https://indianpedia.org/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=JnanaJnana - Revision history2026-07-31T14:05:32ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.45.4https://indianpedia.org/index.php?title=Jnana&diff=124846&oldid=prev>Notfrompedro at 23:01, 25 June 20212021-06-25T23:01:56Z<p></p>
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{{short description|"Knowledge" in Indian philosophy and religion}}<br />
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In [[Indian philosophy]] and [[Indian religions|religions]], '''''jñāna''''' (Sanskrit: ज्ञान, {{IPA-sa|ɡjɑ́ː.n̪ɐ|pron}} or {{IPA-sa|d͡ʑɲɑ́ː.n̪ɐ|}}) ([[Pali]]: ''ñāṇa'') ([[Hindi]]: ''gyān'')<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/gyan |title=Gyan – definition of ''gyan'' in English |website=[[Oxford Dictionaries]] |access-date=2016-08-23}}</ref> is "knowledge".<br />
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The idea of ''jnana'' centers on a cognitive event which is recognized when experienced. It is knowledge inseparable from the total experience of reality, especially a total or divine reality ([[Brahman]]).<ref name="brittanica on jnana">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/304133/jnana |title=jnana (Indian religion) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia |publisher=Britannica.com |access-date=2012-05-15}}</ref> <br />
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The root [[:wikt:ज्ञान|jñā-]] is cognate to English ''[[:wikt:know|know]]'', as well as to the Greek [[:wikt:γιγνώσκω|γνώ-]] (as in γνῶσις ''[[gnosis]]'') and Russian [[:wikt:знание|знание]]. Its antonym is ''ajñāna'' "ignorance".<br />
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==In Buddhism==<br />
{{Buddhism}}<br />
In [[Tibetan Buddhism]], ''jñāna'' (Tibetan: ''ye shes'') refers to pure awareness that is free of conceptual encumbrances, and is contrasted with ''[[vijnana|vijñana]]'', which is a moment of 'divided knowing'. Entrance to, and progression through the ten stages of ''jñana (''Bodhisattva bhumi''s)'', will lead one to complete enlightenment and [[nirvana]].<ref>Gampopa's "Jewel Ornament of Liberation", especially the ten bhumis, where the absorption state or non-dual state, which characterizes all ten bhumis, in this well-respected traditional text, is equated to the state of ''jnana''</ref><br />
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In [[Theravada]] Buddhism there are various [[Vipassanā-ñāṇa|''vipassana''-''ñanas'']] or "insight knowledges" on the path of insight into the true nature of reality.<ref name="ReferenceA">The Progress of Insight: (Visuddhiñana-katha), by The Venerable Mahasi Sayadaw, translated from the Pali with Notes by Nyanaponika Thera (1994; 33pp./99KB)</ref> As a person meditates these ''ñanas'' or "knowledges" will be experienced in order. The experience of each may be brief or may last for years and the subjective intensity of each is variable. Each ''ñana'' could also be considered a ''jhāna'' although many are not stable and the mind has no way to remain embedded in the experience. Experiencing all the ''ñanas'' will lead to the first of the [[Four stages of enlightenment]] then the cycle will start over at a subtler level.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><br />
==In Hinduism==<br />
{{Hindu philosophy}}<br />
===Vedanta===<br />
[[Mahāvākyas#Prajñānam Brahma|Prajñānam Brahma]] (प्रज्ञानम् ब्रह्म), one of the [[Mahāvākyas]], roughly means "Insight is Brahman" or "Brahman is Insight".{{sfn|Sahu|2004|p=41}}<br />
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===Yoga===<br />
[[Jnana yoga|Jñāna yoga]] (Yoga of Knowledge) is one of the three main paths (''[[Sadhana|margas]]''), which are supposed to lead towards ''[[moksha]]'' (liberation) from material miseries. The other two main paths are [[Karma yoga]] and [[Bhakti Yoga]]. [[Rāja yoga]] (classical yoga) which includes several yogas, is also said to lead to ''moksha''. It is said that each path is meant for a different temperament of personality.<br />
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== In Jainism ==<br />
{{Main|Jain epistemology}}<br />
According to the Jain texts like [[Tattvārthsūtra]] and [[Sarvārthasiddhi]], knowledge is of five kinds:<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details|title=Reality_JMT|last=Jain|first=S.A.|year=1992|publisher=Jwalamalini Trustp=16}}</ref><br />
* [[Kevala Jnana]] (Omniscience)<br />
* Śrutu Jñāna (Scriptural Knowledge)<br />
* Mati Jñāna (Sensory Knowledge)<br />
* Avadhi Jñāna (Clairvoyance)<br />
* Manah prayāya Jñāna (Telepathy)<br />
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== In Sikhism ==<br />
''Gyan'' or ''Gian'' refers to spiritual knowledge. Learned people are often referred to as "Giani". It is mentioned throughout the [[Guru Granth Sahib]].<br />
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== See also ==<br />
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}<br />
* [[Advaita Vedanta]]<br />
* [[Enlightenment (spiritual)]]<br />
* [[Mahāvākyas]]<br />
* [[Nondualism]]<br />
* [[Mysticism]]<br />
* [[Vidya (philosophy)]]<br />
* [[Vipassanā-ñāṇa]]<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
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==Sources==<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* Anna Dallapiccola, ''Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend'' ({{ISBN|0-500-51088-1}})<br />
* {{Citation | last =Loy | first =David | year =1997 | title =Nonduality. A Study in Comparative Philosophy | publisher =Humanity Books}} <br />
* {{Citation | last =Sahu | first =Bhagirathi | year =2004 | title =The New Educational Philosophy | publisher =Sarup & Sons}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
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==External links==<br />
* [https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/jnana/index.html Jnana definition and other relevant text]<br />
* [http://www.jiva.org/what-is-jnana/ What Is Jnana?] (Jiva Institute)<br />
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{{Philosophy topics}}<br />
{{Buddhism topics}}<br />
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[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]<br />
[[Category:Knowledge]]<br />
[[Category:Spiritual faculties]]<br />
[[Category:Metaphilosophy]]<br />
[[Category:Vedanta]]<br />
[[Category:Yoga concepts]]<br />
[[Category:Buddhist philosophical concepts]]<br />
[[Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]<br />
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