49.37.193.194 at 07:12, 22 May 2022

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[[File:Jewish copper plates of Cochin - (plate I, side I) (early 11th century AD).jpg|thumb|Jewish copper plates of Cochin (plate I, side I).|340x340px]]
[[File:Jewish copper plates of Cochin (2017 replica).jpg|thumb|A modern replica of the Jewish copper plates of Cochin which was gifted to [[Prime Minister of Israel]] by the [[Prime Minister of India]] during a 2017 [[state visit]] |340x340px]]
[[File:Jewish copper plates of Cochin (c. 1000 AD).png|thumb|Jewish copper plates (c.1000 CE)|431x431px]]
'''Jewish copper plates of Cochin''' ([[Malayalam]]: <small>ജൂതശാസനം</small>), also known as '''Cochin plates of Bhaskara Ravi-varman''', is a royal charter issued by the [[Chera Perumals of Makotai|Chera/Perumal]] king of Kerala, south India to [[Joseph Rabban]], a Jewish merchant magnate of [[Cranganore|Kodungallur]].<ref name=":0">Noburu Karashmia (ed.), ''A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations.'' New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 136, 144.</ref><ref name=":1">Narayanan, M. G. S. (2013), ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, pp 451-52.</ref> The charter shows the status and importance of the Jewish colony in Kodungallur (Cranganore) near [[Kochi|Cochin]].<ref name=":1" />

The record is engraved in Vattezhuthu (script) with [[Grantha script|Grantha]] characters in the vernacular of medieval Kerala (28 lines on three sides of two copper plates).<ref name=":1" />{{sfn|Fischel|1967|pp=230,236}} Although the traditional date according to the [[Cochin Jews]] is 379 CE, the presently accepted date of this charter is ''c.'' 1000 CE.<ref name=":1" /><ref>Noburu Karashmia (ed.), ''A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations.'' New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 146-47</ref> Historian [[M. G. S. Narayanan]] dates it to c. 1000 CE.<ref name=":1" />

The charter records a grant by king Bhaskara Ravi Varma (Malayalam: Parkaran Iravivanman) to Joseph/Yusuf Rabban (Malayalam: Issuppu Irappan) of the rights of merchant guild [[Anjuvannam|anjuman (Malayalam: anjuvannam)]] along with several other rights and privileges.<ref name=":2">Narayanan, M. G. S., "Further Studies in the Jewish Copper Plates of Cochin." ''Indian Historical Review'', Vol. 29, no. 1–2, Jan. 2002, pp. 66–76.</ref> Rabban is exempted from all payments made by other settlers in the city of Muyirikkode (at the same time extending to him all the rights of the other settlers). These rights and privileges are given perpetuity to all his descendants. The document is attested by a number of chieftains from southern and northern [[Kerala]].<ref name=":1" /> Anjuvannam, the old Malayalam form of hanjamana/anjuman<ref name=":22">Narayanan, M. G. S., "Further Studies in the Jewish Copper Plates of Cochin." ''Indian Historical Review'', Vol. 29, no. 1–2, Jan. 2002, pp. 66–76.</ref> was a south Indian merchant guild organised by Jewish, Christian, and Islamic merchants from West Asian countries.<ref>Noburu Karashmia (ed.), ''A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations.'' New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. p. 139</ref><ref>Y. Subbarayalu (1 June 2015). "Trade guilds of south India up to the tenth century". ''Studies in People's History''. '''2''' (1): 21–26. [[International Standard Serial Number|ISSN]] 2348-4489</ref>

The grant is or was cherished by both "Black Jews"<ref name=":2" /> and the "White Jews" (the Spanish Jews) of Cochin as a historical document and their original settlement deed. It is carefully preserved in an iron box, known as the Pandeal, within the [[Paradesi Synagogue]] at [[Mattancherry]] ([[Cochin]]).{{sfn|Fischel|1967|pp=230}}<ref name=":2" />

During the visit of Prime Minister [[Ariel Sharon]] to India in 2003, the then provincial presented him with a replica of the copper plates.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/09/11/stories/2003091108060400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031027084148/http://www.hindu.com/2003/09/11/stories/2003091108060400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 October 2003|title=Sharon delighted with gift from Kochi|date=10 September 2003|access-date=6 July 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|agency=UNI}}</ref> Similar replicas were also gifted by [[Narendra Modi]], the Prime Minister of India, to Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] during a state visit to [[Israel]] in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/heres-what-pm-narendra-modi-gifted-israeli-pm-benjamin-netanyahu-on-his-israel-visit-4736447/|title=Here’s what PM Narendra Modi gifted Israeli PM Benjamin Netanyahu|date=5 July 2017|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Text ==
The plate is engraved in vernacular of medieval Kerala using the [[Vatteluttu alphabet|Vattezhuthu (script)]] with [[Grantha script|Grantha]] characters .<ref name=":1" /> The charter ends with a list of witnesses to the deed which includes several chieftains of southern and northern Kerala, the Commander of the Eastern Forces, and the Officer who takes down Oral Messages.<ref name=":1" />

