation strongly argued against its vivisection and merger of its anticorruption wing with the Lokpal, noting that this would seriously cripple the core functioning of the bureau and reduce it to irrelevance. An organisation built over last 60 years comprising competent professionals should not be subsumed under Lokpal. Central Bureau of Investigation officers concede that in some sensitive political cases there is interference from the government, but in respect of an overwhelming majority of cases the Central Bureau of Investigation functions well, unfettered and uninfluenced by extraneous considerations. For this reason there is an ever-increasing demand for Central Bureau of Investigation investigations from all over the country in respect of important cases.<ref>{{cite web|title=Functioning of Lokpal and the CBI: Need for Synergy|url=http://www.cbi.nic.in/articles/pdf/FunctioningofLokpal.pdf|publisher=CBI}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Law}}

{{col div|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Corruption in India]]
{{colend}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.indiaagainstcorruption.org.in/ India Against Corruption]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110626114003/http://www.persmin.nic.in/Lokpal/Lokpal_Bill_Version2.3.pdf Final Version 2.3 under official consideration – redrafted by Ramarao Veluri, available on Govt of India website]

[[Category:Anti-corruption activism in India]]
[[Category:Anti-corruption agencies]]
[[Category:Ombudsmen in India]]

Jan Lokpal Bill - Revision history

JaggaBadaJasoos at 09:48, 26 May 2021