2409:4043:2E0C:61F3:312D:DF18:1D87:5FC5 at 16:09, 27 May 2021

2021-05-27T16:09:58Z

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{{short description|Central Indian dynasty}}
{{Infobox country
| common_name = Kalachuris of Ratnapura
| conventional_long_name = Kalachuris of Ratnapura
| year_start = 11th century
| year_end = 13th century
| government_type = monarchy
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| capital = [[Ratanpur|Ratnapura]]
| p1 = Kalachuris of Tripuri
| p2 = Somavamshi dynasty
| s1 = Eastern Ganga dynasty
| today = [[India]]
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The '''Kalachuris of Ratnapura''' were a central Indian dynasty during 11th and 12th centuries. They ruled parts of present-day [[Chhattisgarh]] from their capital at Ratnapura (modern [[Ratanpur]] in [[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur district]]). They were an offshoot of the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri]], and ruled as vassals of the parent dynasty for many years.

== History ==

Several inscriptions and coins of the Ratnapura branch have been found, but these do not provide enough information to reconstruct the political history of the region with complete certainty.{{sfn|Om Prakash Misra|2003|p=14}}

According to the 1114 CE [[Ratanpur]] inscription of Jajjaladeva I, the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Tripuri Kalachuri]] king Kokalla had 18 sons, the eldest of whom succeeded him on the throne of Tripuri. The younger ones became rulers of ''mandala''s (feudatory governors). The Ratnapuri Kalachuris descended from one of these younger sons.{{sfn|F. Kielhorn|1888|pp=137-138}} The new branch was established by Kalingaraja around 1000 CE.{{sfn|Om Prakash Misra|2003|p=14}}

Kalingaraja conquered [[Dakshina Kosala]] region, and made Tummana his capital. His grandson Ratnaraja established Ratnapura (modern Ratanpur).{{sfn|F. Kielhorn|1888|p=138}} The inscriptions of Kalingaraja's great-grandson Prithvideva I indicate that he Ratnapuri Kalachuris continued to rule as feudatories of the Tripuri Kalachuris.{{sfn|Om Prakash Misra|2003|p=14}}

Prithvideva's son [[Ratnadeva II]] repulsed an invasion by [[Anantavarman Chodaganga]], the king of the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]].{{sfn|Hermann Kulke|Dietmar Rothermund|1998|pp=172-173}}

==Decline==
The last known sovereign ruler of the dynasty was Pratapa-malla. Pratapmalla continued his attempts to invade the frontiers of the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Ganga]] territory along with his son Paramardi Dev. [[Anangabhima Deva III]], the Eastern Ganga ruler, sent a large force under the command of his able Brahman commander, Vishnu. The two forces met face to face at the Seori Narayana village in undivided Sambalpur district on the banks of the river called Bhima near the [[Vindhya Range|Vindhya]] hills and the Kalchuris were defeated for the first time in a major way by the Gangas. The Chateswara Temple Inscription of Anangabhima mentions that Vishnu terrorized the Kalachuri king so much that the latter "perceived Vishnu every where through out his kingdom."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/118685/9/09_chapter%203.pdf|title=ANANGABHIMADEVA III(1211-1238 A. D.)|last=|first=|date=|website=www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in|page=27|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=18 October 2018}}</ref>

Pratapmalla was taken prisoner and forced to cede the [[Sambalpur]]-[[Sonepur District|Sonepur]]-[[Balangir district|Bolangir]] tracts along with parts of what is now [[Chhattisgarh|Chhattishgarh]] state to the Ganga kingdom. Later with the advise of his minister Vishnu, Anangabhima established a diplomatic and matrimonial alliance with the Kalachuris by offering the hand of his daughter Chandrika in marriage to the Kalachuri prince, Parmardi Dev. Once the alliance was secured, the Ganga forces multiplied in strength.
Parmardi Dev died in the final recorded battle of [[Narasingha Deva I|Narasingha Deva I's]] invasion of Bengal at Umurdan (Amarda in [[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]] district). Paramardi Deva had led the Eastern Ganga forces with possibly the other conscript soldiers from the independent and Semi independent Hindu kingdoms in Eastern India against the Muslim rulers of Bengal under the command of his Eastern Ganga brother in law. The fate of his successors is not known.{{sfn|Om Prakash Misra|2003|p=14}}

== List of rulers ==

The following is a list of the Ratnapura Kalachuri rulers, with estimated period of their reigns:{{sfn|V. V. Mirashi|1957|p=503}}

* Kalinga-raja (1000-1020 CE)
* Kamala-raja (1020-1045 CE)
* Ratna-raja (1045-1065 CE), alias Ratna-deva I
* Prithvi-deva I (1065-1090 CE), alias Prithvisha
* Jajalla-deva I (1090-1120 CE) (declared independence)
* [[Ratnadeva II|Ratna-Deva II]] (1120-1135 CE)
* [[Prithvi-deva II]] (1135-1165 CE)
* Jajalla-deva II (1165-1168 CE)
* Jagad-deva (1168-1178 CE)
* Ratna-deva III (1178-1200 CE)
* Pratapa-malla (1200-1225 CE)
* Parmardi Dev (governor of [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Gangas]])

