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{{Short description|Species of jasmine}}
{{Redirect|Sampaguita}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Speciesbox
| name =
| image = Arabian jasmin, Tunisia 2010.jpg
| image2 =Jasmine lifecycle.jpg
| image2_caption = various Flower stages
| image_caption = A 'Maid of Orleans' cultivar from [[Tunisia]].
| genus = Jasminum
| species = sambac
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[William Aiton|Aiton]]
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN | name = ''Jasminum sambac'' (L.) Aiton | id = 20676 | access-date =8 March 2011}}</ref><ref name="gonzalez">{{cite book|author=Ginés López González|title =Los árboles y arbustos de la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares: especies silvestres y las principales cultivadas|publisher =Mundi-Prensa Libros|year =2006|edition=2|language=es|page=1295|isbn =978-84-8476-272-0|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=1cdGlgnm4mwC}}</ref>
| synonyms =
{{hidden begin|toggle=left|title=[[Basionym]]}}
*''Nyctanthes sambac'' [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
{{hidden end}}
{{hidden begin|toggle=left|title=[[wikt:Homotypic|Homotypic]]}}
*''Mogorium sambac'' (L.) Lam. 
*''Jasminum fragrans'' Salisb. 
*''Jasminum sambac'' var. ''normale'' Kuntze)
{{hidden end}}
{{hidden begin|toggle=left|title=[[wikt:Heterotypic|Heterotypic]]}}

*''Jasminum bicorollatum'' Noronha
*''Jasminum blancoi'' Hassk.
*''Jasminum heyneanum'' Wall. ex G.Don
*''Jasminum odoratum'' Noronha
*''Jasminum pubescens'' Buch.-Ham. ex Wall.
*''Jasminum quadrifolium'' Buch.-Ham. ex Wall.
*''Jasminum quinqueflorum'' B.Heyne ex G.Don
*''Jasminum quinqueflorum'' var. ''pubescens'' G.Don
*''Jasminum sambac'' var. ''duplex'' Voigt
*''Jasminum sambac'' var.'' gimea'' (Zuccagni) DC.
*''Jasminum sambac'' var. ''goaense'' (Zuccagni) DC.
*''Jasminum sambac'' var. ''heyneanum'' Wall. ex G.Don) C.B.Clarke in J.D.Hooker
*''Jasminum sambac'' var.'' kerianum'' Kuntze
*''Jasminum sambac'' var.'' nemocalyx'' Kuntze
*''Jasminum sambac'' var.'' plenum'' Stokes
*''Jasminum sambac'' var.'' syringifolium'' Wall. ex Kuntze
*''Jasminum sambac'' var. ''trifoliatum'' Vahl
*''Jasminum sambac'' var. ''undulatum'' (L.) Kuntze
*''Jasminum sambac'' var. ''verum'' DC.
*''Jasminum sanjurium'' Buch.-Ham. ex DC.
*''Jasminum undulatum'' (L.) Willd.
*''Mogorium gimea'' Zuccagni
*''Mogorium goaense'' Zuccagni
*''Mogorium undulatum'' (L.) Lam.
*''Nyctanthes goa'' Steud.
*''Nyctanthes grandiflora'' Lour.
*''Nyctanthes undulata'' L.
{{hidden end}}
}}
'''''Jasminum sambac''''' ('''Arabian jasmine''' or '''Sambac jasmine''')<ref name="GRIN"/><ref name="pier">{{cite web|url=http://www.hear.org/Pier/species/jasminum_sambac.htm|title=''Jasminum sambac'' (L.) Aiton, Oleaceae |date=18 October 2006|publisher=Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)|access-date=8 May 2011}}</ref> is a [[species]] of [[jasmine]] [[Indigenous (ecology)|native]] to [[tropical Asia]], from the Indian subcontinent to Southeast Asia.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Jasminum sambac'' |url=http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=b658 |website=Missouri Botanical Garden |access-date=25 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Olveros-Belardo |first1=Luz |last2=Smith |first2=Roger M. |last3=Ocampo |first3=Milagros P. |title=Some Components of the Absolute of the Rowers of ''Jasminum sambac'' (l.) Ait. |journal=Transactions of the National Academy of Science and Technology |date=990 |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=129–140 |url=https://www.nast.dost.gov.ph/images/pdf%20files/Publications/NAST%20Transactions/NAST%201990%20Transactions%20Volume%2012/6.%20Some%20Components%20of%20the%20Absolute%20of%20the%20Flowers%20of%20Jasminum%20sambac%20%20%20Luz%20Oliveros-Belardo%20-%20(MPES).pdf}}</ref> It is cultivated in many places, especially across much of South and Southeast Asia. It is naturalised in many scattered locales: [[Mauritius]], [[Madagascar]], the [[Maldives]], [[Christmas Island]], [[Chiapas]], Central America, southern [[Florida]], the [[Bahamas]], [[Cuba]], [[Hispaniola]], [[Jamaica]], [[Puerto Rico]], and the [[Lesser Antilles]].<ref name="sanchez"/><ref>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=351647 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref><ref>[http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Jasminum%20sambac.png Biota of North America Program]</ref>

