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{{Short description|1925 train Action in Kakori, British India (now in Uttar Pradesh, India)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2018}}
The '''Kakori Train Action''' (''prapt'' of '''Kakori conspiracy''') was a [[train robbery]] that took place at [[Kakori]], a village near [[Lucknow]], on 9 August 1925 during the [[Indian Independence Movement]] against the [[British Raj]]. It was organised by [[Hindustan Republican Association]] (HRA).

[[File:Mauser C96 prototype 1895Mar15.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Photo]] of German made [[Mauser]] pistol. Four Mausers were used by the Indian freedom fighters.]]
The robbery was conceived by [[Ram Prasad Bismil]] and [[Ashfaqullah Khan]] who belonged to the [[Hindustan Republican Association|HRA]], which later became the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association. This organisation was established to carry out revolutionary activities against the [[British Raj|British Empire]] with the objective of achieving independence. Since the organisation needed money for the purchase of weaponry, Bismil and his party made a plan to rob a train on the Saharanpur Railway lines.<ref>Dr. Mehrotra N. C. ''Swatantrata Andolan Mein Shahjahanpur Ka Yogdan'' page 117.</ref> The robbery plan was executed by Bismil, Khan, [[Rajendra Lahiri]], [[Chandrashekhar Azad]], [[Sachindra Bakshi]], [[Keshab Chakravarty]], [[Manmathnath Gupta]], [[Mukundi Lal]], [[Murari Sharma|Murari Lal Gupta]] and [[Banwari Lal (revolutionary)|Banwari Lal]].<ref>Dr. Mahaur Bhagwandas ''Kakori Shaheed Smriti'' page 30</ref><ref>Sharma Vidyarnav ''Yug Ke Devta: Bismil Aur Ashfaq'' page 118</ref> One passenger was killed unintentionally.
{{Anushilan Samiti}}

==Robbery==
On 9 August 1925, the Number 8 Down Train was travelling from [[Shahjahanpur]] to [[Lucknow]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kakori Conspiracy: 12 quick facts you need to know | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/kakori-conspiracy-334170-2016-08-09 | website=India Today| language=en | date=9 August 2016 | accessdate=19 May 2021 }}</ref> When it passed [[Kakori]], one of the revolutionary, [[Rajendra Lahiri]] pulled the emergency chain to stop the train and subsequently, the other revolutionaries overpowered the guard. It is believed that they looted that specific train because it was carrying the money bags which belonged to the Indians and was being transferred to the British government treasury. They looted only these bags (which were present in the guards' cabin and contained about ₹ 4600) and escaped to Lucknow. The objectives of this robbery were to :

* Fund the HRA with the money stolen from the British administration.
* Garner public attention by creating a positive image of the HRA among Indians.

One lawyer, Ahmad Ali, who was a passenger, had got down to see his wife in the ladies compartment and was killed in an [[Unintentional discharge (firearms)|unintentional discharge]] by [[Manmathnath Gupta]], but this made it a [[manslaughter]] case. Following the incident, the British administration started an intense [[Manhunt (law enforcement)|manhunt]] and arrested several of the revolutionaries who were members or part of the HRA. Their leader, Ram Prasad Bismil was arrested at [[Shahjahanpur]] on 26 October 1925 and Ashfaqullah Khan was arrested on 7 December 1926 at [[Delhi]].

