>Rodw at 14:50, 27 March 2021

2021-03-27T14:50:16Z

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{{Short description|Historical border region between Manipur and Burma.}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kabaw Valley
| native_name = {{lang|my|ကဘော်ချိုင့်ဝှမ်း}}
| native_name_lang = my
| settlement_type = [[Natural region]]
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| pushpin_map = Myanmar
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| coordinates = {{coord|24.10527|N|94.34194|E|display=inline,title}}
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| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[Myanmar]]
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| area_footnotes = <ref>https://www.insidene.com/manipur-demands-compensation-for-kabaw-valley-lost-to-myanmar-during-yandabo-treaty/</ref>
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| area_total_km2 = 22,210
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| elevation_footnotes = <ref>[http://elevationmap.net/kabaw-valley-myanmar-burma?latlngs= Kabaw Valley, Myanmar (Burma)]</ref>
| elevation_m = 140
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The '''Kabaw Valley''' also known as '''Kubo valley'''<ref>{{Citation|last=Tassin|first=Jean-Baptiste|title=Map of the territory of Muneepoor, with part of the Kubo valley and Burmese frontier, by captain R. Boileau Pemberton.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/map-of-the-territory-of-muneepoor-with-part-of-the-kubo-valley-and-burmese-frontier-by-captn-r-boileau-pemberton/oclc/494924053?referer=di&ht=edition|place=Calcutta|publisher=J.B. Tassin, lith.|language=en|oclc=494924053|access-date=2020-11-24|last2=Pemberton|first2=R. Boileau}}
</ref> is a highland valley in [[Myanmar]]'s western [[Sagaing]] division, close to the border with India's [[Manipur]]. The valley is located between Heerok or Yoma ranges of mountains, which constitute the present day border of Manipur, and the [[Chindwin River]] (also called the Ningthi River).<ref>
{{Cite book|last=Mackenzie|first=Alexander|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.501684|title=History Of The Relations Of The Government With The Hill Tribes Of The North-east Frontier Of Bengal|date=1884|language=en |p=175}}: "The Kubo Valley lies between the Heerok or Yoma range of mountains, which bounds the eastern side of the Manipur Valley, and Ningthee or ''Ky end wen'' [Chindwin] River."
</ref> The valley is home to a number of ethnic groups including the [[Meitei people|Meitei]] (Kathe and Paona), the [[Thadou people]], [[Kuki people|Kuki]] people, the [[Mizo people|Mizo]], the Kadu and the Kanan.

During the [[First Anglo-Burmese War]], the Manipuri prince [[Gambhir Singh]] conquered the Kabaw valley from Burma. It remained under Manipur control for several years. But the Burmans were able to prove to the British Resident, Major Burney, that the valley had been ceded to Burma by the former Manipur King [[Marjit Singh]] in 1813.<ref>
{{Cite book|last=Cocks|first=Samuel William|url=http://archive.org/details/cu31924022998623|title=A short history of Burma|date=1919|pages=59–117|publisher=London : Macmillan & Co., Ltd.|others=Cornell University Library}}
</ref> The British were persuaded to hand the valley back to Burma in 1834.<ref>
{{Cite book|last=Aitchison|first=C. U. (Comp )|url=http://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.162510|title=Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring Countries. Vol. 12 edn: 5|date=1931|publisher=Calcutta|page=202|others=Kerala State Library}}
</ref><ref>
{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.csl.6508|title=A collection of treaties, engagements, and sanads relating to India and neighbouring countries|date=1929|publisher=Government of India, Calcutta}}
</ref>
The British compensated Manipur for the loss of territory by annual subsidy.<ref>
{{Cite book|last=Brown|first=R.|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.csl.8792|title=Statistical account of the native state of manipur|date=1874|pages=74|publisher=The Superintendent of Government Press,Calcutta}}
</ref><ref>
{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=K. M. (Karam Manimohan)|url=http://archive.org/details/historyofchristi0000sing|title=History of the Christian missions in Manipur and neighbouring states|date=1991|publisher=New Delhi, India : Mittal Publications|others=Internet Archive|page=419|isbn=978-81-7099-285-1}}
</ref><ref>
{{citation |last=Banerjee |first=A. C. |title=The Eastern Frontier of British India, 1784–1826 |publisher=A. Mukherjee |location=Calcutta |year=1946 |orig-year=1943 |edition=Second |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.76519 |via=archive.org |pp=492–493}}
</ref><ref>
{{Cite book|last=BHAT|first=SUDHAKAR|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12778|title=THE CHALLENGE OF THE NORTHEAST|date=1975|publisher=N.A|pages=51–54}}: "The valley was made part of Burma by the British in 1834.
As compensation for the loss of the territory, the British Government undertook to pay to the Ruler of Manipur a sum equivalent to Rs. 6,270 per annum. After the transfer of power, the Government of Burma continued to pay the amount to the Government of India which, in turn, passed on the amount to Manipur State."
</ref><ref>
{{Cite book|last=Brown R|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.29052|title=Statistical Account Of Manipur|date=1874|pages=73–74|publisher=Supritendent Of Government Press, Calcutta}}: "All the provisions of the above treaty, with the exception of the last, remain in force. The only other arrangement carried out between the British and Manipur Governments in the form of a treaty relates tc the handing over of the Kubo Valley to the Burmese, and the payment of the monthly allowance in lieu. This arrangement bears date 25th January 1834, and stipulates that, should the Kubo Valley from any circumstances again revert to Manipur, the allowance shall cease."
</ref>