''Jasminum sambac'' is a small shrub or vine growing up to {{convert|0.5|to|3|m|ft|abbr=on}} in height. It is widely cultivated for its attractive and sweetly fragrant flowers. The flowers may be used as a fragrant ingredient in [[perfume]]s and [[jasmine tea]]. In [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] it is very popular and is known as '''Mogra'''. It is the [[national flower]] of the [[Philippines]], where it is known as '''''sampaguita''''',<ref>{{cite web | last = Pangilinan Jr. | first = Leon | title = In Focus: 9 Facts You May Not Know About Philippine National Symbols | url=http://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/in-focus/9-facts-you-may-not-know-about-philippine-national-symbols/ | date = 3 October 2014 | access-date = 8 January 2019 | publisher = [[National Commission for Culture and the Arts]]}}</ref> as well as being one of the three national flowers of [[Indonesia]], where it is known as '''''melati putih'''''.
{{TOC limit|3}}

==Description==
''Jasminum sambac'' is an [[evergreen]] [[vine]] or [[shrub]] reaching up to {{convert|0.5|to|3|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall.<ref name="skaria">{{cite book|author=Baby P. Skaria|title =Aromatic Plants: Vol.01. Horticulture Science Series|publisher =New India Publishing|year =2007|series=The families and genera of vascular plants|volume=1|work=Horticulture science|page=182|isbn=978-81-89422-45-5|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=e68EbGOCayAC}}</ref> The species is highly variable, possibly a result of [[spontaneous mutation]], natural [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridization]], and [[Polyploid|autopolyploidy]]. Cultivated ''Jasminum sambac'' generally do not bear seeds and the plant is reproduced solely by [[Cutting (plant)|cuttings]], [[layering]], [[marcotting]], and other methods of [[asexual propagation]].<ref name="sanchez"/><ref name="eflora">{{cite web|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200017788|title=''Jasminum sambac'' (Linnaeus) Aiton, Hort. Kew. 1: 8. 1789. |publisher=Flora of China|access-date=8 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="leonhardt"/>

The leaves are [[ovate (leaf)|ovate]], {{convert|4|to|12.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|2|to|7.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} wide. The [[phyllotaxy]] is opposite or in whorls of three, simple (not [[pinnate]], like most other jasmines).<ref name="banerji">{{cite web|author1=B.K. Banerji |author2=A.K. Dwivedi |url=http://www.floriculturetoday.in/fragrant-world-of-jasmine.html |title=Fragrant world of Jasmine |publisher=Floriculture Today, National Botanical Research Institute |access-date=8 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207112622/http://www.floriculturetoday.in/fragrant-world-of-jasmine.html |archive-date=7 December 2010 }}</ref> They are smooth (glabrous) except for a few hairs at the [[Leaf|venation]] on the base of the leaf.<ref name="eflora"/>

