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{{Short description|Legendary Tree in Hinduism}}
{{other uses}}
{{good article}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
[[File:Kalpataru, Kinnara-Kinnari, Apsara-Devata, Pawon Temple.jpg|thumb|alt=The divine Kalpavriksha tree in mythology, a stone carving of a tree with mythical characters surrounding it.|Kalpataru, the divine tree of life being guarded by mythical creatures at the 8th century [[Pawon|Pawon temple]], a [[Buddhist temple]] in [[Java]], Indonesia.|222x222px]]

'''Kalpavriksha'''{{Efn|Also known as kalpataru, kalpadruma, kalpa vruksham, kalpapādapa, and karpaga vriksham.|group=note|name=a}} ({{Langx|sa|कल्पवृक्ष|lit=Aeon tree}}, Kalpavṛkṣa) is a [[wish tree|wish-fulfilling]] [[sacred tree|divine tree]] in religions like [[Hinduism]], [[Jainism]], and [[Buddhism]]. In Buddhism, another term, ''ratnavṛkṣa'' (jeweled tree)'','' is also common''.'' Its earliest descriptions are mentioned in [[Sanskrit]] literature. It is also a popular theme in [[Jain cosmology]] and [[Buddhism]].

The Kalpavriksha originated during the [[Samudra manthan|Samudra Manthana]] or the "churning of the [[ocean of milk|ocean]]" along with [[Kamadhenu]], the divine cow, providing for all needs. The king of the gods, [[Indra]], returned with this tree to his paradise. Kalpavriksha is also identified with many trees such as parijata (''[[Nyctanthes arbor-tristis]]''), ''[[Ficus benghalensis]]'', ''[[Acacia]]'', ''[[Madhuca longifolia]]'', ''[[Prosopis cineraria]]'', ''[[Diploknema butyracea]]'', and [[mulberry tree]] (''Morus nigra'' tree). The tree is also extolled in iconography and literature.

== History ==
Kalpavriksha is common to the Hindu [[Bhagavatas]], the Jains, and the [[Buddhists]].{{Sfn|Agrawala|2003|p=87}}

=== Hinduism ===
[[File:Sagar mathan (corrected version).jpg|thumb|222x222px|Depiction of a tree– beside the God of Water (bottom centre)– possibly kalpavriksha, that emerged during the Samudra Manthana. Also depicted is Parijata, beside Lakshmi.]]
Kalpavriksha, the tree of life, also meaning "World Tree", finds mention in the [[Vedic scriptures]]. In the earliest account of the [[Samudra manthan|Samudra Manthana]], or the "churning of the ocean of milk". Kalpavriksha emerged from the primal waters during the ocean churning process along with Kamadhenu, the divine cow that bestows all needs. The tree is also said to be the [[Milky Way]] or the birthplace of the stars [[Sirius]]. The king of the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]], Indra, returned with this Kalpavriksha to his abode in paradise and planted it there. The tree also finds mention in the Sanskrit text Mānāsara, part of ''[[Shilpa Shastras]]''.{{Sfn|Toole|2015|p=73}}{{Sfn|Beer|2003|p=19}}

Another story says that Kalpavriksha was located on earth and was transported to Indra's abode after people started misusing it by wishing evil things.{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|p=620}} In Indra's "Devaloka" it is said that there are five Kalpavrikshas, which are called Mandana, [[Parijata]], Santana, Kalpavriksha, and Harichandana, all of which fulfill various wishes.{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|p=620}} Kalpavriksha, in particular, is said to be planted at [[Mt. Meru]] peak in the middle of Indra's five paradise gardens. It is on account of these wish-granting trees that the [[asuras]] waged a perpetual war with the devas as the heavenly gods who exclusively benefited freely from the "divine flowers and fruits" from the Kalpavriksha, whereas the asuras lived comparatively in penury at the lower part of its "trunk and roots". The Parijata is often identified with its terrestrial counterpart, the [[Indian coral tree]] (''Eyrthrina indica''), but is most often depicted like a [[magnolia]] or [[frangipani]] ([[Sanskrit]]: [[Magnolia champaca|champaka]]) tree. It is described as having roots made of gold, a silver [[Trunk (botany)|midriff]], [[lapis lazuli]] boughs, [[coral]] leaves, [[pearl]] flower, [[gemstone]] buds, and [[diamond]] fruit.{{Sfn|Beer|2003|p=19}} It is also said that Ashokasundari was created from a Kalpavriksha tree to provide relief to Parvati from her loneliness.<ref name="Sacred" />