{{cquote|<big>'''Svasti Sri!'''</big>

<big>"This is the gift [prasada] that His Majesty [Tiruvadi], King of Kings [Ko Konmai Kontan Ko], Sri Parkaran Iravivanmar, who is to wield sceptre for several thousand years, was pleased to make during the thirty sixth year opposite to the second year of his reign, on the day when he was pleased to reside at Muyirikkottu.</big>

"We have granted to Issuppu Irappan, the [guild of] [[Anjuvannam|ancuvannam]], tolls by the boat and by other vehicles, ancuvannam dues, the right to employ the day lamp, decorative cloth, palanquin, umbrella, kettle drum, trumpet, gateway, arch, arched roof, weapons and rest of the seventy two privileges. We have remitted customs, dues and weighing fee.

"Moreover, according to this copper-plate grant, he shall be exempted from payments due to the king [koyil] from settlers in the town, but he shall enjoy what they enjoy.

"To Issuppu Irappan, proprietor of the ancuvannam, his male and female issues, nephews, and son-in-law, ancuvannam shall belong by hereditary succession as long as the sun and moon endure"

<big>'''Prosperity!!'''</big>

*This is attested by Kovarttana Mattandan, the utaiyavar of Venatu"
*This is attested by Kotai Cirikantan, the utaiyavar of Venpalinatu"
*This is attested by Manavepala Manaviyan, the utaiyavar of Eralanatu"
*This is attested by Irayaran Cattan, the utaiyavar of Valluvanatu"
*This is attested by Kotai Iravi, the utaiyavar of Netumpuraiyurnatu"
*This is attested by Murkkan Cattan, the Commander of the Eastern Forces"
This writing is executed by Vanralaceri Kandan-Kunrappolan, the Officer who Takes Down Oral Messages.
| sign =
| source = Translated by [[M. G. S. Narayanan]]{{sfn|Narayanan|1972|pp=79–82}}
}}

==Dating and analysis==

=== Dating ===
The plates have been variously dated by different historians to the 4th, 5th, 6th, 8th and 11th-century.<ref>Johanna Spector (1972), ''Shingli Tunes of the Cochin Jews'', Asian Music, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 23-28, {{JSTOR|833956}}</ref>

