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{{short description|Kingdom of the Kalinga region of India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Disputed|date=April 2020}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=June 2021}}
}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|conventional_long_name = Jeypore Estate
|common_name = Jeypore
|capital = {{plainlist|
* Nandapur (1443-1550; 1581-1649)
* [[Rayagada]] (1550–1581)
* [[Jeypore]] (May 1649 – 1711; 1758-1947)
* Narayanapatna (1711–1758)
}}
|nation = [[British India]] 1777-1947
|subdivision = [[Monarchy|Kingdom]] of Jeypore 1443-1777<br>[[Zamindari]]
|era =
|year_start = 1443
|date_start =
|event_start =
|year_end = 1947
|date_end =
|event_end = [[Independence of India]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 =
|p2 =
|s1 = India
|flag_p1 =
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag =
|image_coat =
|image_map = Jeypore referred to as ‘Jayapura’ in Madras Presidency.jpg
|image_map_caption = Jeypore State in the [[Madras Presidency]]
|stat_area1 = 31079
|stat_year1 = 1911
|stat_area2 = 38849
|stat_year2 = 1925
|stat_pop1 =
|today = [[Odisha, India]]
|footnotes =
}}

'''Jeypore Estate'''<ref>{{citation|last=Nanda |first=Chandi Prasad |title=MOBILISATION, RESISTANCE AND POPULAR INITIATIVES: Locating The Tribal Perception Of Swaraj In The Jeypore Estate Of Orissa (1937-38) |quote="Jeypore Estate Of Orissa" |journal=Indian History Congress |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44143959 |date=1997 |volume=58 |pages=543–554 |jstor=44143959 }}</ref><ref name="mlk" >{{citation|last=Pati |first=Biswamoy |title=Storm over Malkangiri : A Preliminary Note on Laxman Naiko's Revolt(1942) |quote="Jeypore Estate" |journal=Indian History Congress |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141897 |date=1980 |volume=41 |pages=706–721 |jstor=44141897 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ramakrishna Deo vs Collector Of Koraput And Anr. on 14 November, 1956 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1057038/ |quote="Jeypore Estate" |website=Indian Kanoon |date=November 14, 1956}}</ref> or '''Jeypore Zamindari'''<ref name="mlk" /><ref>{{cite news |title=CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY OF INDIA DEBATES (PROCEEDINGS)- VOLUME III |url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/cadebatefiles/C02051947.pdf |quote="Jeypore Zamindari" |page=11 |website=[[Lok Sabha]] |last1=|first1=|date=May 2, 1947 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Maharaja Of Jeypore vs Rukmini Pattamahadevi on 12 January, 1919 |quote="Jeypore Zamindari" |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1951557/ |website=Indian Kanoon |date=January 12, 1919}}</ref> was a [[Zamindari]] estate of the [[Madras Presidency]] in [[British India]]. Earlier, it was known as '''Jeypore Kingdom''', located in the [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga region]]. The kingdom was independent from the mid-15th century to 1777 CE, when it became a vassal state of the British. It was also a tributary of [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Qutb Shahi Sultanate]] for some years. It eventually formed a part of the linguistic [[Orissa Province]] in 1936 upon transfer from the Madras Province<ref name="EB1911">{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Madras (presidency) |volume=17 |page=290}}</ref> and became a part of the independent [[Dominion of India|Union of India]] in 1947.<ref>{{cite book|title=Standing Information regarding the Official Administration of Madras Presidency|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=23gdAAAAIAAJ|last=MaClean|first=C. D.|publisher=Government of Madras|year=1877}}</ref><ref name="a">{{cite book |last1=Delhi |first1=American Libraries Book Procurement Center, New |title=Accessions List, India |date=1970 |publisher=American Libraries Book Procurement Center |pages=461 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6lqdL0EIljEC&q=Jeypore |access-date=14 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sciences|first=Indian Academy of|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j8PpbDQNAwUC&q=jeypore+state|title=Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences|date=1949|publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences|pages=35|language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Jeypore Palace.jpg|thumb|Jeypore Palace]]