In some versions of [[Hindu mythology]], Shiva and Parvati, after many painful discussions while parting with their daughter [[Aranyani]], gave her away to the divine Kalpavriksha for safekeeping when the demon [[Andhakasura]] waged war. Parvati requested Kalpavriksha to bring up her daughter with "safety, wisdom, health and happiness," and to make her Vana Devi, the protector of forests.{{Sfn|Sivkishen|2015|p=578}}
=== Jainism ===
{{Main article|Jain Cosmology}}

[[File:Kalpavruksha-Wall-Painting-In-Jain-Basadi-Moodbidri.JPG|thumb|alt=Artistic representation of the Kalpavriksha in Jainism. A wall painting of a tree on red backdrop.|Wall painting of Kalpavruksha in [[Saavira Kambada Basadi]], Moodbidri, Karnataka|200x200px]]

[[File:Jain statues in Anwa, Rajasthan 24.jpg|thumb|Idol of 10th Jain [[Tirthankar|Tirthankara]] [[Shitalanatha]] with his symbol of Kalpavriksha below|left|200x200px]]In Jain Cosmology Kalpavrikshas are wish-granting trees which fulfill the desires of people in the initial stages of a world cycle. In initial times children are born in pairs (boy and girl) and don't do any [[Karma in Jainism|karma]].<ref name="Edu">{{cite web|title=Kalchakra |work=Jainism simplified|url=http://www.umich.edu/~umjains/jainismsimplified/chapter06.html|publisher=University of Michigan}}</ref> There are 10 Kalpavrikshas which grant 10 distinct wishes such as an abode to reside, garments, utensils, nourishment including fruits and sweets, pleasant music, ornaments, fragrant flowers, shining lamps and a radiant light at night.<ref name="Edu" />

According to Jain cosmology, in the three ''Aras'' (unequal periods) of the descending arc ([[Avasarpini]]), Kalpavrikshas provided all that was needed, but towards the end of the third ''ara'', the yield from them diminished. Eight types of these trees are described in some texts, each of which provided different objects. Thus from the "Madyanga tree" delicious and nutritious drinks could be obtained; from the "Bhojananga", delicious food; from "yotiranga", light more radiant than the sun and the moon; while from "Dopanga" came indoor light. Other trees provided homes, musical devices, table ware, fine garments, wreaths and scents.{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|p=620}}

The ''[[Tiloya Panatti]]'' give the following list: ''Pananga'', ''Turiyanga'', ''Bhusananga'', ''Vatthanga'', ''Bhoyanga'', ''Alayanga'', ''Diviyanga'', ''Bhayananga'', ''Malanga'', ''Tejanga'' with excellent drinks, music, ornaments, garments, edibles and ready-made dishes, mansions to live in, lamps, utensils and garlands of flowers respectively while the last type, namely ''Tejanga'', seems to be self-luminous, serving the purpose of heavenly luminaries.{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=71}}

=== Buddhism ===
[[File:Besnagar Kalpadruma 2nd century BCE.jpg|thumb|183x183px|Besnagar Kalpadruma]]
In Buddhism a small wish granting tree is depicted decorating the upper part of the "long-life vase" held by "longevity deities" like [[Amitayus]] and [[Ushnishavijaya]]. The goddess [[Śramaṇa|Shramana]] devi holds jeweled branch of Kalpavriksha in her left hand.{{Sfn|Beer|2003|p=19}}