==Arrests==
Forty people<ref>Dr. Mehrotra N. C. ''Swatantrata Andolan Mein Shahjahanpur Ka Yogdan'', pages 124–125.</ref> were arrested from all over [[British Raj|India]]. Their names (with the place and date of arrest) are:
*From [[Agra]]
**Chandra Dhar Johri — 19 November 1925
**Chandra Bhal Johri — 15 November 1925
*From [[Allahabad]]
**Shitala Sahai — 2 November 1925
**Jyoti Shankar Dixit — 11 November 1925
**Bhupendra Nath Sanyal — 16 December 1925
*From [[Banaras]]
**Manmathnath Gupta — 26 September 1925
**Damodar Swarup Seth — 28 September 1925
**Ram Nath Pandey — 27 September 1925
**Dev Dutt Bhattacharya — 21 October 1925
**Indra Vikram Singh — 30 September 1925
**Mukundi Lal — 17 January 1926
*From [[Bengal]]
**[[Sachindra Nath Sanyal]] — 10 December 1925
**Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee — 21 December 1925
**[[Rajendra Nath Lahiri]] — 10 January 1926
**Sharat Chandra Guha — 5 October 1925
**Kali Das Bose — 2 November 1925
*From [[Etah]]
**Babu Ram Verma — 10 November 1925
*From [[Hardoi]]
**Bhairon Singh — 11 November 1925
*From [[Jubbulpore]]
**Pranawesh Chatterjee — 11 December 1925
*From [[Kanpur]]
**Ram Dulare Trivedi — 26 September 1925
**Gopi Mohan — 25 October 1925
**Raj Kumar Sinha — 31 October 1925
**Suresh Charan Bhattacharya — 26 September 1925
*From [[Lahore]]
**Mohan Lal Gautam — 18 November 1925
*From [[Lakhimpur, Uttar Pradesh|Lakhimpur]]
**Harnam Sundarlal — 7 November 1925
*From [[Lucknow]]
**Govind Charan Kar — 26 September 1925
**Sachindranath Biswas — 6 October 1925
*From [[Meerut]]
**Vishnu Sharan Dublish — 26 September 1925
*From [[Orai]]
**Veer Bhadra Tiwari — 31 October 1925
*From [[Pune]]
**Ram Krishna Khatri— 18 October 1925
*From [[Raibareli]]
**Banwari Lal — 15 December 1925
*From [[Shahjahanpur]]
**[[Ram Prasad Bismil]] — 26 October 1925
**Banarsi Lal — 26 September 1925
**Lala Hargovind — 26 September 1925
**[[Prem Krishna Khanna]] — 26 September 1925
**Indubhushan Mitra — 30 September 1925
**[[Roshan Singh|Thakur Roshan Singh]] — 26 September 1925
**Ram Dutt Shukla — 3 October 1925
**Madan Lal — 10 October 1925
**Ram Ratna Shukla — 11 October 1925

Arrested later—
*From [[Delhi]]
**[[Ashfaqulla Khan|Ashfaqullah Khan]] — 7 December 1926
*From [[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]]
**[[Sachindra Bakshi|Sachindranath Bakshi]] — September 1926

Of the above, Sachindranath Sanyal, Rajendra Lahiri, and Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee had already been arrested in [[Bengal]]. Lahiri was prosecuted in a [[Dakshineshwar]] bombing case, while Ashfaqullah Khan and Sachindranath Bakshi were arrested later when the main Kakori conspiracy case was over. A supplementary case was filed against these two and they were prosecuted in the same manner.

==Kakori trial==
Bismil and some others were charged with various offences, including robbery and murder. Fourteen people had been released due to a lack of evidence. Two of the accused — [[Ashfaqullah Khan]] and Sachindranath Bakshi were captured after the trial. [[Chandrashekhar Azad]] reorganized the HRA in 1928 and operated it till his death 27 February 1931.

Charges pressed against further three men were dropped. Damodar Swarup Seth was discharged due to illness, while Veer Bhadra Tiwari & Jyoti Shankar Dixit have been suspected of providing information to the authorities. Two other individuals — Banarsi Lal and Indubhushan Mitra came to be [[approver]]s in return for a lenient sentence.

==Court's proceedings==
Charges against 19 of the accused were withdrawn (2 had become approvers while 17 people had been released). The trial against the remaining 21 began on 1 May 1926 in the [[Hazratganj#History|Special Sessions Court]] of Justice Archibald Hamilton. Abbas Salim Khan, Banwari Lal Bhargava, Gyan Chatterjee, and Mohammad Ayuf were the assessors of the case. Of the 21 accused, two people namely Sachindranath Biswas and Lala Hargovind were released due to lack of evidence, while Gopi Mohan became an approver.

The court had appointed [[Jagat Narain Mulla|Jagat Narayan Mulla]] as public prosecutor knowingly; he had a prejudice against [[Ram Prasad Bismil]] since 1916, when Bismil led the grand procession of [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] at Lucknow. He had also been the public prosecutor in the [[Mainpuri]] conspiracy case of 1918.

