https://indianpedia.org/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=JanyaJanya - Revision history2026-07-31T11:14:10ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.45.4https://indianpedia.org/index.php?title=Janya&diff=124319&oldid=prev>Sam Sailor at 06:59, 27 May 20212021-05-27T06:59:36Z<p></p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Short description|Indian melodic mode derived from a raga in the Melakarta}}<br />
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'''''Janya''''' is a term meaning "derive". In [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] (South Indian) music a '''''janya [[raga]]''''' is one derived from one of the 72 ''[[melakarta]]'' ragas (fundamental melodic structures). ''Janya'' ragas are classified into various types based on a variety of features.<br />
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== ''Varja'' ragas ==<br />
Ragas that omit (varjyam, to omit in Sanskrit) one or more of the notes of the scale (''[[swara]]s'') of their parent ''melakarta'' raga, in the ascending or descending scale or in both, fall into this category. Different notes may be omitted from the ascending ''[[arohana]]'' and descending ''[[avarohana]]'' scale. Such scales are given the names listed below.<ref name="primer">''A practical course in Carnatic music'' by Prof. P. Sambamurthy, 15th edition published 1998, The Indian Music publishing house</ref><ref name="ragas">''Ragas in Carnatic music'' by Dr. S. Bhagyalekshmy, Pub. 1990, CBH Publications</ref><br />
vrja a<br />
* ''Sampurna'' – 7 note scale<br />
* ''Shadava'' – 6 notes<br />
* ''Audava'' – 5 notes<br />
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Since these terms are applicable both to the ascending and the descending scale, ragas can be classified as ''Audava-Sampurna'' – 5 notes in ''{{IAST|ārohaṇa}}'' and 7 in the ''{{IAST|avarohaṇa}}'' – ''Shadava-Sampurna'' – 6 notes in ''{{IAST|ārohaṇa}}'' and 7 in the ''{{IAST|avarohaṇa}}'', as in ''[[Kambhoji]]'' raga and so forth.<br />
''Sampurna-Sampurna'' ragas are not necessarily ''Melakarta'' because they may use notes not in the parent scale or ''vakra prayoga'', a "zig-zag" scale instead of sequential ascent and descent). Such ragas are termed ''vakra'' ragas.<ref name="primer" /><ref name="ragas" /> Examples are ''Nalinakanti'', ''[[Kathanakuthuhalam]]'', ''[[Darbar (raga)|Darbaru]]'', ''[[Jana Ranjani]]'' and ''[[Kedaram]]''. See full [[List of Janya Ragas]] for more examples.<br />
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* ''Nalinakanti'' – ''{{IAST|ārohaṇa}}'' S G3 R2 M1 P N3 S, ''{{IAST|avarohaṇa}}'' S N3 P M1 G3 R2 S<br />
* ''Kathanakuthuhalam'' – ''{{IAST|ārohaṇa}}'' S R2 M1 D2 N3 G3 P S, ''{{IAST|avarohaṇa}}'' S N3 D2 P M1 G3 R2 S<br />
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(see [[Swara#Swaras of Carnatic music|''swaras'' of Carnatic music]] for an explanation of above notation)<br />
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== ''Upanga/Bhashanga'' ragas ==<br />
''Upanga'' ragas are strictly derived from their parent ''melakarta'' raga and do not use any note not found in the parent raga's scale.<ref name="primer" /><ref name="ragas" /> Examples of ''upanga'' ragas are ''[[Shuddha Saveri]]'', ''[[Udayaravichandrika]]'' and ''[[Mohanakalyani]]''. ''Bhashanga'' ragas have ''anya swara(s)'' (external note; note not found in parent scale) in their ''{{IAST|ārohaṇa, avarohaṇa}}'' or both.<ref name="primer" /><ref name="ragas" /> Examples of ''Bhashanga'' ragas are ''[[Kambhoji]]'', ''[[Bhairavi (ragam)|Bhairavi]]'', ''[[Bilahari]]'', ''Saranga'', ''Behag'' and ''[[Kāpi]]''.<br />
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== Single octave ==<br />
Some ''janya'' ragas are sung in only one octave.<ref name="ragas" /> Moreover, the highest note is not the ''shadjam'' (sa), at which the base ''sruthi'' ([[Drone (music)|drone]]) of a performance is set. The classifications in this category are as follows.<br />
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* ''Nishadantya'' – highest note is the ''nishadam'' (ni)<br /> example ''Nadanamakriya'' derived from ''[[Mayamalavagowla]]'' scale (''{{IAST|ārohaṇa}}'' S R1 G3 M1 P D1 N3, ''{{IAST|avarohaṇa}}'' N3 D1 P M1 G3 R1 S N3)<br />
* ''Dhaivathantya'' – highest note is the ''dhaivatham'' (dha)<br /> example ''Kurinji'' derived from ''[[Dheerasankarabharanam|Shankarabharanam]]'' scale (''{{IAST|ārohaṇa}}'' S N3 S R2 G3 M1 P D2, ''{{IAST|avarohaṇa}}'' D2 P M1 G3 R2 S N3 S )<br />
* ''Panchamantya'' – highest note is the ''panchamam'' (pa)<br /> example ''Navaroj'' (''{{IAST|ārohaṇa}}'' P D2 N3 S R2 G3 M1 P, ''{{IAST|avarohaṇa}}'' M1 G1 R3 S N2 D2 P)<br />
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== ''Karnataka/Desya'' ragas ==<br />
''Karnataka'' ragas are those that are considered to have originated in Carnatic music.<ref name="ragas" /> Examples are ''[[Dheerasankarabharanam|Shankarabharanam]]'', ''Lalitha'' and ''[[Shuddha Saveri]]''.<br />
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''Desya'' ragas are those ragas that have their origins in other music, majority of them originating in [[Hindustani music]]. Examples are ''[[Yamunakalyani]]'', ''Desh'', ''Behag'' and ''[[Sindhu Bhairavi (raga)|Sindhu Bhairavi]]''.<br />
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== Other classifications ==<br />
There are various other classifications of ''janya'' ragas. These are based on relationships with other ragas (they give a feel of a different but similar raga), presence of ''[[gamaka (music)|gamakas]]'' (oscillations and graces around the note), stresses on notes or lack of them, the time of day when a raga is sung, ''[[rasa (aesthetics)|rasa]]'' or mood that they evoke, etc.<br />
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== See also ==<br />
{{Portal|India|Music}}<br />
{{Commons category|Carnatic ragams (svg)}}<br />
{{Commons|Janya ragams (svg)}}<br />
* [[List of Janya Ragas]]<br />
* [[Melakartha]]<br />
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== Notes ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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== External links ==<br />
* [http://carnatica.net/sangeet/handbook.htm carnatic.net]<br />
* [http://www.ae.iitm.ac.in/~sriram/karpri.html A Karnatic Music Primer]<br />
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{{Melakarta ragas|state=collapsed}}<br />
{{Janya}}<br />
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[[Category:Janya Ragas| ]]<br />
[[Category:Carnatic music terminology]]</div>>Sam Sailor