>Gowhk8 at 02:54, 16 May 2021

2021-05-16T02:54:49Z

New page

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox former country
| native_name = جونپور سلطنت
| conventional_long_name = Jaunpur Sultanate

| year_start = 1394
| year_end = 1479
| government_type = Monarchy
| capital = [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]]
| p1 = Delhi Sultanate
| s1 = Delhi Sultanate
}}
The '''Jaunpur Sultanate''' was an independent Islamic state in northern [[India]] between 1394 and 1479, whose rulers ruled from [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]] in the present day state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>For a map of their territory see: {{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=147, map XIV.4 (c)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=186}}</ref> The Jaunpur Sultanate was ruled by the [[Sharqi dynasty]]. The Khwajah-i-Jahan Malik Sarwar, the first ruler of the dynasty was a [[Vizier|wazir]] under Sultan [[Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III|Nasiruddin Muhammad Shah IV Tughluq]] (1390–1394). In 1394, amidst the disintegration of the Delhi Sultanate, he established himself as an independent ruler of Jaunpur and extended his authority over [[Awadh]] and a large part of the [[Ganges]]-[[Yamuna]] [[Doab]] and replaced much of the Delhi Sultanate. The dynasty founded by him was named so because of his title ''Mālik-us-Śarq'' ("ruler of the East"). The most notable ruler of the dynasty was Ibrahim Shah.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}

==History==

===Malik Sarwar ===
In 1389, Malik Sarwar, an African governor of Jaunpur,<ref>https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/africans-racial-attack-greater-noida-india-history-slaves-soldiers-rulers-968631-2017-03-30?espv=1</ref> received the title of ''Khwajah-i-Jahan''. In 1394, he was appointed as the governor of Jaunpur and received his title of ''Malik-us-Sharq'' from [[Sultan]] [[Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah]] Tughluq (1394 - 1413). Soon, he established himself as an independent ruler and took the title of ''Atabak-i-Azam''. He suppressed the rebellions in Etawah, Koil and [[Kannauj|Kanauj]]. He was also able to bring under his control Kara, Awadh, Dalmau, Bahraich and South Bihar. The Rai of Jajnagar and the ruler of [[Gaur, West Bengal|Lakhnauti]] acknowledged his authority and sent him a number of elephants. After his death, he was succeeded by his adopted son Malik Qaranfal, who assumed the title of ''Mubarak Shah'',<ref name="VD">Mahajan, V.D. (1991, reprint 2007) ''History of Medieval India, Part I'', [[S.Chand]]& Co., New Delhi, {{ISBN|81-219-0364-5}}, pp.264-66</ref> ruled three years, and issued coins in his own name.<ref>{{Citation|last=Elliot|first=Henry Miers|editor1-first=John|editor1-last=Dowson|title=Táríkh-i Mubárak Sháhí, of Yahyá bin Ahmad|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139507165.004|work=The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians|year=2013|pages=6–88|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9781139507165.004|isbn=978-1-139-50716-5|access-date=2021-02-01}}</ref>

====War with the Ujjainiyas of Bhojpur====
{{See also|Jaunpur-Bhojpur War}}
During the reign of Malik Sarwar, Jaunpur became embroiled in a 100-year war with the neighbouring [[Ujjainiya]]s of [[Bhojpuri region|Bhojpur]] in modern-day [[Bihar]]. The Ujjainiya chieftain, Raja Harraj was initially successful in the forces of Malik Sarwar however the Ujjainiyas were defeated in subsequent battles and forced to hide in the forests and resort to guerrilla warfare.<ref>{{cite journal | title=The Relation of Bhojpur and Jaunpur (From 1389 A.D. to 1519 A.D) | author= Md. Iftekhar Alam | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume = 44| year=1983 | pages= 213|jstor = 44139839}}</ref>

===Mubarak Shah===
After assuming power in 1399, Mubarak Shah struck coins in his own name and the [[Khutbah|Khutba]] was read in his name. During his reign, Mallu Iqbal tried to recover Jaunpur, but failed. He was succeeded by his younger brother Ibrahim after his death in 1402,<ref name="VD" /> who took the title of ''Shams-ud-Din Mubarak Shah''.<ref name=r1>Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2006). ''The Delhi Sultanate'', Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, pp.186-92</ref>

===Ibrahim Shah===
{{See also|Bengal Sultanate–Jaunpur Sultanate War}}
[[File:Silver_Coin_of_Ibrahim_Shah_of_Jaunpur.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Billon coin of 32 rattis issued by Ibrahim Shah of Jaunpur.]]