Worship of the ''[[Ficus benghalensis|Nyagrodha tree]]'' as a form of non-human worship is depicted in a Buddhist sculpture at [[Besnagar]].{{Sfn|Gupta|1991|p=48}} This sculpture in Besnagar, also known as Vidisa (Bhilsa), is dated to third century BC and is exhibited in the [[Indian Museum|Calcutta Museum]].{{Sfn|Randhawa|1964|p=10}}

In [[Myanmar]], where [[Theravada Buddhism]] is practiced, the significance of the Kalpavriksha is in the form of an annual ritual known as [[Kathina]] (presenting a robe) in which the [[laity]] present gifts to the monks in the form of money trees.{{Sfn|Padma|2013|p=83}} At the kingdom of [[Ketumati]]'s front gates, it is thought four Kalpavrikshas will spring up from the Earth and provide enough valuables to satisfy all of [[Jambudvīpa]] for years.<ref>{{cite book |last=Maddegama |first=Udaya |title=Sermon of the Chronicle-to-be |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Eua4CFFGBoC |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |year=1993 |pages=32}}</ref>

== Identification with trees ==
[[File:Kalpvriksh Bilara Jodhpur Rajasthan.jpg|thumb|Kalpavriksha Tree at Bilara, Rajasthan]]In different states of India some trees are specifically referred to as the Kalpavriksha. These are stated below.

Mahura tree (''[[Madhuca longifolia]]'') in Maharashtra, India holds an important place in the day-to-day life of the tribal people. It is like the Kalpavriksha wish tree called madhu (''[[Madhuca indica]]'').{{Sfn|Rastogī|2008|p=46}}

The banyan tree (''[[Ficus benghalensis]]''), also called ''Nyagrodha'' tree, which grows throughout the country is referred to as Kalpavriksha or Kalpataru because of its ability to amply provide for human needs.{{Sfn|Jha|2013|p=83}}{{Sfn|Gupta|1991|p=48}}

The coconut tree (''[[Cocos nucifera]]'') found in most regions of the country is called "Kalpavriksha", as every part of it is useful in one way or the other. The coconut water inside the nut is a delicious drink. In dried form it is called [[copra]] and is used to manufacture oil. The coconut husk, called coir, is used to make rope. Leaves are used to make huts, fans, mats. [[Palm sugar]] is made from budding flower. The dried midrib is used to make boats.<ref>{{cite book|title=Allied S Environmental Education For Class 6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oNuop3Y2GIUC&pg=PT18|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-8424-065-8|page=18}}</ref>

[[Ashwatha]] tree (sacred fig tree) is also known as Kalapvriksha where the deities and Brahma are stated to reside, and it is where sage Narada taught the [[rishis]] on the procedure for worshipping the tree and its usefulness.{{Sfn|Samarth|Kendra|2008|p=173}}

Shami tree (''[[Prosopis cineraria]]''), found in desert areas of the country, called in local dialect as ''Ajmer'' or ''jaant'' is called Kalpavriksha. In [[Rajasthan]] desert area its roots go deep to a depth of {{Convert|17|–|25| m}}. This checks the erosion of the sandy soil of the desert. For this reason the tree stays green even during drought conditions. People of Rajasthan hence regard this tree as Kalpavriksha, because in times of drought when no grass or fodder can be found the animals are sustained by eating its green leaves.{{Sfn|Rastogī|2008|p=53}}

''Chyur tree'' grows in the high altitudes of the [[Himalayas]] at an altitude between 500 and 1000 m. Known as the Indian butter tree (''[[Diploknema butyracea]]''), it is called a Kalpavriskha, or tree of paradise by the people of the mountainous region as it yields [[honey]], [[jaggery]], and [[ghee]]. Its canopy grows in the shape of an umbrella.{{Sfn|Rastogī|2008|p=25}}