The government officers had also bribed many of the accused to become government approvers. The trials were mainly based on the statements given by Banwari Lal who had met the revolutionaries and was also involved in the planning the robbery activities taken up by the group in Bamrauli (25 December 1924), [[Bichpuri]] (9 March 1925) & Dwarikapur (25 May 1925). So, his statement was used as the main evidence to prove the HRA members guilty.

The judgement of the case trials of Sessions Court was pronounced on 6 April 1927 as follows —

Ram Prasad Bismil, Roshan Singh and Rajendra Nath Lahiri were sentenced to death. Sachindranath Sanyal was given life imprisonment. Manmathnath Gupta was sentenced to 14 yrs imprisonment. Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee, Govind Charan Kar, Raj Kumar Sinha, Ram Krishna Khatri and Mukundi Lal were sentenced to 10 yrs imprisonment while Suresh Charan Bhattacharya and Vishnu Sharan Dublish were given 7 yrs imprisonment. Bhupendra Nath Sanyal, Ram Dulare Trivedi, Prem Krishna Khanna and Pranawesh Chatterjee were sentenced to imprisonment for 5 years and the least punishment (3 yrs imprisonment) was given to Ram Nath Pandey and Banwari Lal.

===Final verdict===
Following the arrest of [[Ashfaqullah Khan]], the police coerced him to gain supplementary evidence against his accomplices but he refused. Another supplementary case was filed against [[Ashfaqulla Khan]] and Sachindranath Bakshi in the court of Special Sessions Judge John Reginald William Bennett. An appeal was filed in the then Chief Court of [[Awadh]] (now in [[Uttar Pradesh]]) on 18 July 1927. The case trials started the next day. The judgement of the trial was pronounced a month later on 11 August.

The punishments were given as follows:

* Death sentence: Ram Prasad Bismil, Thakur Roshan Singh, Rajendra Nath Lahiri and Ashfaqullah Khan
* Deportation to [[Kālā Pānī]] ([[Cellular Jail|Port Blair Cellular Jail]]) : Sachindranath Sanyal, Sachindranath Bakshi, Govind Charan Kar, Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee and Mukundi Lal
* 14 years' imprisonment: Manmathnath Gupta
* 10 years' imprisonment: Raj Kumar Sinha, Vishnu Sharan Dublish, Ram Krishna Khatri and Suresh Charan Bhattacharya
* 5 years' imprisonment: Bhupendranath Sanyal, Prem Krishna Khanna, Banwari Lal and Ram Dulare Trivedi
* 4 years' imprisonment: Pranawesh Chatterjee
* 3 years' imprisonment: Ram Nath Pandey

==Hunger strike in the jail==
After the court gave the judgement of the main Kakori Conspiracy Case on 6 April 1927, a group photograph was taken and all the accused were sent to the different jails of the [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]]. In the prisons, they were asked to wear jail uniforms like the other prisoners which lead to immediate protests and hunger strikes. The revolutionaries argued that since they had been charged with crimes against the British rule (and supposedly overturning the [[British Raj]]), they should be treated as political prisoners and thus should possess the rights and amenities provided to political prisoners.

The details of their hunger strike are listed below:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width = "200" | Name of the prisoner
! width =" 300" | Name of the Jail
! Days of hunger strike
|-
| Ram Prasad Bismil
| [[Gorakhpur]] Central Jail
| 4 days (from 7 April 1927 to 11 April 1927)
|-
| Roshan Singh
| [[Allahabad]] Jail
| 6 days (from 7 April 1927 to 13 April 1927)
|-
| Ram Nath Pandey
| [[Raibareli]] District Jail
| 11 days (from 7 April 1927 to 18 April 1927)
|-
| [[Prem Krishna Khanna]]
| [[Dehradun]] District Jail
| 16 days (from 7 April 1927 to 23 April 1927)
|-
| Suresh Chandra Bhattacharya
| [[Agra]] Central Jail
| 19 days (from 7 April 1927 to 26 April 1927)
|-
| Ram Krishna Khatri
| [[Agra]] Central Jail
| 32 days (from 7 April 1927 to 9 May 1927)
|-
| Mukundi Lal
| [[Bareilly Central Jail]]
| 32 days (from 7 April 1927 t0 9 May 1927)
|-
| Raj Kumar Sinha
| [[Bareilly Central Jail]]
| 38 days (from 7 April 1927 to 15 May 1927)
|-
| [[Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee]]
| [[Fatehgarh]] Jail
| 41 days (from 7 April 1927 to 18 May 1927)
|-
| Ram Dulare Trivedi
| [[Fatehgarh]] Jail
| 41 days (from 7 April 1927 to 18 May 1927)
|-
| Govind Charan Kar
| [[Fatehgarh]] Jail
| 41 days (from 7 April 1927 to 18 May 1927)
|-
| [[Manmath Nath Gupta]]
| [[Naini]] [[Allahabad]] Jail
| 45 days (from 7 April 1927 to 22 May 1927)
|-
| Vishnu Sharan Dublish
| [[Naini]] [[Allahabad]] Jail
| 45 days (from 7 April 1927 to 22 May 1927)
|-
|}