The Jaunpur Sultanate attained its greatest height under the younger brother of Mubarak Shah, who ruled as Shams ud-din Ibrahim Shah (ruled 1402-1440). To the east, his kingdom extended to Bihar, and to the west, to Kanauj; he even marched on Delhi at one point. Under the aegis of a Muslim holy man named [[Nur Qutb-ul-Alam]], he threatened the [[Sultanate of Bengal]] under [[Raja Ganesha]].<ref>Goron and Goenka, p. 343.</ref>

Ibrahim Shah was a patron of Islamic learning and established a number of colleges for this purpose. A large number of scholarly works on Islamic theology and law was produced during his reign, which include the ''Hashiah-i-Hindi'', the ''Bahar-ul-Mawwaj'' and the ''Fatwa-i-Ibrahim Shahi''. He constructed a number of monuments in a new regional style of architecture known as the ''Sharqi''. During his reign, Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah II Tughluq took refuge in Jaunpur in order to get rid of the control of Mallu Iqbal over him. But he did not treat Sultan Mahmud Shah well.{{explain|date=March 2019}} As a result, his relations with the Sultan became bitter and Mahmud Shah occupied Kanauj. In 1407, he tried to recover Kanauj but failed. His attempt to conquer Bengal also failed. He was succeeded by his eldest son Mahmud Shah after his death.<ref name="VD"/><ref name=r1/>

===Mahmud Shah===
[[File:Jaunpur Sultanat, J15, Hussain Shah, Double Falus.jpg|thumb|Double Falus of Mahmud Shah]]
Mahmud Shah was successful in conquering Chunar, but failed to capture Kalpi.<ref name="VD" /> He also conducted campaigns against Bengal and [[Orissa, India|Orissa]]. In 1452, he invaded Delhi but was defeated by [[Bahlul Lodi]]. Later, he made another attempt to conquer Delhi and marched into Etawah. Finally, he agreed to a treaty which accepted the right of Bahlul Lodi over Shamsabad. But when Bahlul tried to take possession of Shamsabad, he was opposed by the forces of Jaunpur. At this juncture, Mahmud Shah died and he was succeeded by his son Bhikhan, who assumed the title of ''Muhammad Shah''.<ref name="VD1">Mahajan, V.D. (1991, reprint 2007) ''History of Medieval India, Part I'', [[S.Chand]] & Co., New Delhi, {{ISBN|81-219-0364-5}}, pp.247-49</ref>

===Muhammad Shah===
[[File:Jaunpur Sultanat,J20 Muhammad Shah, BiIlon Tanka.jpg|thumb|BiIlon Tanka of Muhammad Shah]]
On assuming power in 1457, Muhammad Shah made peace with Bahlul Lodi and recognised his right over Shamsabad. He picked up a quarrel with his nobles.<ref name="VD"/> In 1458, after his brother Hasan was executed on his order, his another brother Hussain revolted and proclaimed himself as the sultan of Jaunpur, under the title of Hussain Shah. Muhammed Shah was soon killed by Hussain's army in Kanauj.<ref name=r1/>

===Hussain Shah===
[[File:The flight of Sultan Hussain Sharki of Jaunpur, A.D. 1479.jpg|thumb|The flight of Sultan Hussain Sharki of Jaunpur, A.D. 1479]]
The last ruler Hussain Shah signed a four years' peace treaty with Bahlul Lodi in 1458.<ref name=r1/> Later, in order to invade Delhi reached the banks of the [[Yamuna]] with a very large army in 1478. Sultan Bahlul Lodi tried to secure peace by offering to retain only Delhi and govern it as a vassal of Hussain Shah but he rejected the offer. As a result, Sultan Bahlul crossed the Yamuna and defeated him. Hussain Shah agreed for truce but again captured Etawah and marched towards Delhi with a huge army and he was again defeated by Bahlul Lodi. He was able to make peace this time also. In March 1479, he again arrived at the banks of Yamuna. He was again defeated by Bahlul Lodi and lost the Parganas of Kampil, Patiali, Shamsabad, Suket, Koil, Marhara and Jalesar to the advancing army of the Delhi Sultan. After the successive defeats in the battles of Senha, Rapri and Raigaon Khaga, he was finally defeated on the banks of the Rahab.<ref name="VD1"/> He fled to Bengal, where he was granted asylum by sultan [[Alauddin Husain Shah]] and spent his last days there.<ref name=r1/> In 1486, Bahlul Lodi placed his eldest surviving son Barbak Shah Lodi on the throne of Jaunpur. It was during Hussain Shah' rule that a claimant to be the [[mahdi]] of all muslims, [[Muhammad Jaunpuri]], appeared and Hussain Shah was an admirer of him.