== History==
===Ancient India===
[[File:Royal elephants of the Jeypore Kingdom of Kalinga.jpg|thumb|Royal elephants of the Jeypore State]]

Vinayak Dev, a prince claiming descent from the mythical [[Solar dynasty|Suryavansh dynasty]], took over the Jeypore area of the [[Eastern Ghats]] in 1453.{{sfn|Schnepel|2020|p=191}} The region was a hilly jungle, relatively unfertile, and populated mostly by aboriginal tribal peoples. The assimilation of tribal cult deities such as [[Majhighariani Temple|Majhighariani]] by Hindu invaders who sought to legitimize their rule and gain local support was characteristic of the region. Throughout most of the history of the dynasty, the family has principally worshipped [[Durga]] as their deity but simultaneously adopted the practice of adapting their devotions to those of the populace.{{sfn|Schnepel|1995}}

[[Vishwanath Dev Gajapati|Vishwanath Dev]], known as Maharajah Vishwanath Dev Gajapati, became the king of Nandapur in 1527. His realm grew to stretch from [[Bengal]] in the north to [[Ellore]] in the south, thus encompassing most of the territory once held by the [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalingas]].{{cn|date=June 2020}}{{clarify|reason=thought these *were* the rulers of kalinga|date=June 2020}} He claimed the title of ''Gajapati'' which had been symbolically used by the powerful [[Gajapati Kingdom|Gajapati dynasty]] before its end in 1541.{{cn|date=June 2020}} It was during this reign that the capital city was briefly moved from Nandapur to [[Rayagada]].{{sfn|Schnepel|1995}}

In 1565, the dynasty that had previously succeeded in forcing several "little kings" to be [[tribute|tributaries]] was itself forced into tributary status by the [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Shah of Golkunda]].{{sfn|Mohanty|2013|}}

In the mid-17th century, Maharajah Veer Vikram Dev, the eighth king, founded the city of [[Jeypore]] and moved his capital there.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History {{!}} Koraput District, Government Of Odisha {{!}} India|url=https://koraput.nic.in/history/|access-date=2021-06-02|language=en-US}}</ref> This move is recorded{{who|date=December 2021}} as taking place because astrologers had determined that the reason each of the preceding six rulers had each fathered only one son was because Nandapur was cursed; however, Schnepel notes that the gradual movement of Muslim invaders from [[Coastal Andhra]] into Orissa probably influenced the decision.{{sfn|Schnepel|1995|}} He died in 1669 and was succeeded by his only son, Krishna Dev.{{sfn|Dutt|2015|p=43}}

Narayanapatna was the capital for several rulers, including Vishwambhara Dev II ({{reign|1713|1752}}), whom the later panegyrist of the family (himself a member by marriage) said was an ardent follower of the [[Vaishnavite]] teachings of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Chaitanya]]. That [[bhakti]] sect, which remains popular in Orissa to this day, formed a significant bond between the royal family and their [[Khond]] tribal subjects. The bond, however, could be tenuous and the dynasty ruled by consent of their notional subjects. Although the dynasty could rely on support from tribal warriors at times, Schnepel notes, as an example of shaky authority, the unrest in the "quasi-royal estate ... or 'little little kingdom{{'}}" of Kalyansingpur. There the [[Khonds|Khond people]] at one point sought to take advantage of a dispute over succession to appeal to the ''[[zamindar]]i'' to appoint a king more local and approachable than the rulers at Jeypore.{{sfn|Schnepel|2020|pp=198-200}}{{efn|The date of this incident is unclear. There appears to be either a typographical error in Schnepel's writing or in the Raj gazetteer upon which he relies.{{sfn|Schnepel|2020|pp=198-199}}}} Schnepel notes of [[Bissam Cuttack]], which was another area within the dynastic realm, that "powerful local rulers ... held a position which was nominally subordinate to the Jeypore kings but in fact was held independently of them".{{sfn|Schnepel|1995|}}

