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{{use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Jayapala
| title = Parama Bhattaraka Maharajadhiraja
| image = Mahmud of Ghazni first success.jpg
| caption = Disaster of Jayapala Army against [[Mahmud of Ghazni]], due to a snowstorm.<ref>{{cite book |title=Hutchinson's story of the nations, containing the Egyptians, the Chinese, India, the Babylonian nation, the Hittites, the Assyrians, the Phoenicians and the Carthaginians, the Phrygians, the Lydians, and other nations of Asia Minor |publisher=London, Hutchinson |page=150 |url=https://archive.org/details/hutchinsonsstory00londuoft/page/150/mode/1up}}</ref>
| reign = 964 – 1001 CE
| full name =
| father = Hutpala
| dynasty = [[Hindu Shahi]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| successor = Maharaja [[Anandapala|Anandapala]]
| predecessor = Mahajaraja [[Hutpal]]
}}

'''Jayapala or Jaipal''' was a ruler of the [[Hindu Shahi]] dynasty from 964 to 1001 CE.

His kingdom stretched from [[Laghman Province|Laghman]] to [[Kashmir]] and [[Sirhind]] to [[Multan]], with [[Peshawar]] being in the center.<ref name="Ferishta">{{cite web |work=[[Ferishta]], History of the Rise of Mohammedan Power in India, Volume 1: Section 15 |url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=06901021&ct=12 |title=Ameer Nasir-ood-Deen Subooktugeen |publisher=Packard Humanities Institute |access-date=2012-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194724/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=06901021&ct=12 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was the son of Maharaja [[Hutpal]] and the father of Maharaja [[Anandapala]].<ref name="Ferishta"/> Epithets from the Bari Kot inscriptions record his full title as "Parama Bhattaraka Maharajadhiraja Sri Jayapaladeva".<ref name="Sailendra Nath Sen">{{cite book|author=Sailendra Nath Sen|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=8122411983|access-date=25 January 2014|publisher=New Age International|page=342}}</ref>

== History ==
Jayapala was a Punjabi ruler of the Hindu Shahi dynasty which spanned the frontier of modern-day Afghanistan and Pakistan. He was the last Hindu ruler in the region around the Khyber Pass before his kingdom was conquered by the [[Ghaznavids]].

Maharaja Jayapala fought against the [[Ghaznavids]] in modern-day eastern [[Afghanistan]] and [[Pakistan]], until finally being defeated in Peshawar by superior forces of the latter. Jayapala attacked the Ghaznavids and invaded their capital city of [[Ghazni]] both in the reign of [[Sebuktigin]] and that of his son [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud]], which initiated the [[Muslim]] Ghaznavid and [[Hindu]] Shahi struggles.<ref name="Lewis">{{Citation | title=The Cambridge history of Islam |editor=P. M. Holt |editor2=Ann K. S. Lambton |editor3=Bernard Lewis |editor3-link=Bernard Lewis | year=1977 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=0-521-29137-2 | url=https://books.google.com/?id=5ccI0u5XDR0C | page=3 | quote=''... Maharaja Jayapala of Waihind saw danger in the consolidation of the kingdom of Ghazna and decided to destroy it. He therefore invaded Ghazna many times, but was finally defeated...''}}</ref> Jayapala, however, was defeated, and he was forced to pay an indemnity to Sebuktigin.<ref name="Lewis" /> Maharaja Jayapala stopped paying tribute and took to the battlefield once more.<ref name="Lewis" /> Maharaja Jayapala, however, lost the battle and control of the entire region between the [[Kabul|Kabul Valley]] and [[Khyber Pass]].<ref name="Ferishta" />

Before his struggle began Maharaja Jayapala had raised a small army of Punjabis. When Jayapala went to the [[Punjab region]], his army was raised of 10,000 horsemen and an smaller host of foot soldiers. According to [[Firishta]]: {{quote|The two armies having met on the confines of [[Laghman Province|Lumghan]], the Maharaja ascended a hill to view the forces of [[Sabuktigin]], which appeared in extent like the boundless ocean, and in numbers like the ants or the locusts of the wilderness. However, Jayapala considered himself as a wolf about to attack a flock of sheep: calling, therefore, his chiefs together, he encouraged them to glory, and issued to each his commands. His soldiers, though few in number, were divided into squadrons of five hundred men each, which were directed to attack successively, one particular point of the Mooslim line, so that it might continually have to encounter fresh troops.<ref name="Ferishta"/>}}

However, the army was hopeless in battle against the eastern forces, particularly against the Punjabis.<ref name="Ferishta"/> In the year 1001, soon after Sultan Mahmud came to power and was occupied with the [[Qarakhanid]]s north of the [[Hindu Kush]], Maharaja Jayapala [[Battle of Peshawar (1001)|attacked Ghazni]] once more and upon suffered his first defeat by the powerful numerous Ghaznavid forces, near present-day [[Peshawar]]. After the [[Battle of Peshawar (1001)|Battle of Peshawar]], Jayapala was captured, and although he was freed by a 50 elephant indemnity. He abdicated in favor of his son and committed suicide by funeral pyre.<ref name="Ferishta" /><ref name="Lewis" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Keay|first=John|title=India: A History|publisher=Harper Collins|year=2000|isbn=978-0-8021-4558-1|location=Great Britain|pages=207}}</ref><ref>Ferishta (trans. Dow, A.), ''[https://dl.tufts.edu/concern/pdfs/9k41zr860 The History of Hindoostan]'', vol.1, p.57</ref>

==Succession==
Maharaja Jayapala was succeeded by his son Maharaja [[Anandapala]],<ref name="Lewis"/> who along with other succeeding generations of the Shahiya dynasty took part in various campaigns against the advancing Ghaznavids for decades successfully keeping them from crossing the Indus. <ref name="Ferishta"/>

==See also==
*[[Gandhara]]
{{Wikiquote}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1001 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:10th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Kabul Shahi]]

Jayapala - Revision history

->Qwerfjkl (bot) at 12:51, 7 November 2021