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{{short description|Indian term describing a creative hack or kludge}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2013}}
[[File:Underbelly of Jugaad.jpg|thumb|A temporary ''jugaad'' improvised repair for a broken support]]
'''''Jugaad''''' ("'''Jugaar'''") is a colloquial [[Hindi]] ([[Devanagari]]: जुगाड़ (जुगाड)), [[Bengali language|Bengali]] (জোগাড়), [[Marathi script|Marathi]] (जुगाड), [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] (ਜੁਗਾਦਿ), [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] (جوگاد) [[Urdu]] (جگاڑ) word, which refers to a non-conventional, frugal innovation, often termed a "[[life hack|hack]]".<ref>{{cite web|title=जुगाड़ | trans-title = creative improvisation |url=http://www.aamboli.com/translate?word=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC|website= aamboli.com}}</ref> It could also refer to an innovative fix or a simple work-around, a solution that bends the rules, or a resource that can be used in such a way. It is also often used to signify creativity: to make existing things work, or to create new things with meager resources.

Jugaad
is increasingly accepted as a management technique<ref>{{cite news|title=Jugaad: A New Growth Formula for Corporate America|url=http://blogs.hbr.org/cs/2010/01/jugaad_a_new_growth_formula_fo.html|newspaper=Harvard Business Review Blog Network|date=25 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Bricolage in R&D Settings - IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management|doi=10.1109/TEM.2020.2997796|hdl=11343/241260|s2cid=225681071|hdl-access=free}}</ref> and is recognized all over the world as an acceptable form of [[frugal engineering]] at peak.<ref>{{cite news|title=India's Next Global Export: Innovation|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2009-12-02/indias-next-global-export-innovation|newspaper=Bloomberg Businessweek|date=2 December 2009}}</ref> Companies in Southeast Asia are adopting jugaad as a practise to reduce [[research and development]] costs.<ref>{{cite news|title=A snip at the price|url=https://www.economist.com/node/13754045?story_id=13754045|newspaper=The Economist|date=28 May 2009}}</ref> Jugaad also applies to any kind of creative and out-of-the-box thinking or [[life hacking|life hacks]] that maximize resources for a company and its stakeholders.

According to author and professor [[Jaideep Prabhu]], ''jugaad'' is an "important way out of the current economic crisis in developed economies and also holds important lessons for emerging economies".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/cambridge-expert-says-indian-jugaad-is-lesson-to-world/story-M3q6vFu8tEPj8eSNsAJo5M.html|title = Cambridge expert says Indian 'jugaad' is lesson to world|date = 8 November 2013}}</ref>

==Etymology and variants==
It is pronounced as ''jugaad'' or ''jugaadh'' in [[Hindi]], while in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Urdu]] it is pronounced as ''jugaar , with a hard "R" sound. Which at times, is confused by non native speakers as jugaad, due to the letter ڑ ,looking like a ط, but it is pronounced as a harder variant of "rrrr" sound''.

One potential origin is, "Yog(a)", meaning "joining" or "union", a cognate of "[[yoke]]". In [[Tamil language|Tamil]] it is translated as உத்தரம். There are similar idioms in the Southern Indian languages (for
example, thattikootu (to ‘put together’) or oppeeru (‘fixing’ or ‘getting’) in Malayalam; or
mazhattu (to distract) in Tamil).

Another view is that the word originates from the [[Sanskrit]] word "yukti" which means "a solution (to a problem) ". This view is the most likely one. The Yoga origins have no bridging words or ideas. Yukati lead to the word 'Jugat' meaning 'solution' and 'jugti' meaning 'one who can find solutions' in Punjabi. In Punjabi we can create a nonsense word to make a pair that goes together. If 'pani- pooni peo'..'drink water wooter' literally. So we say 'have you found a jugat jugad' for this problem?

Jugaad roughly corresponds to do-it-yourself ([[DIY]]) in the [[United States|US]], hacking or a bodge in the [[United Kingdom|UK]], urawaza (裏技) in [[Japanese language|Japanese]], tapullo in parts of [[Italy]], ''tǔ fǎ '' (土法) in [[China]], Trick 17 in [[Germany]], ''gambiarra'' in [[Brazil]], ''[[System D|système D.]]'' in [[France]], or ''jua kali'' in [[Kenya]]; in addition, equivalent words within South Africa are ''’n boer maak ’n plan'' in [[Afrikaans]], ''izenzele'' in [[Zulu language|Zulu]], ''iketsetse'' in [[Sotho language|Sotho]], and ''itirele'' in [[Tswana language|Tswana]].<ref>Angus Donald Campbell “[http://www.angusdonaldcampbell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/006_DESI_a_00424_Campbell_WEB_vB.pdf Lay Designers: Grassroots Innovation for Appropriate Change]”, [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], 2017</ref>

