Anuj tripathi 111 at 05:46, 2 February 2025

2025-02-02T05:46:18Z

New page

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Kapartheeswarar Temple
| image = Swetha Vinayagar Temple.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|10|57|N|79|19|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| native_name = Vellai Vinayakar Koil
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]]
| locale = Tiruvalajuli (near [[Swamimalai]])
| elevation_m =
| deity = Kapardeeshwarar([[Shiva]]), Swetha Vinayagar([[Ganesha]])
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator = Cholas and Tanjai Nayak Kings
| website =
}}

'''Kapardeeswarar temple''' (also called '''Swetha Vinayagar Temple''', '''Vellai Vinayagar temple''', '''Valanchuzinathar temple''') is a Hindu temple situated in the village of [[Thiruvalanchuzhi]] (also spelt as Thiruvalanjuli) near [[Swamimalai]] in [[Kumbakonam taluk]] of [[Thanjavur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. Shiva is worshiped as Kapardeeswarar and is represented by the ''[[lingam]]'' and his consort [[Parvati]] is depicted as Brihannayagi.<ref name="ayyar">{{cite book|title=South Indian shrines: illustrated|author=P. V. Jagadisa Ayyar|publisher=Madras Times Printing and Pub. Co.|year=1920|pages=355–359}}</ref> The presiding deity is revered in the 7th century Tamil Saiva canonical work, the ''[[Tevaram]]'', written by Tamil poet saints known as the [[nayanars]] and classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]''.

There are many inscriptions associated with the temple indicating contributions from Cholas, Thanjai Nayaks Kings. The oldest parts of the present masonry structure were built during the [[Chola dynasty]], while later expansions, are attributed to later periods, up to the Thanjai Nayaks during the 16th century.

The temple complex is one of the largest in the state and it houses a seven-tiered gateway towers known as ''[[gopurams]]''. The temple has numerous shrines, with those of Kapardeeswarar and Swetha Vinayagar being the most prominent. The temple complex houses many halls and three precincts; the most notable is the shrine of Swetha Vinayagar that has many sculptures. The temple has six daily rituals at various times from 6:00 a.m. to 8:30 p.m., and many yearly festivals on its calendar. The temple is maintained and administered by [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

== Legend ==
[[File:Kabardeesvarar4.jpg|Image of Swetha Vinayagar shrine|250px|left|thumb]]
The temple is associated with a sage called Herandar, who, according to legend, is believed to have gone through an underground passage to the [[Patala|nether world]] and brought the [[Kaveri River]] to the earth to flow into the [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref name="ayyar" /> Since the river took a convoluted direction in its flow, the place is called Tiruvalanjuzhi. There is an image of Herandar in the temple and the trunk of the elephant-headed god, [[Ganesha]] (Vinayagar) swirls towards the right.<ref name="A.">[[#A.]] 1987, p. 35</ref> The presence of Buddhist images from the Chola period in the temple show influence of Buddhist tradition in the region.<ref name="Pillai 1976 59">{{cite book|title=Introduction to the Study of Temple Art|page=59|publisher=Equator and Meridian|year=1976|last=Pillai|first=Suresh B.}}</ref>

The temple is renowned for its shrine dedicated to Ganesha (Vinayagar, Vinayaka).<ref name="ayyar" /> The idol of Vinayaka is white in colour and is believed to have been created out of sea foam (kadal norai). Hence, the temple is also known as Swetha Vinayagar Temple in Sanskrit or Vellai Vinayakar Temple in Tamil, meaning "the temple of the white Vinayaka".

According to popular legend, [[Indra]], the king of the [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]] created the idol of Ganesha out of sea foam during the [[Samudra manthan|churning of the ocean]] and left it in a niche in the temple hoping to get back the idol sometime later.<ref name="ayyar" /> But later, when he returned to remove the idol of Ganesha, it would not budge. So, the idol was allowed to remain where it was.<ref name="ayyar" /> A lattice-worked stone window pane called ''palahani'' is present in the temple.<ref name="A."/> The temple is originally believed to have been built by Kanaka Chola in prehistoric times.<ref name="A."/>

As per another legend, when [[Deva (Hinduism)|Deva]]s (celestial deities) and [[Asura]]s (demons) were churning the [[Ocean of milk]] with [[Vasuki (snake)|Vasuki]] the serpent, they disregarded the advice of [[Vinayaka]]. It resulted in the spilling of poison in [[Amruta]]. To propitiate, the Devas created an image of Vinayaga with sea foam and worshipped him at the place. The image of the presiding deity is white in colour on account of the belief.<ref name=Meena>{{cite book|title=Temples in South India|last=V.|first=Meena|publisher=Harikumar Arts|location=Kanniyakumari|year=1974|edition=1st|page=27}}</ref> The temple priests do not conduct abhishekham and pour any liquids over the deity for this reason.