The flowers bloom all throughout the year and are produced in clusters of 3 to 12 together at the ends of branches.<ref name="leonhardt">{{cite journal|author1=Kenneth W. Leonhardt |author2=Glenn I. Teves |year=2002|title=Pikake A Fragrant-Flowered Plant for Landscapes and Lei Production|journal=Ornamentals and Flowers|publisher=College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR), University of Hawai'i at Manoa|url=http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/of-29.pdf|access-date=8 May 2011 }}</ref> They are strongly scented, with a white corolla {{convert|2|to|3|cm|in|abbr=on}} in diameter with 5 to 9 lobes. The flowers open at night (usually around 6 to 8 in the evening), and close in the morning, a span of 12 to 20 hours.<ref name="sanchez"/> The [[fruit]] is a purple to black [[berry (botany)|berry]] {{convert|1|cm|in|abbr=on}} in diameter.<ref name="eflora"/>
[[File:Jasminum sambac1SHSU.jpg|210px|thumbnail|right|Arabian jasmine in soft shade]]

==Taxonomy and nomenclature==
''Jasminum sambac'' is classified under the [[genus]] ''[[Jasminum]]'' under the [[Tribe (biology)|tribe]] [[Jasmineae]].<ref name="kubitzki">{{cite book|title =The families and genera of vascular plants: Flowering plants, Dicotyledons. Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae) |publisher =Springer|year =2004|series=The families and genera of vascular plants|volume=7|editor1=Klaus Kubitzki |editor2=Joachim W. Kadereit |page=299|isbn=978-3-540-40593-1|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=kcSZriBQGp4C}}</ref> It belongs to the [[olive]] [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Oleaceae]].<ref name="plants">{{cite web|url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=JASA|title=''Jasminum sambac'' (L.) Aiton: Arabian jasmine|publisher=PLANTS profile, Natural Resources Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture|access-date=8 May 2011}}</ref>

Despite the English [[common name]] of "Arabian jasmine", ''Jasminum sambac'' is not originally native to [[Arabia]]. The [[Habit (botany)|habits]] of ''Jasminum sambac'' support a [[Indigenous (ecology)|native habitat]] of [[Tropical climate|humid tropical climates]] and not the [[arid climate]]s of the Middle East. Early Chinese records of the plant points to the origin of ''Jasminum sambac'' as eastern South Asia and Southeast Asia. ''Jasminum sambac'' (and nine other species of the [[genus]]) were [[Introduced species|spread]] into Arabia and [[Persia]] by man, where they were cultivated in gardens. From there, they were introduced to Europe where they were grown as ornamentals and were known under the common name "sambac" in the 18th century.<ref name="shiu-ying">{{cite book|author=胡秀英 (Hu Shiu-Ying)|title=秀苑擷英|script-title=zh:秀苑擷英: 胡秀英敎授論文集|publisher =商務印書館(香港)|year =2003|language=zh, en|pages=263–265|isbn=978-962-07-3152-5|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=hXBYfiAWhZUC}}</ref><ref name="singh2006">{{cite book|author=A.K. Singh|title =Flower Crops: Cultivation and Management|publisher =New India Publishing|year =2006|pages=193–205|isbn =978-81-89422-35-6|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=Bfb1T6QbfaAC&q=Jasminum+genus&pg=PA193}}</ref>

The Medieval Arabic term ''"zanbaq"'' denoted jasmine flower-oil from the flowers of any species of jasmine. This word entered late medieval Latin as ''"sambacus"'' and ''"zambacca"'' with the same meaning as the Arabic, and then in post-medieval Latin [[plant taxonomy]] the word was adopted as a label for the ''J. sambac'' species.<ref>''Dictionnaire étymologique des mots français d'origine orientale'', by L. Marcel Devic, year 1876, page 201; [https://archive.org/details/dictionnairety00devi downloadable]. Additional details at [https://archive.org/stream/sinonomabartholo01mirfuoft#page/235/mode/1up zambacca](Alphita, mid 15th century); [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58660f/f257.image sambacus](Simon of Genoa, late 13th century); [http://www.baheth.info/ زنبق = دهن الياسمين](''zanbaq'' = "jasmine oil" in ''[[Lisan al-Arab]]'', late 13th century).</ref> The ''J. sambac'' species is a good source for jasmine flower-oil in terms of the quality of the fragrance and it continues to be cultivated for this purpose for the perfume industry today. The ''[[Jasminum officinale]]'' species is also cultivated for the same purpose, and probably to a greater extent.