==Defense committee==
The legal defence for the arrested revolutionaries was provided by [[Gobind Ballabh Pant]], Mohan Lal Saxena, Chandra Bhanu Gupta, Ajit Prasad Jain, Gopi Nath Srivastava, R. M. Bahadurji, B. K. Chaudhury and Kripa Shankar Hajela.

[[Jagat Narain Mulla|Pandit Jagat Narayan Mulla]], a leading advocate from Lucknow and uncle-in-law of [[Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru]] refused to defend the arrested revolutionaries. He was appointed as [[public prosecutor]] by the law of court.

Among the political figures who came out in support of those arrested for the Kakori train robbery were: [[Motilal Nehru]], [[Madan Mohan Malviya]], [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], [[Lala Lajpat Rai]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] , [[Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi]], [[Shiv Prasad Gupta]], Shri Prakash and [[Acharya Narendra Dev]].<ref>Dr. Mehrotra N. C. ''Swatantrata Andolan Mein Shahjahanpur Ka Yogdan'' page 130.</ref>

==Reaction in the country==
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2014}}
There were widespread protests against the court's decision all over the country. Members of the [[Central Legislative Assembly|Central Legislature]] even petitioned the [[Viceroy of India]] to commute the death sentences given to the four men to life sentences. Appeals were also sent to the [[Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council|Privy Council]]. However, these requests were turned down and the men were finally executed. Appeals were claimed to have been also made by [[Mahatma Gandhi]], despite his lack of executive authority.

===Clemency appeal===
On 11 August 1927, the Chief Court endorsed the original judgement with an exception of one (7 yrs) punishment from the judgement of 6 April. A mercy appeal was filed in due course before the Provincial Governor of U.P. by the members of the legislative council which was dismissed. Ram Prasad Bismil wrote a letter to [[Madan Mohan Malviya]] on 9 September 1927 from Gorakhpur Jail. Malviya sent a memorandum to the then Viceroy and Governor-General of India [[Lord Irwin]] with the signatures of 78 Members of [[Central Legislative Assembly|Central Legislature]], which was also turned down.

On 16 September 1927, the final mercy appeal was forwarded to Privy Council at London and to the King-Emperor through a famous lawyer of England, [[Henry Polak|Henry S. L. Polak]], but the British Government, who had already decided to hang them, sent their final decision to the India office of Viceroy that all the four condemned prisoners were to be hanged till death by 16 December 1927 positively.

==See also==
*[[Ashfaqulla Khan]]
*[[Sukhdev Thapar]]
*[[Shivaram Rajguru]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |title=Defying Death: Nationalist Revolutionism in India, 1897–1938 |first=Amit Kumar |last=Gupta |journal=Social Scientist |volume=25 |issue=9/10 |date=Sep–Oct 1997 |pages=3–27 |jstor=3517678|doi=10.2307/3517678 }} {{subscription required}}

{{Lucknow division topics}}

{{Indian Independence Movement}}
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}

[[Category:1925 crimes in India]]
[[Category:Railway accidents in 1925]]
[[Category:August 1925 events]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]
[[Category:History of Lucknow]]
[[Category:Train robberies]]
[[Category:Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]]
[[Category:Robberies in India]]

Kakori conspiracy - Revision history

->Kvwiki1234 at 09:32, 5 January 2022