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A '''''Kaifiyat''''' is a historical record, especially about a village or a town, from the [[Deccan]] region of India. Compiled in 18th and 19th centuries by [[village accountant]]s, based on earlier records, the ''kaifiyats'' are a valuable source of local history. Many of them are part of the ''Mackenzie Manuscripts'' compiled by [[Colin Mackenzie]] and his assistants during 1780-1820.<br />
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== Etymology ==<br />
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The word ''kaifiyat'' is of [[Arabic language|Arabic]] origin,{{sfn|N.S. Raju|2019|loc=Foreword}} and comes to India from [[Persian language|Persian]], which was the official language of the [[Deccan sultanates]]. Depending on the context, it has various meanings including "circumstances, account, statement, report, particulars, story, and news." By the late 18th century, the word had entered the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] vocabulary, and meant "village account".{{sfn|R.S. Mantena|2012|p=126}} Among scholars, the term became popular when [[Colin Mackenzie]]'s project to compile rural [[archive]]s used it to describe the compiled village histories.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2001|p=283}}<br />
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== History ==<br />
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The ''kaifiyats'' are written in multiple scripts and languages, including [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Malayalam]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], and [[Sanskrit]]. The largest number of the manuscripts are in Telugu.{{sfn|N.S. Raju|2019|loc=Foreword}}<br />
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Even before the ''kaifiyats'' were first compiled in the 18th century, the village officials of the Telugu-speaking region maintained chronicles called ''dandakavile'' or ''kavile''. The [[Kakatiya]] rulers (1158–1323) had established the office of ''karanam'', who maintained such records. The ''karanam'' was a [[village accountant]], similar to the ''[[patwari]]'' of northern India. By the late 18th century, such officials had started compiling local records in form of ''kaifiyats'', transmitting them from one generation to another.{{sfn|R.S. Mantena|2012|p=126}}<br />
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The [[British East India Company]] officer [[Colin Mackenzie]] and his assistants came across the ''kaifiyats'', and valued them as sources of local history.{{sfn|R.S. Mantena|2012|p=4}} During 1780-1820, Mackenzie and his assistants collected ''kaifiyats'' from several villages, often encountering resistance and lack of cooperation from the village officers.{{sfn|R.S. Mantena|2012|pp=69-70}} Most of these ''kaifiyats'' were written down in the late 18th and early 19th century.{{sfn|R.S. Mantena|2012|p=125}}<br />
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The colonial historians and the early historians of independent India preferred ''kaifiyats'' over other literary sources of history because of verifiable details about village economy and genealogy. However, they did not regard these documents as fully reliable because of the presence of mythical sections.{{sfn|R.S. Mantena|2012|p=29}} Several later historians have analyzed ''kaifiyats'' as a source of history.{{sfn|R.S. Mantena|2012|p=146}}<br />
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== Contents ==<br />
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The ''kaifiyats'' vary a lot from one another,{{sfn|R.S. Mantena|2012|p=129}} and may contain both historical and mythical information:{{sfn|R.S. Mantena|2012|p=29}}<br />
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* origin stories of the village, often mythological accounts tracing the lineage of important families to the origin{{sfn|R.S. Mantena|2012|pp=4, 141}}<br />
* list of main rulers of the region{{sfn|R.S. Mantena|2012|p=129}}<br />
* land use{{sfn|R.S. Mantena|2012|p=130}}<br />
* list of crops{{sfn|R.S. Mantena|2012|p=129}} and other agricultural products{{sfn|R.S. Mantena|2012|p=125}}<br />
* list of animals (including wild animals in the adjoining forests){{sfn|R.S. Mantena|2012|p=129}}<br />
* family histories and genealogies of important families{{sfn|R.S. Mantena|2012|pp=126,130}}<br />
* list of land-owning families{{sfn|R.S. Mantena|2012|p=130}}<br />
* lists of ''[[inamdar (feudal title)|inam]]'' (rent-free) lands{{sfn|R.S. Mantena|2012|p=129}}<br />
* accounts of prominent castes{{sfn|R.S. Mantena|2012|p=129}}<br />
* history of temple donations{{sfn|R.S. Mantena|2012|p=125}}<br />
* transcriptions of epigraphical records{{sfn|R.S. Mantena|2012|p=125}}<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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=== Bibliography ===<br />
{{ref begin}}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Cynthia Talbot |title=Precolonial India in Practice |year=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780198031239 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C&pg=PA283 }}<br />
* {{cite book |editor=Nadupalli Srirama Raju |title=Catalogue of Mackenzie Kaifiyats: Telugu Manuscripts |year=2019 |publisher=National Mission for Manuscripts / Dev |isbn=978-93-80829-65-4 |url=https://www.namami.gov.in/sites/default/files/book_pdf/kaifiyats%20complete%20book.pdf |ref={{harvid|N.S. Raju|2019}} }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Rama Sundari Mantena |title=The Origins of Modern Historiography in India |year=2012 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=9781137011923 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XWNdAQAAQBAJ |ref={{harvid|R.S. Mantena|2012}} }}<br />
{{ref end}}<br />
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== Further reading ==<br />
* {{cite book |editor=T.V. Mahalingam |author-link=T. V. Mahalingam |title=Mackenzie Manuscripts: Summaries of the Historical Manuscripts in the Mackenzie Collection |volume=2 |year=1972 |publisher=University of Madras |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J4MMAQAAMAAJ }}<br />
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[[Category:Archives in India]]</div>MadelaineStanfie