In 1753, [[Carl Linnaeus]] first described the plant as ''[[Nyctanthes]] sambac'' in the first edition of his famous book ''[[Systema Naturae]]''. In 1789, [[William Aiton]] reclassified the plant to the genus ''[[Jasminum]]''. He also coined the common English name of "Arabian jasmine",<ref name="aiton1810">{{cite book|author=William Aiton|title =Hortus Kewensis, or A catalogue of the plants cultivated in the Royal botanic garden at Kew|publisher =Longman|edition=2|year =1810|volume=1|page=16|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=uRAPAAAAQAAJ}}</ref> cementing the misconception that it was Arabian in origin.<ref name="shiu-ying"/>

==Cultivation==
[[File:Arabian jasmine (Jasminum sambac) buds captured in morning.jpg|thumb|150px|Buds in morning, captured in India.]]
The sweet, heady fragrance of ''Jasminum sambac'' is its distinct feature. It is widely grown throughout the tropics from the [[Arabian peninsula]] to Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands as an ornamental plant and for its strongly scented flowers.<ref name="arabnews"/> Numerous cultivars currently exist.<ref name="banerji"/>

Typically, the flowers are harvested as [[bud]]s during early morning. The flower buds are harvested on basis of color, as firmness and size are variable depending on the weather. The buds have to be white, as green ones may not emit the characteristic fragrance they are known for.<ref name="leonhardt"/> Open flowers are generally not harvested as a larger amount of them is needed to extract oils and they lose their fragrance sooner.<ref name="sanchez"/>

''J. sambac'' does not tolerate being frozen, so in temperate regions must be grown under glass, in an unheated greenhouse or conservatory. It has an intense fragrance which some people may find overpowering. In the UK this plant has gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref name = RHSPF>{{cite web
| url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/58524/i-Jasminum-sambac-i/Details
| title = RHS Plantfinder – ''Jasminum sambac'' | access-date=14 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants – Ornamental | date = July 2017
| page = 56 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date = 14 March 2018}}</ref>

===Cultivars===
{{multiple image
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| header ='''''Jasminum sambac'' cultivars'''
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| image1 =Jasminum sambac.jpg
| width1 =140
| alt1 =
| caption1 ='Maid of Orleans'

| image2 =Jasminum sambac 'Grand Duke of Tuscany'.jpg
| width2 =140
| alt2 =
| caption2 ='Grand Duke of Tuscany'
}}


There are numerous [[cultivar]]s of ''Jasminum sambac'' which differ from each other by the shape of leaves and the structure of the [[Corolla (flower)|corolla]]. The cultivars recognized include:

* ''''Maid of Orleans'''' – possesses flowers with a single layer of five or more oval shaped petals. It is the variety most commonly referred to as '''''sampaguita''''' and '''''pikake'''''.<ref name="sanchez"/><ref name="leonhardt"/> It is also known as 'Mograw', 'Motiya', or 'Bela'.<ref name="hp"/>
* ''''Belle of India'''' – possesses flowers with a single or double layer of elongated petals.<ref name="hp"/>
* ''''Grand Duke of Tuscany'''' – possesses flowers with a doubled petal count. They resemble small white [[rose]]s and are less fragrant than the other varieties. It is also known as 'Rose jasmine' and 'Butt Mograw'.<ref name="hp">{{cite web|url=http://swc2.hccs.edu/proberts/gallery/html/sonia_sardesai/html/jasmine.html |title=Jasmine |publisher=House Plants, HCC Southwest College |access-date=8 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110508235448/http://swc2.hccs.edu/proberts/gallery/html/sonia_sardesai/html/jasmine.html |archive-date=8 May 2011 }}</ref> In the Philippines, it is known as '''''kampupot'''''.<ref name="sanchez">{{cite journal |author1=Fernando C. Sanchez Jr. |author2=Dante Santiago |author3=Caroline P. Khe |year=2010 |title=Production Management Practices of Jasmine (''Jasminum sambac'' (L.) Aiton) in the Philippines |journal=Journal of the International Society for Southeast Asian Agricultural Sciences |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=126–136 |url=http://www.issaas.org/journal/v16/02/journal-issaas-v16n2-13-sanchez.pdf |access-date=8 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628020053/http://issaas.org/journal/v16/02/journal-issaas-v16n2-13-sanchez.pdf |archive-date=28 June 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* ''''Mysore Mallige'''' – resembles the 'Belle of India' cultivar but has slightly shorter petals with distinct and immense fragrance.<ref name="hp"/>
* ''''Arabian Nights'''' – possesses a double layer of petals but is smaller in size than the 'Grand Duke of Tuscany' cultivar.<ref name="hp"/>-->