==Art and architecture==
[[File:Main arcade facade, Atala Masjid, Jaunpur.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Main arcade facade, [[Jama Masjid, Jaunpur|Jama Masjid]]]]
The Sharqi rulers of Jaunpur were known for their patronage of learning and architecture. Jaunpur was known as the [[Shiraz]] of India during this period. Most notable examples of Sharqi style of architecture in Jaunpur are the [[Atala Masjid, Jaunpur|Atala Masjid]], the [[Lal Darwaza Masjid, Jaunpur|Lal Darwaza Masjid]] and the Jama Masjid. Though the foundation of the Atala Masjid was laid by Firuz Shah Tughluq in 1376, it was completed only during the rule of Ibrahim Shah in 1408. Another mosque, the Jhanjhari Masjid was also built by Ibrahim Shah in 1430. The Lal Darwaja Masjid (1450) was built during the reign of the next ruler Mahmud Shah. The Jama Masjid was built in 1470, during the rule of the last ruler Hussain Shah.

==Music==
The last ruler Hussain Shah assumed the title of ''Gandharva'' and contributed significantly in the development of [[Khayal]], a genre of [[Hindustani classical music]]. He also composed several new [[raga]]s (melodies). Most notable among these are ''{{IAST|Malhār-śyāma}}'', ''{{IAST|Gaur-śyāma}}'', ''{{IAST|Bhopāl-śyāma}}'', ''Hussaini-'' or ''{{IAST|Jaunpurī-āśāvari}}'' (presently known as ''Jaunpuri'') and ''Jaunpuri-basant''.

==Rulers of Sharqi dynasty==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! style="background-color:#F0DC82" | Titular Name
! style="background-color:#F0DC82" | Personal Name
! style="background-color:#F0DC82" | Reign
|-
|colspan=4 align="middle"| Independence from [[Tughlaq dynasty]] of [[Delhi Sultanate]]
|-
|align="center"|''Khwajah-i-Jahan'' {{Nastaliq| خواجہ جہاں}} ''Malik-us-Sharq'' {{Nastaliq| ملک الشرق}} ''Atabeg-i-Azam'' {{Nastaliq|اتابک اعظم}}
|align="center"| [[Khwaja Jahan of Jaunpur|Malik Sarwar]]
|align="center"|1394 - 1399 C.E.
|-
|align="center"| ''Mubarak Shah'' {{Nastaliq| مبارک شاہ }} 
|align="center"| [[Mubarak Shah of Jaunpur|Malik Qaranfal]]
|align="center"|1399 - 1402
|-
|align="center"|''Shams-ud-Din Ibrahim Shah'' {{Nastaliq| شمس الدین ابراہیم شاہ }}
|align="center"| [[Ibrahim Shah of Jaunpur|Ibrahim Khan]]
|align="center"|1402 - 1440
|-
|align="center"| ''Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah'' {{Nastaliq| ناصر الدین محمود شاہ }}
|align="center"| [[Mahmud Shah of Jaunpur|Mahmud Khan]]
|align="center"|1440 - 1457
|-
|align="center"|''Muhammad Shah'' {{Nastaliq| محمد شاہ }}
|align="center"| [[Muhammad Shah of Jaunpur|Bhi Khan]]
|align="center"| 1457 - 1458
|-
|align="center"|''Hussain Shah'' {{Nastaliq| حسین شاہ }}
|align="center"| [[Hussain Shah of Jaunpur|Hussain Khan]]
|align="center"| 1458 - 1479
|-
|colspan=4 align="middle"| Reabsorbed in [[Delhi Sultanate]] under [[Lodi Dynasty]]
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.zeno.ru/showgallery.php?cat=3273 Coin Gallery - Jaunpur Sultanat]
*[http://coinindia.com/galleries-jaunpur.html Coins of Jaunpur Sultanate]
*[http://www.jaunpurcity.in History of Jaunpur Sultanate]

{{Varanasi division topics}}
{{Devipatan division topics}}

[[Category:Jaunpur district]]
[[Category:Empires and kingdoms of India]]
[[Category:Islamic rule in the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:Sultanates]]
[[Category:Shia dynasties]]
[[Category:History of India]]
[[Category:History of Uttar Pradesh]]

Jaunpur Sultanate - Revision history

>Gowhk8 at 02:54, 16 May 2021