* The traditional date for these copper plates according to the [[Cochin Jews]] is 379 CE. <ref name="Fischel" />
* Another date was documented in a letter dated 1676 CE from the leaders of Cochin Jews to Portuguese-Sephardic community of [[Amsterdam]], using their own extant calendar, states Walter Fischel – a scholar of Oriental history of Jewish people. The letter said, among other things, "... now all this was written and sealed with the King's seal, and cut on a bronze tablet with an iron pen and diamond point, so that his successors may never accuse us of lying or change the agreement. This was done in the year 4520 after the creation of the world, and that bronze tablet is still present to our eyes." This date, states Fischel, would correspond to 490 CE in the Gregorian calendar.<ref name="Fischel">Walter J. Fischel (1967), ''The Exploration of the Jewish Antiquities of Cochin on the Malabar Coast'', Journal of the American Oriental Society, Jul-Sep, Vol. 87, No. 3 pp. 233-234, {{JSTOR|597717}}</ref>
* In his thesis of 1972, later published in 1996 and reprinted several times in India as ''Perumals of Kerala'', Narayanan dates them to c. 1000 CE, basing his analysis on the 38th (2 + 36) "A-series" regnal year of king Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladitya who ruled between 962 and 1021 AD.<ref name=":1" /> In a more recent paper dedicated to ''Jewish copper plates of Cochin'', published by Narayanan in 2004, he states "it is evident from the language [of plates] itself that these Jews were not newcomers to the land in the period of the Cera (Kerala) kingdom, over the destinies of which Bhaskara Ravi Varman presided. Nor were the Jews of Muyirikkode mere birds of prey and passage". The language of the plates "certainly prove that they [the Jews] were present in the midst of the local people [of Kerala] for at least several generations if not centuries".<ref>M.G.S. Narayanan (2002), ''Further Studies in the Jewish Copper Plates of Cochin'', Indian Historical Review, Volume XXIX, Number 1-2 (January and July 2002), pp. 67–68</ref> He adds that his dating of 1000 CE needs to be taken in the context of the neighboring Cholas and the constant threat of invasion from them. The Cochin Jews likely were already supporting the Ceras, states Narayanan. Once the Chola invasion came in 998–999 CE, these plates and rights granted therein are "quite possibly" the reward for the military assistance and support from the Jewish leader to the Cera king.<ref>M.G.S. Narayanan (2004), ''Further Studies in the Jewish Copper Plates of Cochin'', Indian Historical Review, Volume XXIX, Number 1-2 (January and July 2002), p. 69</ref>
* Nathan Katz states that the Kochi Jews trace their history to many centuries earlier for good reasons, yet these plates are more likely from the 10th or 11th-century.<ref>Nathan Katz (2005), ''The Historical Traditions of the Jews of Kochi, Studies in History, Volume 21, Number 2, SAGE Publications, pp. 129–130''</ref>
* Historians Y. Subbarayalu,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Subbarayalu|first=Y|title=Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|year=2009|pages=160}}</ref> Ranabir Chakravarti,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chakravarti|first=Ranabir|title=Indo-Judaic Studies in the Twenty-First Century|publisher=Palgrave MacMillan|year=2007|pages=32}}</ref> [[Noboru Karashima]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/a-concise-history-of-south-india-9780198099772?cc=us&lang=en&|title=A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|editor-last=Karashima|editor-first=Noboru|pages=146-47|chapter=States in Deccan and Kerala}}</ref> [[Kesavan Veluthat]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Veluthat|first=Kesavan|title=The Political Structure of Early Medieval South India|publisher=Orient Longman|year=1993|pages=118-120}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Veluthat|first=Kesavan|url=https://publications.efeo.fr/en/livres/628_south-indian-horizons-felicitation-volume-for-francois-gros-on-the-occasion-of-his-70th-birthday|title=South Indian Horizon: Felicitation Volume for François Gros|publisher=École Française D'Extrême-Orient|year=2004|pages=482-83|chapter=Mahodayapuram-Kotunnallur: a Capital City as a Sacred Centre}}</ref> [[Pius Malekandathil]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Malekandathil|first=Pius|date=2007|title=A Study on the Merchant Groups of Kerala and the Channels of Their Trade|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25165196|journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient|volume=50|issue=2/3|pages=263|issn=0022-4995}}</ref> Elizabeth Lambourn,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lambourn|first=Elizabeth A.|title=A Social Life of Things in the Medieval Indian Ocean World|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2018|pages=50}}</ref> Ophira Gamliel<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gamliel|first=Ophira|date=2018|title=Revisiting the Premodern History of Jews in Kerala|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0019464617745926|journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review|volume=55|issue=1|pages=53|doi=10.1177/0019464617745926|issn=}}</ref> and [[Manu V. Devadevan|Manu Devadevan]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Devadevan|first=Manu V.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LRnxDwAAQBAJ&q=The+%27Early+Medieval%27+Origins+of+India|title=The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2020|isbn=9781108857871|pages=133|chapter=Changes in Land Relations and the Changing Fortunes of the Cera State}}</ref> agrees with Narayanan's 1971-72 dating (c. 1000/01 AD).

==See also==
* [[Quilon Syrian copper plates]]
* [[Thomas of Cana copper plates]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal|last1=Fischel|first1=Walter J.|title=The Exploration of the Jewish Antiquities of Cochin on the Malabar Coast|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|date=1967|volume=87|issue=3|pages=230–248|doi=10.2307/597717|jstor=597717}}
* {{cite book|last1=Narayanan|first1=M. G. S.|author-link1=M. G. S. Narayanan|title=Cultural Symbiosis in Kerala|date=1972|publisher=Kerala Historical Society|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Cultural_Symbiosis_in_Kerala.html?id=2vp0SW6Gj3IC|language=en}}

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:10th-century inscriptions]]
[[Category:11th-century inscriptions]]
[[Category:Vatteluttu]]
[[Category:History of Kerala]]
[[Category:Judaic inscriptions]]
[[Category:Malayalam inscriptions]]
[[Category:Copper objects]]
[[Category:Archaeological corpora]]
[[Category:Chera dynasty]]
[[Category:Kerala history inscriptions]]
[[Category:Cochin Jews]]
[[Category:Judaism in Kerala]]

Jewish copper plates of Cochin - Revision history

49.37.193.194 at 07:12, 22 May 2022