== Chemical composition ==
''Jasminum sambac'' contains [[dotriacontanoic acid]], [[dotriacontanol]], [[oleanolic acid]], [[daucosterol]], [[hesperidin]], and [+]-jasminoids A, B, C, D in its roots. Leaves contains flavonoids such as [[rutin]], [[quercetin]] and [[isoquercetin]], flavonoids rhamnoglycosides as well as [[α-amyrin]] and [[β-sitosterol]]. A novel plant [[cysteine]]-rich [[peptide]] family named jasmintides were isolated from this plant.

Its aroma is caused by a variety of compounds including [[benzyl alcohol]], tetradecamethylcycloheptasiloxane, [[methyl benzoate]], [[linalool]], [[benzyl acetate]], (-)-(''R'')-jasmine lactone, [[farnesene|(''E'',''E'')-α-farnesene]], (''Z'')-3-hexenyl benzoate, N-acetylmethylanthranilate, dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane, [[methyl jasmonate|(''E'')-methyl jasmonate]], [[benzyl benzoate]] and [[isophytol]].{{cn|date=October 2021}}

==Importance==
===Southeast Asia===
====Philippines====
''Jasminum sambac'' ([[Filipino language|Filipino]] and [[Philippine Spanish]]: ''sampaguita'') was adopted by the [[Philippines]] as the [[National symbols of the Philippines|national flower]] on 1 February 1934 via Proclamation No. 652 issued by [[American Colonial Period (Philippines)|American]] [[Governor-General of the Philippines#Insular Government|Governor-General]] [[Frank Murphy]].<ref name="ncca">{{cite web|url=http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/phil-fast-facts/culture-profile-sampaguita.php |title=Philippine Fast Facts: National Flower: Sampaguita |publisher=National Commission for Culture and the Arts, Republic of the Philippines |access-date=8 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915034956/http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/phil-fast-facts/culture-profile-sampaguita.php |archive-date=15 September 2008 }}</ref><ref name="asean">{{cite web|url=http://www.aseansec.org/18203.htm|title=ASEAN National Flowers|publisher=ASEAN secretariat|access-date=8 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="whistler"/> It is also known natively as ''sampaga'' or ''kampupot'' in [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]; ''kulatai'', ''pongso'', or ''kampupot'' in [[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]]; ''manul'' in the [[Visayan languages]]; ''lumabi'' or ''malul'' in [[Maguindanao language|Maguindanao]]; and ''hubar'' or ''malur'' in [[Tausug language|Tausug]].<ref name="Lim">{{cite book |last1=Lim |first1=T.K. |title=Edible Medicinal and Non Medicinal Plants |date=2014 |publisher=Springer |volume=8, Flowers |isbn=9789401787482 |page=530 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-nvGBAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1}}</ref>
[[File:3156San Roque Santa Marta de Pateros Catholic School Metro Manila 14.jpg|thumb|upright|Sampaguita garland vendors outside a [[Catholic]] school in [[Pateros]], [[Manila]].]]
Sampaguita in the Filipino language is a direct [[loanword]] from the Indian [[sanskrit]] word "campaka".<ref name=ew2>Jean-Paul G. POTET (2013). [https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=1i-bBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA250&dq=sampaguita+originally+from+sanskrit&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi2nsrHo-PxAhVwqksFHce7B4cQ6AEwBnoECAgQAg#v=onepage&q=sampaguita%20originally%20from%20sanskrit&f=false Arabian and Persian loanwords in Tagalog], p. 250.</ref> [[Filipino people|Filipinos]] string the flowers into leis, corsages, and sometimes crowns.<ref name="faophil">{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/ac452e/ac452e07.htm#bm07|title=Cut Flower Production in the Philippines|author=Teresita L. Rosario|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|access-date=8 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="nickles">{{cite book|author=Greg Nickles|title =Philippines: the people|publisher =Crabtree Publishing Company|year =2002|page=27|series=The lands, peoples, and cultures|isbn=978-0-7787-9353-3|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=oGUt7-7sGRIC}}</ref> These garlands are available as loose strings of blossoms or as tight clusters of buds, and are commonly sold by vendors outside churches and near street intersections.<ref name="boyer">{{cite book|author=Robert H. Boyer|title =Sundays in Manila|publisher =UP Press|year =2010|page=230|isbn=978-971-542-630-5|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=LkTwlWpX8MEC}}</ref>