==History==
[[File:Intricate stone sculptures of the Thiruvalanjuli Vellai Vinayagar Temple.jpg|250px|thumb|Intricate sculptures on the temple walls]]
The central temple, according to historian Subramanyan, is an early Chola temple as seen from the inscription (ARE 620 of 1902) made during the reign of [[Rajaraja I]] (985–1014 CE) indicating grants made during the 38th regnal year of Madiraikonda Parakesarivarman. One another inscription on the south wall of the ''mandapa'' in front of the sanctum dated to Rajaraja indicates grant of land on the 21st year of the rule of Parakesarivarman. An inscription (ARE 633 of 1902) during the 25th regnal year of Rajaraja indicates gift of gold to the deity by Kundavai, the daughter of the king. Another inscription dated to the 258th day during the 24th regnal year of Rajaraja on the south wall of the hall indicates tax free land to the service of two deities, namely, Kshetrapalar and Ganapatiyar. The inscription on the north wall of the hall (ARE 633-B of 1902) dated to the third regnal year of [[Rajendra I]] (1012–1044 CE) indicates that he ceremonially passed through a hill of gingely seeds and gifted twelve gold flowers to the feet of Lord. The same inscription indicates gold flowers gifted by his queen Valavan Mahadeviar. Another inscription from the northern wall of [[Bhairavar]] shrine during the third regnal year of Rajendra I indicates gift of two gold flowers to the deity by Danti Sakti Vitanki while he was performing [[Tulabhara]] at [[Thiruvisanallur Sivayoginathar Temple|Thiruvisanallur]]. An inscription from the 11th regnal year of [[Rajaraja III]] (1216–1256 CE) indicate that the shrine of Vanduvarkuzhali Amman might have possibly been installed during his reign.<ref name=ASI>{{cite book|title=Middle Chola temples Rajaraja I to Kulottunga I (AD. 985-1070)|last=S.R.|first=Balasubramanyam|year=1975|publisher=Thomson Press (India) Limited|url=http://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/62202.pdf|pages=92–94|isbn=978-9060236079}}</ref>

The last inscription mentioning a medieval [[Rama Varma Kulashekhara|Chera king]] of Kerala, either from Kerala or Tamil Nadu, is found on south wall of the ''mandapa'' in front of the central shrine in Kabartheeswara Temple (dated in the regnal year of his overlord [[Vikrama Chola]]).<ref name=":02">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''[https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Perum%C4%81%E1%B8%B7s_of_Kerala.html?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&redir_esc=y Perumāḷs of Kerala.]'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013 [1972]. 467—470.</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |year=1937 |editor-last=Aiyer |editor-first=K. V. Subrahmanya |title=No. 221 (No. 623 of 1902) |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.106957/page/n122/mode/1up |journal=South Indian Inscriptions |chapter= |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |volume=VIII |pages=114-115}}</ref> It also mentions certain [[Ko Kizhan Adikal|Kizhan Adikal]] or the Chera princess.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |date=1993 |editor-last=Tewari |editor-first=S. P. |title=Manavikrama alias Punturakkon of Eranad - A New Name in the Twilight of the Chera Kingdom in Kerala |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NYNjAAAAMAAJ |journal=Journal of the Epigraphical Society of India |publisher=The Epigraphical Society of India, Mysore |volume=19 |pages=20}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

==Architecture==
[[File:Kabardeesvarar templebairava shrine.jpg|250px|Image of Bhairavar shrine|thumb]]
The west facing temple has a seven-tiered [[gopura]], the gateway tower and has three precincts. The outermost precinct houses the temple tank on the southwest and there is a [[Bhairava]] shrine in the northe east in the outermost precinct. The Bhairava shrine is believed to have been built by Loga Mahadevi, the queen of Rajaraja III. The presence of Buddhist images from the Chola period in the temple show influence of Buddhist tradition in the region.<ref name="Pillai 1976 59"/> The outermost precinct also houses a shrine dedicated to Kshetrapala Devar in the southeast. The second precinct has the shrine of Swetha Vinayagar with artistic pillared halls. The shrine is located in the middle and axial to the gateway tower and the sanctum. The central shrine houses the image of Kabardeeswarar in the form of [[Linga]]. The sanctum is square in shape and measures {{convert|4.64|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The Kshetrapalar is a finely chiseled image measuring {{convert|1.65|m|ft|abbr=on}} in height and {{convert|.85|m|ft|abbr=on}} across the chest. The ''ardhamandapa'', the hall preceding the sanctum projects {{convert|4.24|m|ft|abbr=on}} forward and has the same width as the sanctum. The ''mukhamandapa'', the following halls of ''ardhamandapa'' measures {{convert|6.95|m|ft|abbr=on}} by {{convert|6.85|m|ft|abbr=on}}. On the outer part of the structures are niches housing [[Vishnu]] in the west and Bhairava in the east. The ''[[vimana]]'', the structure over the sanctum is semicircular. The halls around the first precinct houses various images and series of Lingams. The southeast corner houses the Valanchuzhi Vinayagar shrine was built by Tanjai Nayak Kings, after which the temple has got one of its names.<ref name=ASI/>