==Jugaad and legality==
Yamini Narayanan is an
animal life defender who argues that Jugaad is a key resource for progress in obstructionist
environments like slow, inefficient, or corrupt bureaucracies and governance institutions,
or when the activity is illegal. Depending on context, intention, and the informal political
economy, jugaad can be legal, unauthorized, or even criminal. Yamini stresses that
jugaad covers a broad set of complex practices,
argumentation, and innovations, that have also been used in concealments in the slaughter of cows throughout
India.
<ref>{{cite journal|title=Jugaad and Informality as drivers of India's cow slaughter economy|journal=Narayanan, Yamini|year=2019|publisher=Deakin University, Australia|doi=10.1177/0308518X19852640|last1=Narayanan|first1=Yamini|volume=51|issue=7|pages=1516–1535|s2cid=195485614|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Low-cost vehicle==
''Jugaad'' can also refer to a [[quadricycle]], a means of transportation in [[India]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]] made of wooden planks and old [[Sport utility vehicle|SUV]] parts, variously known as ''kuddukka'' and ''pietereda'' ([[Peter Rehra]]) in [[Punjab]]. However, ''jugaad'' could be used as a term for any low cost vehicle which typically costs around Rs. 50,000 (about US$800).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/Bt7C5EnNrvRyoqZAERSbMN/Rural-India8217s-jugaad-for-cheap-travel.html|title=Rural India's jugaad for cheap travel - Livemint|website=www.livemint.com|date=25 March 2008|access-date=2016-04-09}}</ref> ''Jugaads'' are powered by diesel engines originally intended to power agricultural [[irrigation]] pumps. They are known for poor brakes, and cannot go faster than about 60 km/h (37 mph). The vehicle often carries more than 20 people at a time in remote locations and poor road conditions. Today, a ''jugaad'' is one of the most cost-effective transportation solutions for rural Indians.

Another ''jugaad'' vehicle in [[Punjab]] is the ''bike rehra'', a motorcycle cut into half and made into a tri-wheeler. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ludhiana/3-held-for-plying-bike-rehra-6764 | title=3 held for plying bike-rehra }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jagran.com/punjab/ludhiana-very-bad-mla-talwar-inaugrate-illegal-bike-rehra-18651313.html | title=जुगाड़ू रेहड़ों का विधायक तलवाड़ और पार्षद मनीषा ने किया उद्घाटन }}</ref>

Though no statistical data is available, it is reported that there are a number of instances of failing brakes, requiring a passenger to jump off and manually apply a wooden block as a brake. As part of research for his 2013 book, Innovation and a Global Knowledge Economy in India, Thomas Birtchnell, a lecturer of Sustainable Communities at [[University of Wollongong]], [[Australia]], found that of 2,139 cases of road traffic casualties in 72 hours at J N Medical College hospital in [[Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh|Aligarh]], 13.88% of pedestrian casualties were due to ''jugaad''. It was stated by Minister of State for Road Transport and Highways [[Pon Radhakrishnan]] that ''jugaads'' do not conform to the specifications of a Motor Vehicle under the [[Motor Vehicles Act, 1988]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/one-hack-of-a-vehicle/|title=One hack of a vehicle|date=2015-10-25|website=The Indian Express|access-date=2016-04-09}}</ref> These vehicles hence do not have any [[vehicle registration plate]] and they are not registered with the [[Regional Transport Office]] (RTO). Hence, no [[road tax]] is paid on them, neither there exists any official count of such vehicles.

''Jugaads'' are not officially recognized as road-worthy, and despite a few proposals to regulate them, [[Votebank|vote-bank politics]] have trumped safety concerns. The improvised vehicles have now become rather popular as a means to transport all manner of burdens, from lumber to steel rods to school children.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://becauseitreallyispersonal.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/india-school-bus-tricycle.jpg|title=Bal Mandir Public School Transportation}}</ref> For safety reasons the government of India has officially banned ''jugaad'' vehicles.<ref>{{cite web|title=Govt issues order to seize jugaads|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-21/jaipur/28116564_1_jugaads-govt-issues-order-transport|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330071846/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-21/jaipur/28116564_1_jugaads-govt-issues-order-transport|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 March 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=12 July 2013}}</ref>

A variant of the ''jugaad'' vehicle in [[Tamil Nadu]] in South India is the ''Meen Body Vandi.'' This roughly translates to "fish bed vehicle" because they originated among local fishermen who needed a quick and cheap transport system to transport fish. It is a motorized tri-wheeler (derived from the non-motorized variant)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiantriporteurs.files.wordpress.com/2007/03/a7.jpg|title=Indian Tripurteurs A7}}</ref> with a heavy-duty suspension and a motorcycle engine—typically recycled from Czech [[Yezdi]] or [[Royal Enfield Bullet|Enfield Bullet]] vehicles. Its origins are typical of other ''jugaadu'' innovations—dead fish are typically considered unhygienic, and vehicles that carry them cannot be typically used to carry anything else. Similar vehicles can be found throughout much of Southeast Asia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alibaba.com/showroom/motor_tricycle-showroom.html|title=Motor Tricycle-Motor Tricycle Manufacturers, Suppliers and Exporters on alibaba.com}}</ref>