===British India===
[[File:L-R Viscount George J Goschen, HH Maharajah Ram Chandra Deo, Lady Viscount.jpg|thumb|L-R Viscount George J Goschen, Maharajah Ram Chandra Deo, Viscountess Goschen]]
[[File:HH MAHARAJAH SIR SRI SRI VIKRAM DEV III K.C.I.E.jpg|thumb|Maharajah Sir Sri Sri Vikram Dev III]]

Jeypore covered an area of around {{cvt|10000|sqmi|sqkm}} and was assessed to pay a tribute of 16,000 rupees in the 1803 [[permanent settlement]]. Vikram Dev I ({{reign|1758|1781}}) had joined other minor kings of the region in military opposition to the British colonial influence, leading to an attack by the British in 1775 which destroyed the fort at Jeypore. His son, Rama Chandra Dev II ({{reign|1781|1825}}) reversed the strategy, preferring co-operation to resistance and was favoured by the British for that reason. An additional factor in the vastly improved status of the dynasty was that the British fell out with [[Vizianagaram]], another minor kingdom and long a rival of Jeypore. Flushed with confidence, Rama Chandra Dev arranged for a new capital and palace to be built at Jeypore, some distance away from the ruined fort.{{sfn|Schnepel|1995|}}

Vikram Dev III (1889–1920), also known as His Highness Maharajah Sir Sri Sri Vikram Dev, was aged 14 when his father died, and he could not legally assume his responsibilities as ruler until he turned 28. His father had made arrangements for his education to be continued by a Dr. Marsh until that time. He was appointed a [[Order of the Indian Empire|Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]] (KCIE) and granted the title of ''[[Highness|His Highness]]'' for use by him and his successors.{{when|date=June 2020}} The [[British Raj]] granted him and his successors the right, from 1896, to use the title ''[[Maharaja]]h'', which was originally held by his ancestors.{{clarify|reason=so when/why did they stop using it|date=June 2020}} In 1893, he was married to the princess of [[Surguja State]]. He laid the foundation of the new palace known as Moti Mahal and was a liberal philanthropist, donating to many institutions that helped the public. He funded the construction of bridges over the [[Kolab River|Kolab]] and [[Indravati River|Indravati]] rivers. He died in 1920.{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}

Ramchandra Dev IV (1920–1931), also known as His Highness Lieutenant Maharajah Ramchandra Dev, ascended the throne in 1920. He received the rank of a Lieutenant for his aid in the First World War by sending his navy's twelve ships and a small unit of his troops. The king died in [[Allahabad]] in 1931 without any issue and was succeeded by his uncle, who was also named Vikram Dev. Although he died unexpectedly and young, he is known for building the grand [[Hawa Mahal, Visakhapatnam|Hawa Mahal]], or the Palace of Winds, on the beach of Visakhapatnam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.yovizag.com/hawa-mahal-visakhapatnam-heritage-building/|title=The story behind Visakhapatnam's historic building|date=May 8, 2018}}</ref>

[[File:Statue of ‘Sahitya Samarat’ HH Maharajah Vikram Dev IV D.Litt in Andhra University, Visakhapatnam.jpg|thumb|Statue of ''Sahitya Samart'' Maharajah Vikram Dev IV in Andhra University]]

Vikram Dev IV (1931–1951), known as Sahitya Samrat HH Maharajah Vikram Dev, was crowned as the last king of the kingdom in 1931. He was a scholar, poet, playwright and leader. Being a prolific writer and proficient in five different languages—[[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Hindi]], [[Sanskrit]], and [[English language|English]]—he earned the literary epithet of ''Sahitya Samrat'', meaning the "Emperor of Literature", and a doctorate degree (D.Litt.) from [[Andhra University]]. He donated large amounts to Andhra University and served as the vice-chancellor of Andhra and [[Utkal University|Utkal]] universities. He married his daughter to an [[Zamindar|aristocratic]] family of [[Bihar]] and had his son-in-law Kumar Bidyadhar Singh Deo look after the affairs of his kingdom. His daughter gave birth to two sons and, as per traditional vedic rule, which suggests that the younger son belongs to the mother, eventually Ram Krishna Dev, being the younger prince, was appointed as the crown prince. He was the last king, as the kingdom merged into the newly formed [[Dominion of India|Union of India]].<ref name="Vikram Dev Verma">{{cite web |last1=Mahalik |first1=Nirakar |title=Vikram Dev Verma |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2013/nov/engpdf/66-68.pdf |website=Magazines.odisha.gov.in |publisher=Odisha Magazine |accessdate=12 September 2019 |ref=Vikram Dev Verma}}</ref>