Sampaguita garlands are used as a form of bestowing honour, veneration, or accolade. These are primarily used to adorn religious images, religious processions and photographs of the dead on altars. These are placed around the necks of living persons such as dignitaries, visitors, and occasionally to graduating students. Buds strung into ropes several metres long are often used to decorate formal events such state occasions at [[Malacañang Palace]], weddings, and are sometimes used as the ribbon in [[ribbon cutting ceremony|ribbon cutting ceremonies]]. Though edible, the flower is rarely used in cuisine, with an unusual example being flavouring for ice cream.

''Jasminum sambac'' is the subject of the [[danza]] song ''La Flor de Manila'', composed by [[Dolores Paterno]] in 1879. The song was popular during the [[Commonwealth of the Philippines|Commonwealth]] and is now regarded as a [[romantic music|romantic]] classic.<ref name="himig">{{cite web|url=http://himig.com.ph/features/38-dolores-paterno|title=Dolores Paterno|author=Himig: The Filipino Music Collection of FHL|publisher=Filipinas Heritage Library and the Ayala Foundation|access-date=26 September 2011}}</ref> The flower is also the namesake of the song ''El Collar de Sampaguita''. The design of the ceremonial torch for the [[2019 Southeast Asian Games]], designed by Filipino sculptor Daniel Dela Cruz, was inspired by the sampaguita.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Garcia |first1=Maria Angelica |title=SEA Games torch inspired by the sampaguita |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/artandculture/712925/sea-games-torch-inspired-by-the-sampaguita/story/ |access-date=30 November 2019 |work=GMA News |date=24 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Aglibot |first1=Joanna Rose |title=Sampaguita-inspired torch ready for 30th SEA Games |url=https://sports.inquirer.net/362737/sampaguita-inspired-torch-ready-for-30th-sea-games |access-date=30 November 2019 |work=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=23 August 2019}}</ref>

==== Indonesia ====
[[File:Javanese Surakarta Bride.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Javanese people|Javanese]] [[Surakarta]] bride adorned with intricate ''roncen melati'' (jasmine garland).]]
''Jasminum sambac'' ({{lang-id|melati putih}}) is one of the three [[List of Indonesian floral emblems|national flowers]] in [[Indonesia]], the other two being the [[Phalaenopsis amabilis|moon orchid]] and the [[Rafflesia arnoldii|giant padma]].<ref name="asean"/> Although the official adoption were announced only as recent as 1990 during World Environment Day and enforced by law through Presidential Decree No. 4 in 1993,<ref>[http://www.proxsis.com/perundangan/LH/doc/uu/F00-1993-00004.pdf Keputusan Presiden No. 4 Tahun 1993] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402234237/http://www.proxsis.com/perundangan/LH/doc/uu/F00-1993-00004.pdf |date=2 April 2012 }}</ref> the importance of ''Jasminum sambac'' in [[Indonesian culture]] long predates its official adoption. Since the formation of Indonesian republic during the reign of [[Sukarno]], ''melati putih'' is always unofficially recognized as the national flower of Indonesia. The reverence and its elevated status mostly due to the importance of this flower in Indonesian tradition since ancient times.

