UpdateBot at 23:27, 13 October 2021

2021-10-13T23:27:44Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kallur archaeological site
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = kannada
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|16|8|23.54|N|77|12|17.47|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raichur district]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluks of Karnataka|Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Manvi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = Anil kumar M
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 10,447
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_demonym = kallurigaru
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 584118
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08538
| registration_plate = KA-36
| website = {{URL|karnataka.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA]]
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Kallur''' is an archaeological site and village located in the [[Manvi]] taluk of [[Raichur district]] in the state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref name="ama">Amalananda Ghosh (1990), p197</ref> It belongs to Gulbarga division. The site came into prominence with the discovery of [[Bronze Age sword|antennae sword]]s in the 1930s, which was the first instance of the [[Copper Hoard Culture|Copper Hoard culture]] being discovered in [[South India]].<ref name="ama"/> The earliest finding here has been dated to the [[Neolithic]] period.

== Etymology ==
The word ''Kallur'' is formed from two [[Kannada languages|Kannada]] words: ''kallu'' which means "stone" and ''ooru'' which means "town". The number of [[granite]] hillocks that surround Kallur, may have given the place its name.<ref name="ama"/> Some of the hillocks that are present here are ''Yammigudda'', ''Pirbannur'', ''Agsargudda'', ''Kampangudda'' and ''Polannagudda''.

==Excavation history==
The site was first excavated in 1939–40 by M. Khwaja Ahmed of the Archaeological Department of [[Hyderabad state]]. It was later explored by [[F. Raymond Allchin]] in 1952.<ref name="all">F. R. Allchin (1979), p113</ref>

==Findings==

===Swords===
Villagers living around Kallur discovered three antennaed swords under a boulder on Pirbannur hillock in the 1930s. The swords were made of cast [[copper]] with the longest sword being {{convert|38+1/2|in|cm}} in length and the shortest sword being {{convert|26+3/4|in|cm}} in length. The antennae of these swords was about 6–7 cm in length.<ref name="all"/> These swords are similar to the ones found in the sites of [[Copper Hoard culture]] in North India, like [[Fatehgarh]], and hence provide the first instance of such a site being found in South India.<ref name="ama"/><ref name="mty">M. L. K. Murty (2003), p91</ref> [[Robert von Heine-Geldern]] postulated that these swords were influenced by the [[Koban culture]], but the Indian archaeologist [[B. B. Lal]] disagreed.<ref name="ama1">Amalananda Ghosh (1990), p351</ref><ref name="mal">Malati J. Shendge (2003), p. 169</ref>

===Paintings===
On the ''Yammigudda'' hillock; buffaloes, miniature bulls and a man have been found painted over a rock face. [[Russet (color)|Russet]]-coated painted ware have also been found here.<ref name="ama"/>

===Objects===
Other objects found here include cores of [[chert]], [[jasper]] and [[chalcedony]], stone axes, red ware, shell bangles and beads of semi precious stones. Presence of [[iron ore]] and [[quartzite]] provide the evidence that [[smelting|iron smelting]] in a crude form was performed here. Coins of the [[Satavahana]] period have also been found here.<ref name="ama"/>

==See also==
* [[Pottery in the Indian subcontinent]]
*[[Raichur district]]
*[[Manvi]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last= Ghosh|first= Amalananda|title= An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology|orig-year=1990|year= 1990|publisher= BRILL|isbn=90-04-09262-5}}
*{{cite book |last= Allchin, F. R. |author-link= F. Raymond Allchin |editor=Johanna Engelberta, Lohuizen-De Leeuw|title= South Asian Archaeology 1975: Papers from the Third International|orig-year=1979|year= 1979|chapter=A South Indian Copper Sword and its significance|publisher= BRILL|isbn=90-04-05996-2}}
*{{cite book |last= Murty|first= M. L. K.|title= Pre- and Protohistoric Andhra Pradesh Up to 500 B.C.|orig-year=2003|year= 2003|publisher= Orient Longman|isbn=81-250-2475-1}}
*{{cite book |last= Shendge|first= Malati J.|title= The Civilized Demons: The Harappans in Rigveda|orig-year=2003|year= 2003|publisher= Abhinav Publications|isbn=81-7017-064-8}}
{{refend}}

{{Raichur district}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kallur}}
[[Category:Villages in Raichur district]]

Kallur archaeological site - Revision history

UpdateBot at 23:27, 13 October 2021