==History==
{{POV section|talk=Clarification not provided|date=November 2020}}
Kabaw Valley was the historical border between [[Inwa|Awa]], in present-day Myanmar, and [[Manipoor]], then known as Kangleipak or Meitrabak.<ref>{{Citation|last=Tassin|first=Jean-Baptiste|title=Map of the territory of Muneepoor, with part of the Kubo valley and Burmese frontier, by captn R. Boileau Pemberton.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/map-of-the-territory-of-muneepoor-with-part-of-the-kubo-valley-and-burmese-frontier-by-captn-r-boileau-pemberton/oclc/494924053?referer=di&ht=edition|place=Calcutta|publisher=J.B. Tassin, lith.|language=en|oclc=494924053|access-date=2020-11-24|last2=Pemberton|first2=R. Boileau}}</ref> King Kiyamba (1467-1508) and ally Chaopha Khe Chomba, king of nearby [[Kingdom of Pong|Pong]], conquered Kabaw Valley in 1475.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dave R.k.|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.128796|title=Manipur (including Whos Who)|date=1947|publisher=New Delhi., Surya Publishers|pages=7–8}} "In the year 1475, Ryaamba succeeded in formally annexing Kubbo valley (now in Burma) to Manipur. The relationship between the kingdom of Pong and Manipur were cordial during the reign of Ryaamba."</ref> The valley is placed in Manipur according to maps published in Calcutta as late as 1852<ref>{{Cite book|last=Johnstone|first=James|url=http://archive.org/details/myexperiencesinm00johniala|title=My experiences in Manipur and the Naga hills|date=1896|publisher=London : S. Low, Marston and company, limited|others=University of California Libraries}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Johnstone|first=James|url=http://archive.org/details/cu31924098843083|title=Manipur and the Naga hills|date=2002|publisher=New Delhi : Gyan Pub. House|others=Cornell University Library|isbn=978-81-212-0121-6|pages=11–23}} P.23: "The loneliness, the surrounding savages, and the ill-feeling excited by the Kubo valley (which so late as 1 852 is placed in Manipur, in maps published in Calcutta)"</ref> It also need to be reminded that according to [[Treaty of Yandabo]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cocks|first=Samuel William|url=http://archive.org/details/cu31924022998623|title=A short history of Burma|date=1919|publisher=London : Macmillan & Co., Ltd.|others=Cornell University Library}} P:117"left to Major Burney for decision was the dispute between Burma and Manipur for the possession of the Kale-Kabaw valley. During the war, Gambhir Singh had been paid by the British government to maintain troops in Manipur, and had enjoyed the services of two British ofl&cers. On the conclusion of peace he was informed that he must carry on the government at his own expense and without assistance. He had, at the end of the war, received the Kale-Kabaw valley as part of his kingdom"</ref> [[Ningthee River]] was no doubt the natural boundary between Manipur and Burma.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mackenzie|first=Alexander|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.501684|title=History Of The Relations Of The Government With The Hill Tribes Of The North-east Frontier Of Bengal|date=1884|pages=175–176|language=en}} P:176"from the signing of the Treaty of Yandaboo in February 1826. The Commissioner in Sylhet, in a letter dated 19th April 1826, remarked that the Ningthee was no doubt the original and natural boundary between Manipur and Burma, and that, if the Burmese were permitted to cross it, it would be difficult to define a line of demarcation that would preclude the possibility of future dispute."</ref> There was also an agreement between British and Manipur government in 1834 that if Kabaw valley under any circumstance revert to Manipur, the monthly allowance shall cease.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Brown R|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.29052|title=Statistical Account Of Manipur|date=1874|publisher=Supritendent Of Government Press, Calcutta}} P: "All the provisions of the above treaty, with the exception of the last, remain in force.The only other arrangement carried out between the British and Manipur Governments in the form of a treaty relates tc the handing over of the Kubo Valley to the Burmese, and the payment of the monthly allowance in lieu. This arrangement bears date 25th January 1834, and stipulates that, should the Kubo Valley from any circumstances again revert to Manipur, the allowance shall cease."</ref>

==Communities==
[[File:Map India and Pakistan 1-250,000 Tile NG 46-15 Imphal.jpg|thumb|left|270px|Survey map showing [[Imphal|Imphal valley]] along with Kabaw valley ([[Army Map Service|AMS]], 1955, based on [[Survey of India]] maps prior to 1942)]]
At the north end of the valley, lies the Manipuri town of [[Humine]], with the first Burmese town being Zedi.<ref>[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/burma/txu-oclc-6924198-ng46-16.jpg "Burma 1:250,000 topographic map, Series U542, Paungbyin, NG 46-16"] U.S. Army Map Service, November 1955</ref><ref>Tarapot lists the towns of Kahambat, Woktong, Tammu, Mungsa and Samjok at Tarapot, Phanjoubam (2003) ''Bleeding Manipur'' Har-Anand Publications, New Delhi, India, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FsUJ0E3BXkMC&pg=PA222 page 222], {{ISBN|81-241-0902-8}}, but aside from Tammu being [[Tamu, Burma|Tamu]], identification of them is difficult.</ref> The region is mixedly inhabited by the Meeteis, Nepalis, Kukis, Chins, Kados, and Kanans.

[[Moreh, India]] is the border town in the Manipur, India side while [[Tamu, Myanmar|Tamu]] is in Myanmar. Both are being referred to as the twin border towns of trade in the border region.

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==See also==
*[[Hsawnghsup]]
*[[Manipur (princely state)]]
*[[History of Manipur]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Valleys of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Natural regions]]
[[Category:History of Manipur]]

Kabaw Valley - Revision history

>Rodw at 14:50, 27 March 2021