It has long been considered a sacred flower in Indonesian tradition, as it symbolizes purity, sacredness, graceful simplicity and sincerity. It also represents the beauty of modesty; a small and simple white flower that can produce such sweet fragrance. It is also the most important flower in wedding ceremonies for ethnic Indonesians, especially in the island of [[Java]].<ref name="fao">{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/ac452e/ac452e05.htm|title=Cut Flower Production in Indonesia|author1=Toto Sutater |author2=Kusumah Effendie |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|access-date=8 May 2011}}</ref> Jasmine flower buds that have not fully opened are usually picked to create strings of jasmine garlands ({{lang-jv|script=Latn|roncen melati}}). On wedding days, a traditional [[Javanese people|Javanese]] or [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]] bride's hair is adorned with strings of jasmine garlands arranged as a hairnet to cover the ''konde'' ([[Bun (hairstyle)|hair bun]]). The intricately intertwined strings of jasmine garlands are left to hang loose from the bride's head. The groom's [[kris]] is also adorned with five jasmine garlands called ''roncen usus-usus'' (intestine garlands) to refer its intestine-like form and also linked to the legend of [[Kris#Kris Setan Kober|Arya Penangsang]]. In Makassar and [[Bugis]] brides, the hair is also adorned with buds of jasmine that resemble pearls. Jasmine is also used as floral offerings for [[hyang]]s, spirits and deities especially among [[Balinese people|Balinese]] [[Hinduism in Indonesia|Hindu]], and also often present during funerals. In South Sumatran traditional costume, the ''bungo melati'' pattern in [[Palembang]] [[songket]] fabrics depicts the jasmine to represent beauty and femininity.

The jasmine has wide spectrums in Indonesian traditions; it is the flower of life, beauty and festive wedding, yet it is also often associated with spirit and death. In Indonesian patriotic songs and poems, the fallen ''melati'' often hailed as the representation of fallen heroes that sacrificed their life and died for the country, the very similar concept with fallen ''[[sakura]]'' that represent fallen heroes in Japanese tradition. The [[Ismail Marzuki]]'s patriotic song ''"Melati di Tapal Batas"'' (jasmine on the border) (1947) and [[Guruh Sukarnoputra]]'s ''"Melati Suci"''<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AdOqm6RK6OA Melati Suci]</ref> (sacred jasmine) (1974) clearly refer jasmine as the representation of fallen heroes, the eternally fragrance flower that adorned [[Ibu Pertiwi]] (Indonesian [[national personification]]). The Iwan Abdurachman's ''"Melati dari Jayagiri"'' (jasmine from Jayagiri mountain) refer jasmine as the representation of the pure unspoiled beauty of a girl and also a long lost love.

In Indonesia, jasmine essential oil is also extracted from jasmine flowers and buds by using steam distillation process. Jasmine essential oil is one of most expensive commodity in aromatherapy and perfume industry.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

==== Cambodia ====
In [[Cambodia]], the flower is used as an offering to the [[Buddha]]. During flowering season which begins in June, Cambodians thread the flower buds onto a wooden needle to be presented to the [[Buddha]].<ref name="wandersee">{{cite web|url=http://www.humanflowerproject.com/index.php/weblog/comments/divinity_in_bud/|title=Divinity in Bud|author1=James H. Wandersee |author2=Renee M. Clary |publisher=Human Flower Project|access-date=8 May 2011}}</ref>

===East Asia===
==== China ====
In China, the flower ({{zh|c=茉莉花|p=Mòlì huā}}) is processed and used as the main flavoring ingredient in [[jasmine tea]] (茉莉花茶).<ref name="shiu-ying"/> It is also the subject of a popular [[folk song]] ''[[Mo Li Hua]].''