== Coinage ==

The Kalachuri rulers of Ratnapura issued gold, silver and copper coins, which bear the issuer's name in [[Nagari script]]. The coins feature four types of design:{{sfn|P. C. Roy|1980|pp=20-22}}

* ''Gaja-shardula'': Depicts a fight between a lion and an elephant. This design occurs on all their gold coins, and some copper coins.
* ''Hanumana'': Depicts [[Hanuman]] in various poses, such as flying, crushing a demon (while sitting or standing), holding a [[trishula]], or holding a flag. Only copper coins feature this design.
* Lion: Depicts a lion, sometimes with a human head. Featured on copper and silver coins.
* Dagger: Features a dagger on copper coins.

[[Hoard]]s of their coins have been found at following places:{{sfn|P. C. Roy|1980|pp=18-20}}

* Sanasari (or Sonsari)
** 36 gold coins of Jajjaladeva
** 96 gold coins of Ratnadeva
** 459 gold coins of Prithvideva
* Sarangarh
** 26 gold coins of Jajjaladeva
** 29 gold coins of Ratnadeva
** 1 gold coin of Prithvideva
* Bhagaund
** 12 gold coins of Prithvideva
* Dadal-Seoni
** 136 gold coins of Jajjaladeva, Ratnadeva and Prithvideva
* Bachchhanda
** 9 gold coins, plus some other conins
* [[Ratanpur]]
** 10 gold coins of Ratnadeva
* Sonpur and Baidyanatha
** 11 gold coins of Jajjaladeva
** 9 gold coins of Ratnadeva
** 5 gold coins of Prithvideva

3 silver coins of Prithvideva were discovered from the [[Mahanadi River|Mahanadi]] riverbed near Balpur. Thousands of copper coins issued by them have also been discovered, including a hoard of 3900 copper coins at Dhanpur in [[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur district]].{{sfn|P. C. Roy|1980|p=19}}

== Inscriptions ==
[[File:Sarkho plates of Ratnadeva II, Chedi Year 880, Sanskrit Inscription.jpg|thumb|Sarkhon inscription of Ratnadeva]]
The inscriptions of the Ratnapura Kalachuri rulers have been discovered at several places in present-day Chhattisgarh:{{sfn|Rajiv Kumar Verma|2015|p=59}}{{sfn|Om Prakash Misra|2003|p=14}}

* Prithvideva I: Amora (or Amoda), Lapha, [[Raipur]]
* Jajalladeva I: Pali, [[Ratanpur]]
* Ratandeva II: Akaltara, Paragaon, [[Shivrinarayan]] (or Sheorinarayan), Sarkhon (or Sarkho)
* Prithvideva II: Dahkoni (or Daikoni), [[Rajim]], [[Bilaigarh]], Koni, Amora, Ghotia,
* Jajalladeva II: Amora, [[Malhar, Chhattisgarh|Malhar]] (or Mallar), Shivrinarayan
* Ratnadeva III: Kharod, Pasid
* Pratapamalla: Pendrawan (or Pendrabandh) and Bilaigarh

== See also ==

* [[Mahamaya Temple]] in Ratanpur, said to be built by the Kalachuri king Ratnadeva

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite journal |author=F. Kielhorn |author-link=Lorenz Franz Kielhorn |title=Rajim stone inscription of Jagapala of the Kulachuri year 896 |journal=[[The Indian Antiquary]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KhdCAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA138 |year=1888 }}
* {{cite book |author1=Hermann Kulke |author2=Dietmar Rothermund |title=A History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V0GEtXp-GsUC&pg=PA173 |year=1998 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-15482-6 }}
* {{cite book |author=Om Prakash Misra |title=Archaeological Excavations in Central India: Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o0ISjDDWJwQC&pg=PA12 |year=2003 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-874-7 }}
* {{cite book |author=P. C. Roy |chapter=The Coinage of the Kalachuris of Ratnapura |title=The Coinage of Northern India |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2Et2zZGJPUC&pg=PA18 |year=1980 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-122-5 }}
* {{cite journal |author=Rajiv Kumar Verma |title=Kalachuri Inscriptions : A Reflection of Dwindling Political Power |journal=Veethika |volume=1 |issue=3 |year=2015 |url=http://www.manuscripts.qtanalytics.com/Admin/Notes/VEETHIKA635945265487113969.pdf }}
* {{cite book |author=V. V. Mirashi |author-link=Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi |chapter=The Kalacuris |editor=R. S. Sharma |title=A Comprehensive history of India: A.D. 985-1206 |volume=4 (Part 1) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ahFuAAAAMAAJ |year=1957 |publisher=Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House | isbn=978-81-7007-121-1 }}
{{ref end}}

[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:History of Chhattisgarh]]

Kalachuris of Ratnapura - Revision history

2409:4043:2E0C:61F3:312D:DF18:1D87:5FC5 at 16:09, 27 May 2021