In [[Joshimath]] in [[Uttarakhand]] a [[Morus (plant)|mulberry tree]], which is said to be 2400 years old, is renowned and revered as the Kalpavriksha as it was the location where, in the 8th century, [[Adi Sankaracharya]] did penance under the tree as he considered it an incarnation of Lord [[Shiva]].<ref name="Limaye">{{cite web|last= Limaye |first= Anita |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2006-06-01/news/27446002_1_temple-kalpavriksh-uttaranchal|title=Visit the 2,400 year old Kalpavriksh|date= 1 June 2006|publisher=The Economic Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003050654/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2006-06-01/news/27446002_1_temple-kalpavriksh-uttaranchal |archive-date=3 October 2015}}</ref> It is also believed that sage [[Durvasa]] meditated under this tree,<ref name="Sacred" /> in Urgam.{{Sfn|Nair|2007|p=65}} The mountain slopes of [[Kailasa]] are stated to have a profusion of Kalpavrikshas.{{Sfn|Nair|2007|p=65}}[[File:Kalpvriksha.jpg|thumb|alt=Kalpavriksha in Rajasthan. Two large trees trunks with sacred threads tied to it.|Kalpavriksha in Mangaliyawas (near [[Ajmer]], Rajasthan in India)]]

At Mangaliyawas near [[Ajmer]], Rajasthan, there are two revered trees (Male and Female) which are more than 800 years old, known as Kalpavrikshas. They are worshipped on an [[Amavasya]] day in the Hindu month of [[Shraavana]].<ref name="Sacred">{{cite web|url=http://www.rajforest.nic.in/writereaddata/chapter1-6.pdf|title=Background Context and Observation Recording|work=Sacred Plants|publisher=National Informatics Center Rajasthan Forest Department|pages=23–24|access-date=1 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305231757/http://www.rajforest.nic.in/writereaddata/chapter1-6.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]], there are three Kalpavrikshas. They are at a locality called Hinoo. [[File:Kalpavriksha with Flowers in Ranchi, Jharkhand.jpg|thumb|Kalpavriksha with Flowers in Ranchi, Jharkhand|left]]In Tamil Nadu's culture, ''tala'' (''[[Borassus flabellifer]]'') a variety of Palmyra palm (''[[Borassus]]''), also known as toddy, is referred to as Kalpataru as all its parts have a use. This tree is also native to [[Asia]] and [[South East Asia]], has normally a life span of 100 years, grows up to {{Convert|20|m}} height; its leaves in the shape of a fan are rough texture. The leaves were used for writing in the ancient times.{{Sfn|Jha|2013|p=111}}[[File:Parijat-tree-at-Kintoor-Barabanki-003.jpg|right|thumb|alt=Parijata tree considered a Kalpavruksha, a branch and trunk of the tree is seen.|[[Parijata]] tree at Kintoor, [[Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh|Barabanki]].]]In the [[Harivansh Puraan]], the Parijata, baobab tree, is called a Kalpavriksha, or wish bearing tree, which apart from the village of [[Kintoor]], near [[Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh|Barabanki]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], is believed to be only found in heaven. The tree has mythological link with prince [[Arjuna]] of the [[Pandava|Pandava clan]] who is said to have brought it from heaven. His mother [[Kunti]] after whom the village Kintoor is named used to offer flowers from this tree to worship Lord Shiva. It is also said that Lord [[Krishna]] brought this tree from heaven to please his wife [[Satyabhama]].{{Sfn|Wickens|2008|p=61}}

Kalpalatha is another wish fulfilling tree, a creeper, which was extolled during the later part of the Aryan period. It is said that a person standing below this tree would be blessed with beautiful ornaments, dresses and even unmarried girls.{{Sfn|Randhawa|Mukhopadhyay|1986|p=2}}

In [[Thailand]], pink shower tree (''[[Cassia bakeriana]]'') is also called the Kalpavriksha or Kanlapaphruek in local dialect. It is believed to be the tree of success.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kaset.today/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%89/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B9%8C/|work=Kasettoday|language=thai|title=กัลปพฤกษ์ ไม้มงคลแห่งความสำเร็จ}}</ref>