=== Hawaii ===
In Hawaii, the flower is known as ''pīkake'', and is used to make fragrant [[lei (garland)|lei]]s.<ref name="leonhardt"/> The name 'pīkake' is derived from the Hawaiian word for "[[peacock]]", because the Hawaiian [[Kaʻiulani|Princess Kaʻiulani]] was fond of both the flowers and the bird.<ref name="leonhardt"/><ref name="whistler">{{cite book|author=W. Arthur Whistler|author-link=Arthur Whistler|title =Tropical ornamentals: a guide|publisher =Timber Press|year =2000|pages=[https://archive.org/details/tropicalornament00wart/page/284 284]–285|isbn=978-0-88192-475-6|url =https://archive.org/details/tropicalornament00wart|url-access=registration}}</ref>

=== The Middle East ===
In [[Oman]], ''Jasminum sambac'' features prominently on a child's first birthday.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} They are used to make thick garlands used as hair adornments. Flowers are sprinkled on the child's head by other children while chanting "hol hol". The fragrant flowers are also sold packed in between large leaves of the Indian almond (''[[Terminalia catappa]]'') and sewn together with strips of [[date palm]] leaves.<ref name="arabnews">{{cite journal|author=Tony Walsh|year=2004|title=Jasmine Scents of Arabia|journal=Arab News Review|pages=1–3|publisher=Saudi Research & Publishing Company (SRPC)|issn=0254-833X|url=http://www.omanholiday.co.uk/Scents-of-Arabia-by-Tony-Walsh-for-Arab-News.pdf|access-date=8 May 2011 }}</ref> In [[Bahrain]] The flower is made into a pin along with the leaf of a palm tree to commemorate the martyrs of the country, similar to the White Poppy flower.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

===South Asia===

Jasmine is a sacred flower in [[Hinduism]], it is used in mediation, decoration, fragrance, [[Puja (Hinduism)|worship]] and it is sacred to all forms of Goddess [[Devi]]. It is used as sacred offerings during Hindu religious ceremonies:. Here is a Hindu prayer:
''"...Goddess [[Sarasvati|Saraswathi]], who is fair as a jasmine flower, the moon or a snow flake, who is dressed in white and whose hands are adorned by Veena, who is seated in a white lotus, to whom Brahma, Vishnu and Maheshwara pray, please protect us..."''<ref name=pr1>[https://toptropicals.com/html/toptropicals/plant_wk/molle.htm Jasmine molle], toptropicals.com, accessed 16 July 2021.</ref>

It is one of the most commonly grown ornamentals in India, Bangladesh and Pakistan, where it is native.<ref name="skaria"/><ref name="whistler"/> At Indian weddings, the bride often adorns her hair with garlands made of mogra, either around a bun or wrapped across a braid.

====Sri Lanka====
In Sri Lanka it is widely known as ''pichcha'' or ''gaeta pichcha''. The name ''sithapushpa'' and ''katarolu'' are also used in older texts. The flowers are used in Buddhist temples and in ceremonial garlands.{{Citation needed|date=May 2018}}

==Toxicity==
The LD50 of jasmine extract is greater than 5 mg/kg by weight.<ref>https://zenodo.org/record/1210527/files/57.Jasminum sambac.pdf</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Jasminum species]]
*[[Jasmine]]
*''[[Jasminum multiflorum]]'' – the Indian jasmine
*''[[Jasminum officinale]]'' – the common jasmine
*''[[Cananga odorata]]'', the ylang-ylang, another plant widely used in perfumes

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Jasminum sambac|''Jasminum sambac''}}
*{{Wikispecies-inline|Jasminum sambac|''Jasminum sambac''}}

{{Indonesia topics}}
{{Symbols of the Philippines}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1356614}}

[[Category:Jasminum|sambac]]
[[Category:Flora of tropical Asia]]
[[Category:National symbols of Indonesia]]
[[Category:National symbols of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Asia]]
[[Category:National symbols of Syria]]

Jasminum sambac - Revision history

172.70.90.235 at 18:48, 10 October 2022