==Religious importance==
{| class="toccolours" style="clear:right; float:right; background:#ffffff; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; width:220"
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC;text-align:center;" colspan="3"|[[File:Hinduism symbol.png|25px|Om symbol|left]] '''Sapthavigraha Moorthis''' [[File:Hinduism symbol.png|25px|Om symbol|right]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="3" | ''Saptha Vigraha moorthis'' are the seven prime consorts in all [[Shiva]] temples located at seven cardinal points around the temple
|-
|style="text-align:center;background:#A8BDEC"|'''Deity'''||style="text-align:center;background:#A8BDEC"|'''Temple'''||style="text-align:center;background:#A8BDEC"| '''Location'''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |Shiva || [[Mahalingeswarar Temple, Thiruvidaimarudur|Mahalingaswamy temple]] || [[Tiruvidaimarudur]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Vinayaga]] || [[Thiruvalanjuli Kabardeeshwarar Temple (Vellai Vinayagar Temple)|Vellai Vinayagar Temple]] || [[Thiruvalanchuzhi]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Murugan]] || [[Swamimalai Murugan temple]] || [[Swamimalai]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Nataraja]] || [[Chidambaram Nataraja Temple|Natarajar temple]] || [[Chidambaram]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Durga]]|| [[Thenupuriswarar Temple]] || [[Patteswaram]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Dakshinamurthy|Guru]]|| [[Apatsahayesvarar Temple, Alangudi|Apatsahayesvarar Temple]] || Alangudi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Navagraha]]|| [[Suryanar Kovil]] || [[Suryanar Kovil]]
|-
|}

According to a Hindu legend, [[Mahalingeswarar Temple, Thiruvidaimarudur|Mahalingaswamy at Thiruvidaimarudur]] is the centre of all Shiva temples in the region and the ''Saptha Vigraha moorthis'' (seven prime consorts in all [[Shiva]] temples) are located at seven cardinal points around the temple, located in various parts of the state.<ref name="tourist">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nGxbJqdEQrwC&q=thiruvidaimarudur&pg=PA71|last=Tourist guide to Tamil Nadu |title=Tourist guide to Tamil Nadu|year=2007|publisher=T. Krishna Press |location=Chennai |isbn=978-81-7478-177-2|ref=tourist|page=53}}</ref><ref name=Om34>{{cite journal|title=Jyothirmaya Mahalingam|last=Narayanaswami|journal=Om Sakthi|language=ta|publisher=Om Sakthi Publications|date=April 1987|location=Coimbatore|ref=Om|pages=34–5}}</ref> The seven deities are [[Nataraja]] in [[Chidambaram Nataraja Temple]] at [[Chidambaram]], [[Satyagireeswarar Temple, Senganur|Chandikeswarar temple at Tirucheingalur]], [[Vinayagar]] in [[Thiruvalanchuzhi]] Kabardeeshwarar Temple, [[Muruga]] in [[Swamimalai Murugan Temple]] at [[Swamimalai]], [[Bhairava]] in [[Sattainathar Temple, Sirkazhi|Sattainathar Temple]] at [[Sirkali]], [[Navagraha]] in [[Suryanar Kovil|Sooriyanar Temple]] at [[Suryanar Kovil]] and [[Dakshinamoorthy]] in [[Apatsahayesvarar Temple, Alangudi]] at [[Alangudi, Papanasam taluk]].<ref name=Om34/> The temple is counted as one of the temples built on the banks of [[River Kaveri]]. The river takes a sharp turn at this place and hence the place is called Thiruvalanchuzhi.<ref name=Ka>{{cite book|title=River cauvery the most battl(r)ed|last=Ka. Vi.|first=Kannan|page=33|publisher=Notion Press|year=2019|isbn=9781684666041|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CGFDwAAQBAJ&q=thiruvavaduthurai}}</ref>

