->Rodw at 14:42, 6 November 2021

2021-11-06T14:42:55Z

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{{Short description|Sunni Muslim dynasty in the region of Sindh}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
| native_name = ڪلهوڙا راڄ
| subdivision = Autonomous Dynasty
| nation = [[Sindh]]
| conventional_long_name = Kalhora dynasty
| common_name = Kalhora
| year_start = 1701
| year_end = 1783
| p1 = Mughal Empire
| flag_p1 =
| p2 =
| flag_p2 =
| s1 = Talpur Dynasty
| flag_s1 = Flag of Talpur dynasty.gif
| s2 =
| flag_s2 =
| image_flag = Abbasid banner.svg
| image_map =
| image_map_caption = Standard Back
| national_anthem =
| capital = [[Khudabad]] (1710-1768) [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Haiderabad]] (1768-1783)
| government_type = Nobility
| title_leader = Amir
| leader1 = Mian Yar Muhammad Khan Abbasi
| year_leader1 =
| leader2 =
| year_leader2 =
| footnotes =
}}
{{History of Sind}}
The '''Kalhora dynasty''' ({{lang-sd|ڪلهوڙا راڄ}}) was a [[Sunni Muslim]] dynasty of based in the region of [[Sindh]] of what is now [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Verkaaik|first=Oskar|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0691117098|title=Migrants and Militants: Fun and Urban Violence in Pakistan|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-69111-709-6|pages=94, 99|quote=The area of the Hindu-built mansion Pakka Qila was built in 1768 by the Kalhora kings, a local dynasty of kalhora origin that ruled Sindh independently from the decaying Moghul Empire beginning in the mid-eighteenth century.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0521405300|title=Sufi Saints and State Power: The Pirs of Sind, 1843-1947|last=Ansari|first=Sarah F. D.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1992|isbn=978-0-52140-530-0|page=33|quote=Another key to Kalhora 'success' lay in their strengthening of the Baluchi element in Sind.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9OtRAQAAIAAJ&q=As+the+Kalhoras+were+also+a+Baloch+Dynasty+and+all+these+so-called+Chaukhandi+tombs+(i.e.+cubical+tombs)+are+also|title=Pakistan Quarterly|date=1958|publisher=As the Kalhoras were also a Baloch Dynasty|language=en}}</ref> The Kalhora family, as will afterwards be seen, claimed an [[Arabs|Arab]] and a holy origin.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Burton|first=Sir Richard Francis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZQMzQLsyk0C&q=The+Kalhora+family+%2C+as+will+afterwards+be+seen+%2C+claimed+an+Arab+and+a+holy+origin+%3B+the+imposture+was+admitted+because+it+was+properly+supported+by+sword+and+flame+.&pg=PP390|title=Sindh, and the Races that Inhabit the Valley of the Indus|date=1851|publisher=W. H. Allen|language=en}}</ref> The dynasty ruled Sindh and parts of the [[Punjab region]] between 1701 and 1783 from their capital of [[Khudabad]], before shifting to [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]] from 1768 onwards. They were assigned to hold authority by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Grand Vizier [[Mirza Ghazi Beg]] and later formed their own independent dynasty, and they were known as the "Kalhora [[Nawab]]s" by the [[Mughal Emperors]].<ref name="Ansari1992">{{cite book|author=Sarah F. D. Ansari|title=Sufi Saints and State Power: The Pirs of Sind, 1843-1947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_kC421xzMKsC&pg=PA32|date=31 January 1992|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-40530-0|pages=32–34}}</ref>

The Kalhora dynasty succumbed to the [[Qizilbash]] during the invasion of [[Nadir Shah]]. [[Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro]] reorganised and consolidated his power, but his son lost control of Sindh and was overthrown by [[Talpur dynasty|Talpurs]] [[Amir]]s. Mian Abdul Nabi Kalhoro was the last Kalhora ruler.<ref name="Ansari1992"/>

Kalhora rule of Sindh began in 1701 when Mian Yar Muhammad Kalhoro was invested with title of ''Khuda Yar Khan'' and was made governor of Upper Sindh sarkar by royal decree of the Mughals. Later, he was made governor of [[Sibi|Siwi]] through imperial decree. He founded a new city [[Khudabad]] after he obtained from [[Aurangzeb]] a grant of the track between the Indus and the Nara and made it the capital of his kingdom. Thenceforth, Mian Yar Muhammad became one of the imperial agents or governors. Later he extended his rule to [[Sehwan]] and [[Bukkur]] and became sole ruler of Northern and central Sindh except [[Thatta|Thatto]] which was still under the administrative control of Mughal Empire.<ref name="Ansari1992"/>

The Kalhora dynasty produced four powerful rulers namely, Mian Nasir Muhammad, Mian Yar Muhammad, Mian Noor Muhammad and Mian Ghulam Shah. Shrine of Shah Abdul latif Bhittai was built by Kalhora rulers in 1772 CE.rulers of Kalhora dynasty developed irrigation system by digging new canals ,they unified Sindh and defined its geographical boundaries,improved the literature and made Sindh prosperous state in the region.they built Hyderabad City in 1768 CE.in the history of Sindh this period was golden period for development.{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}}

== Military ==
As has been already stated the Kalhora army consisted of a large number of [[Baloch people|Baloch]] tribes. The Balochis had by this time become the strongest military force in the land. The early Kalhora had encouraged the Balochis to settle in Sind, in order that the Kalhoro might take advantage of this military superiority in the battlefield. The whole army of Kalhoras consisted of Balochis. After the successful revolt of the army the Talpur - Mirs became rulers of Sindh, the Kalhoras were completely wiped out.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mirepoix|first=Camille|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zwpMGA0HH_sC&q=Talpur+-+Mirs+became+rulers+of+Sindh,+the+Kalhoras+were+completely+wiped+out.|title=Now Pakistan|date=1967|publisher=Grenich|language=en}}</ref>

==Rulers==
<p style="font-family:"sans-serif ">
# [[Mian Nasir Muhammad Kalhoro]] 1657-1692
# [[Mian Din Muhammad Kalhoro]] 1692-1699
# [[Yar Muhammad Kalhoro|Mian Yar Muhammad]] 1701-1719
# [[Noor Mohammad Kalhoro|Mian Noor Muhammad]] 1719-1755
# [[Muhammad Muradyab Khan (Nawab Sarbuland Khan)|Muhammad Muradyab Khan]] 1755-1757
# [[Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro]] 1757-1772
# [[Mian Sarfraz Kalhoro (Khudayar Khan)]] 1772-1775
# [[Mian Haji Abdul Nabi Kalhoro]] 1775-1783

</p>

==See also==
*[[Muhammad Shah]] (''Irkhwaz'')
*[[Third Battle of Panipat]]
*[[Timur Shah Durrani]]

==External links==

{{S-start}}
{{s-imperialhouse|[[Kalhora Dynasty]]|[[Abbasid Caliphate]]|}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Mughal Dynasty|Mughal dynasty]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Monarchy]]|years=1701–1783}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Talpur dynasty]]}}
|-
{{S-end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{History of Sindh}}

[[Category:History of Sindh]]
[[Category:Kalhora Dynasty]]
[[Category:Sindhi tribes]]
[[Category:1701 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Arab dynasties]]
[[Category:Abbasids]]

Kalhora dynasty - Revision history

->Rodw at 14:42, 6 November 2021