Another varient of the ''jugaad'' called ''Chakkda Rickshaw'', a motorcycle modified into a tri-wheeler with truck wheels in the rear was used in [[Gujarat]]. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.beontheroad.com/2018/02/the-chakda-indias-true-jugaad-vehicle.html# | title=The Chakda: India's True Jugaad Vehicle - be on the Road | Live your Travel Dream! }}</ref>

A variant of ''jugaad'' in [[Pakistan]] is a motorcycle made into a trike called ''chand-gari'' (Moon Car) or ''chingchee'' after the Chinese company [[Jinan Qingqi]] Co. LTD who first introduced these to the market. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/925391-motorcycle-rickshaws-to-be-replaced-with-electric-bikes | title=Motorcycle rickshaws to be replaced with electric bikes }}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Jugaad.jpg|''Jugaad'' vehicle ([[Peter Rehra]]) powered by an agricultural water pump engine
File:Jugaad engine.JPG|''Jugaad'' engine being hand-started
File:Politicaljugaad.jpg|''Jugaad'' vehicle ([[Peter Rehra]]) carrying passengers to a political rally in [[Agra, India]]
File:Market porter pedals jugaad goods carrier tricycle in Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, India.jpg|A non-motorized ''Meen Body Vandi'' ''jugaad''-style improvised vehicle, in [[Tamil Nadu, India]]
File:Meen Body Vandi fish bed vehicle Jugaad tricycle trike conversion three wheeler Rajdoot TVS Tamilnadu India - மீன் பூடி வண்டி Etan Doronne www.myindiaexperience.com Wikipedia.jpg|Motorised ''Meen Body Vandi''
File:Chingchee in Pakistan.JPG| ''Jugaad'' Rickshaw ''Chand Gari'' in [[Pakistan]]

</gallery>

==See also==
[[File:Laptoptv.jpg|upright|alt=laptop jugaad|thumb|Improvised ceiling mount for a laptop computer]]
*[[Peter Rehra]]
*[[Frugal innovation]]
*[[Life hacking]]
*[[Cycle rickshaw]]
*[[Auto rickshaw]]
*[[Tanga (carriage)]]
*[[Transport in India]]
Similar terms:
*[[Bodging#Cultural references|Bodge]], an English term of similar meaning
*[[Chindōgu]], a Japanese term for deliberately "un-useful" inventions, created as a hobby and entertainment.
*[[Urawaza]], a Japanese term for life hacking
*[[Redneck Technology]] An American term of similar meaning for innovations or improvisation using locally available materials
* [[Gung-ho]], a technique of guerilla industry employed at the [[Chinese Industrial Cooperatives]] in WWII
*[[Kludge]], an American-English term of similar meaning
*[[System D]] in French, is a shorthand term that refers to a manner of responding to challenges that requires one to have the ability to think fast, to adapt, and to improvise when getting a job done
*Gambiarra in Brazilian Portuguese, is an improvised solution using available materials or techniques.

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|last=[[Navi Radjou]], [[Jaideep Prabhu]], Simone Ahuja, foreword by [[Kevin Roberts (businessman)|Kevin Roberts]]|title=Jugaad Innovation: Think Frugal, Be Flexible, Generate Breakthrough Growth|year=2012|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-1182-4974-1|pages=288|url=http://as.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1118249747,descCd-description.html}}
* {{cite book|title=From Jugaad to Systematic Innovation: The Challenge for India|author=Rishikesha T. Krishnan}}
* {{cite news|author=Barun S. Mitra|title=India's 'Informal' Car|publisher=[[Asian Wall Street Journal]], page 10, 26 Jan 1995}}
* {{cite web|last=Mcclellan|first=Philip|title=Is Jugaad Going Global?|date=11 October 2012|url=http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/10/11/is-jugaad-going-global/|publisher=Ny Times}}
* {{cite news|title=Open Global Innovation Networks as Enablers of Frugal Innovation: Propositions Based on Evidence from India|authors=Rajnish Tiwari, Cornelius Herstatt|url=http://www.tuhh.de/tim/downloads/arbeitspapiere/Working_Paper_72.pdf|access-date=24 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230354/http://www.tuhh.de/tim/downloads/arbeitspapiere/Working_Paper_72.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}

[[Category:Hindi words and phrases]]
[[Category:Indian slang]]

Jugaad - Revision history

UpdateBot at 17:35, 1 July 2022