==Literary mention==
It is one of the 275 [[Paadal Petra Sthalams]] - [[Shiva Temples of Tamil Nadu#Sthalams|Shiva Sthalams]] glorified in the early medieval ''[[Tevaram]]'' poems by Tamil Saivite [[Nayanars|Nayanar]] saints [[Tirunavukkarasar]] and [[Campantar|Thirugnana Sambandar]]. Tirunavukkarasar describes the feature of the deity of Tiruvalanchuzhi and [[Kottaiyur Kodeeswarar Temple|Kottaiyur]] as:<ref>Tirunavukkarasar Tevaram, VI: 73:4</ref>
{{cquote|பொடியாடு மேனிப் புனிதன் கண்டாய் புட்பாகற் காழி கொடுத்தான் கண்டாய்<br>
இடியார் கடுமுழக்கே றூர்ந்தான் கண்டாய் எண்டிசைக்கும் விக்காகி நின்றான் கண்டாய்<br>
மடலார் திரைபுரளுங் காவிரி வாய் வலஞ்சுழியின் மேவிய மைந்தன் கண்டாய்<br>
கொடியாடு நெடுமாடக் கொட்டை யூரிற் கோடீச் சரத்துறையுங் கோமான் தானே.}}

==Worship practices==
The temple priests perform the ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. Like other Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Shaiva]] community, a Brahmin sub-caste. The temple rituals are performed five times a day; Ushathkalam at 6:30 a.m., Kalasanthi at 8:00 a.m., Uchikalam at 12:00 a.m., Sayarakshai at 5:00 p.m., and Ardha Jamam at 8:00 p.m. Each ritual comprises four steps: ''[[abhisheka]]'' (sacred bath), ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''[[Naivedhya|naivethanam]]'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Kabardeeswarar and Periyanayagi. The worship is held amidst music with ''[[nagaswaram]]'' (pipe instrument) and ''[[tavil]]'' (percussion instrument), religious instructions in the [[Vedas]] (sacred texts) read by priests and prostration by worshipers in front of the temple mast. There are weekly rituals like ''{{lang|te-Latn|somavaram}}'' (Monday) and ''{{lang|te-Latn|sukravaram}}'' (Friday), fortnightly rituals like ''[[pradosha]]m'' and monthly festivals like ''[[amavasya|amavasai]]'' (new moon day), ''kiruthigai'', ''[[pournami (festival)|pournami]]'' (full moon day) and ''sathurthi''. Mahashivaratri during February - March, [[Vinayagar Chathurthi]] during September and [[Karthikai Deepam]] during December are the major festivals celebrated in the temple.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Sri Valanchuzinathar temple|publisher=Dinamalar|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=664|year=2019|access-date=25 April 2020}}</ref>

==Kumbakonam Sapta Stana Temple==
This is one of the [[Saptha Stana Temples]] of Kumbakonam. During the [[2016 Mahamaham|Mahahaman of 2016]] the palanquin festival was held on 7 February 2016.<ref>கும்பகோணம் ஆதிகும்பேஸ்வரசுவாமி கோயிலில் சப்தஸ்தான பல்லக்கு வெள்ளோட்டம், தினமணி, 8 பிப்ரவரி 2016</ref> Following the tirttavari held at Mahamaham tank on 21 April 2016, the palanquin festival of the Sapta Stana Temples were held on 23 April 2016.<ref>[http://www.dinamani.com/edition_trichy/tanjore/2016/04/22/%E0%AE%8F%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE/article3393484.ece ஆதி கும்பேஸ்வரர் கோயிலில் ஏழூர் பல்லக்கு பெருவிழா, மகாமகக்குளத்தில் தீர்த்தவாரி, தினமணி, 22 ஏப்ரல் 2016]</ref> The festival which started from [[Adi Kumbeswarar Temple, Kumbakonam|Kumbesvara Temple]] at the 7.30 p.m. of 23 April 2016 completed on the morning of 25 April 2016 after going to the following temples.

* [[Adi Kumbeswarar Temple, Kumbakonam]]
* [[Amirthakadeswarar Temple, Sakkottai]]
* [[Avudainathar Temple, Darasuram]]
* Kabartheeswarar Temple
* [[Kottaiyur Kodeeswarar Temple]]
* [[Kailasanathar Temple, Melakaveri]]
* [[Swaminatha Swamy Temple]]

== See also ==
* [[Thanjavur Vellai Vinayakar Temple]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
*{{Cite book |last=A. |first=Kuppuswami |title=The Crest Jewel of Divine Dravidian Culture |year=1987 |publisher=Sarma's Sanatorium Press| location =Pudukottai |ref=A.}}.
* {{cite book|title=Tourist Guide to Tamil Nadu|year=2010|publisher=Sura Books|isbn=978-81-7478-177-2|page=81}}
* {{cite web|title=Karpaganathar Temple, Tiruvalanchuzhi|url= http://www.shivatemples.com/sofc/sc025.php |publisher=Shiva Temples of Tamilnadu, Paadal Petra Sivasthalangal}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Swetha Vinayagar Temple}}
{{Famous Shiva temples}}
{{Hindu Temples of Kumbakonam}}
{{Saptha Stana Temples}}

[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Thanjavur district]]
[[Category:Ganesha temples]]

Kabartheeswarar Temple - Revision history

Anuj tripathi 111 at 05:46, 2 February 2025