===Modern India===
[[File:HH Maharajah Sri Ramkrishna Dev.jpg|thumb|Maharajah Sri Ramkrishna Dev]]

Ram Krishna Dev was the last king of the estate, as the titles were abolished in independent India soon after its creation with the first amendment to the constitution of India which amended the right to property as shown in Articles 19 and 31.<ref name = "Guha">{{cite book | last = Guha | first = Ramachandra |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/India_After_Gandhi_Revised_and_Updated_E/ts6SDwAAQBAJ?hl=en | title = India After Gandhi | publisher=Ecco |pages=219–220 | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-0-330-54020-9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ramusack|first=Barbara N.|authorlink=Barbara Ramusack|title=The Indian princes and their states|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kz1-mtazYqEC&pg=PA278|accessdate=6 November 2011|year=2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26727-4|page=278}}</ref>

Ram Krishna Dev (1951–2006) became the [[titular ruler|titular king]] of Jeypore at his coronation in 1951, following the death of his grandfather. He married Rama Kumari Devi of [[Sitamau State]], in [[Malwa]], and had three children: a daughter, Maharajakumari Maya Vijay Lakshmi; and two sons, Yuvraj Shakti Vikram Dev and Rajkumar Vibhuti Bhusan Dev. The senior prince was married to Mayank Devi and had a daughter named Lalit Lavang Latika Devi; the junior prince was married to Sarika Devi of [[Nai Garhi]] royalty and had a son named Vishweshwar Chandrachud Dev. However, after the untimely deaths of both princes in 1997 and 2006, respectively, the right to the throne was disputed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odishatv.in/odisha/who-owns-hawa-mahal-battle-lines-drawn-within-royal-family-to-stake-claim-311200|title=Who owns Hawa Mahal? Battle lines drawn within Royal family to stake claim|date=July 28, 2018}}</ref>

On 14 January 2013, Vishweshvar Dev was crowned as the [[Pretender|Pretending]] [[Maharaja]] of Jeypore. The coronation took place on the auspicious day of [[Makar Sankranti]] and the royal rituals were performed by Bisweswar Nanda, a descendant of the early [[Purohit|Raj Purohit]] lineage. On days of cultural importance and festivals, Vishweshvar appears as the Maharaja and conducts the royal ceremonial duties at [[Vijayadashami|Dussehra]] and [[Ratha Yatra]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Jeypore-hails-its-new-lord/articleshow/18025343.cms|title=Jeypore hails its new 'lord' |work=The Times of India |date=15 January 2013 |accessdate=2020-06-21}}</ref>

==Rulers==
The royal genealogical table of Jeypore mentions 25 kings.{{sfn|Dutt|2015|p=45}}

=== 1443–1675 (from Nandapur and Rayagada) ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Rulers 1443–1675
|-
! scope="col" colspan=2 | Name
! scope="col" | Reign began
! scope="col" | Reign ended
|-
! scope="row" | 1
| Vinayak Dev
| 1443
| 1476
|-
! scope="row" | 2
| Vijaychandraksha Dev
| 1476
| 1510
|-
! scope="row" | 3
| Bhairav Dev
| 1510
| 1527
|-
! scope="row" | 4
| [[Vishwanath Dev Gajapati]]
| 1527
| 1571
|-
! scope="row" | 5
| Balaram Dev I
| 1571
| 1597
|-
! scope="row" | 6
| Yashasvan Dev
| 1597
| 1637
|-
! scope="row" | 7
| Krishna Raj Dev
| 1637
| 1637
|-
|}

=== 1675–1947 (from Jeypore) ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Rulers 1675–1947
|-
! colspan=2 | Name
! Reign began
! Reign ended
|-
! scope="row" | 8
| Veer Vikram Dev
| 1637
| 1669
|-
! scope="row" | 9
| Krishna Dev
| 1669
| 1672
|-
! scope="row" | 10
| Vishwambhar Dev
| 1672
| 1676
|-
! scope="row" | 11
| Malakimardhan Krishna Dev
| 1676
| 1681
|-
! scope="row" | 12
| Hari Dev
| 1681
| 1684
|-
! scope="row" | 13
| Balaram Dev II
| 1684
| 1686
|-
! scope="row" | 14
| Raghunath Krishna Dev
| 1686
| 1708
|-
! scope="row" | 15
| Ram Chandra Dev I
| 1708
| 1711
|-
! scope="row" | 16
| Balaram Dev III
| 1711
| 1713
|-
! scope="row" | 17
| Vishwambhar Dev II
| 1713
| 1752
|-
! scope="row" | 18
| Lala Krishna Dev
| 1752
| 1758
|-
! scope="row" | 19
| Maharajah Vikram Dev I
| 1758
| 1781
|-
! scope="row" | 20
| Ram Chandra Dev II
| 1781
| 1825
|-
! scope="row" | 21
| Maharajah Vikram Dev II
| 1825
| 1860
|-
! scope="row" | 22
| Ram Chandra Dev III
| 1860
| 1889
|-
! scope="row" | 23
| [[Vikram Dev III]]
| 1889
| 1920
|-
! scope="row" | 24
| Ram Chandra Dev IV
| 1920
| 1931
|-
! scope="row" | 25
| [[Vikram Deo Verma|Vikram Dev IV]]
| 1931
| 1951
|-
! scope="row" | 26
| Ram Krishna Dev (titular) (pretender)
| 1951
| 2006
|-
!27
|Vishweshvar Dev (pretender)
|2013
|
|}

==See also==
*[[List of zamindari estates in Madras Presidency]]

==References==
'''Notes'''
{{notelist}}
'''Citations'''
{{Reflist}}

'''Bibliography'''
* {{citation |first=Burkhard |last=Schnepel |title=Durga and the King: Ethno-historical Aspects of Politico-Ritual Life in a South Orissan Kingdom|year=1995 |publisher= Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland |jstor=3034233|isbn=978-81-86772-17-1 }}
* {{citation |first=Burkhard |last=Schnepel |chapter=Kings and Tribes in East India: the Internal Political Dimension |title=The Character of Kingship |editor-first=Declan |editor-last=Quigley |origyear=2005 |year=2020|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-8452-0290-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ckrpDwAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book |first=Indrajit |last=Mohanty |title= Jeypore - A Historical Perspective|url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2013/jun/engpdf/70-72.pdf |year=2013 |publisher= Government of Odisha State |isbn=978-81-86772-17-1 }}
* {{citation |first=Tara |last=Dutt|title= Odisha District Gazetteers: Nabarangapur|url=http://www.gopabandhuacademy.gov.in/sites/default/files/gazetter/Nabarangapur_Gazetteer.pdf|year=2015 |publisher=Government of Odisha |isbn=978-81-86772-17-1}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Schnepel |first=Burkhard |title=The Jungle Kings: Ethnohistorical Aspects of Politics and Ritual in Orissa |date=2002 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-81-7304-467-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0rIZqxUUFvUC |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last=Rousseleau |first=Raphael |title=The King's Elder Brother: Forest King and "Political Imagination" in Southern Orissa |journal=Rivista di Studi Sudasiatici |date=2009 |volume=4 |pages=39–62 |doi=10.13128/RISS-9116 |url=http://www.fupress.net/index.php/rss/article/view/9116/8896 |doi-access=free |ref=none}}

[[Category:Zamindari estates]]
[[Category:History of Odisha]]
[[Category:History of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madras Presidency]]

Jeypore Estate - Revision history

Bot at 20:17, 1 July 2023