== Iconography ==
[[File:Cinatamani Lokesvara with a kaprabrikshya (wish-fulfilling tree), view 1, Nepal, 19th century, gilt bronze, semiprecious stones - Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive - DSC04009.JPG|thumb|upright|Cinatamani [[Lokesvara]] with a kaprabrikshya, 19th century, gilt bronze, semiprecious stones]]
In [[iconography]], Kalpavriksha, the wish-fulfilling tree, is painted within a picture of a landscape, decorated with flowers, silks, and suspended with jewellery.{{Sfn|Beer|2003|p=19}} It is a pattern which has a prominent symbolic meaning.{{Sfn|Agrawala|2003|p=87}} Ornamental Kalpavriksha design was a feature that was adopted on the reverse of the coins and sculptures in the [[Gupta period]].{{Sfn|Bajpai|2004|p=152}}

Kalpavriksha is also dated to the [[Dharmachakra]] period of Buddhism. The paintings of this period depicting the tree with various branches and leaves have a female figure painted on its top part. The female figure is painted from mast upwards holding a bowl in her hand. Similar depiction of female figure with tree representing it as presiding deity was a notable feature during the [[Sunga period]] as seen in the image of "Salabhanvka" in the railing pillars.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Journal of the Bihar Purāvid Parishad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wlluAAAAMAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Bihar Puravid Parishad.|page=302}}</ref>

In most paintings of Kalpavriksha Shiva and Parvati are a common feature. It forms a canopy over Shiva. In one painting Paravati is paying obeisance to Lord Shiva with her hands held up in adoration when she is blessed with a stream of water from the Kalpavriksha.{{Sfn|Dehejia|1999|p=96}}

== Literature ==
A Kalpavriksha is mentioned in the Sanskrit work [[Shilpa Shastras|Mānāsara]] as a royal insignia. In [[Hemādri]]'s work ''Caturvargacīntama'', the Kalpavriksha is said to be a tree of gold and gem stones.<ref name="BlenchSpriggs2003">{{cite book|author1=Roger Blench|author2=Matthew Spriggs|title=Archaeology and Language IV: Language Change and Cultural Transformation|url={{google books|plainurl=y |id=NUvnqjutFmoC}}|date=2 September 2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-81623-1}}</ref>

In poetry Kalpavriksha is compared to [[Lakshmi]] as its sister emerging from the sea. It is born to the Naga King Kumuda, the fifth descendant of [[Takshaka]], along with his sister Kumudavati. It emerged from below the bed of the [[Sarayu River (Ayodhya)|Sarayu river]] challenging Kusa considered an incarnation of [[Vishnu]] just in the disguise as a son.{{Sfn|Sivaramamurti|1980|p=74}}

[[Kalidasa]], in his poetry ''[[Meghadūta]]'' epitomizing wish-fulfilling trees found in the capital of the Yaksha king extols the virtues of Kalpavriksha as "the dainties and fineries for the fair women of Alaka, coloured clothes for the body, intoxicating drinks for exciting glances of the eyes, and flowers for decorating the hair and ornaments of various designs".{{Sfn|Cunningham|1962|p=viii}}

== See also ==
* Hindu- Buddhism related
** [[Kalpataru Day]]
** [[Cassia fistula]], the Golden Shower Tree which is special in Thai culture.
** ''[[Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend]]''
* Sacred related
***[[Akshayavata]]
** [[Sacred trees]]
*** [[Bodhi Tree]]
*** [[List of Banyan trees in India|Largest Banyan trees]]
*** [[Sacred groves]]
*** [[Sacred groves of India]]
*** [[Trees in mythology]]
*** [[Tree worship]]
** [[Sacred mountains]]
** [[Sacred natural site]]
** [[River#Sacred|Sacred rivers]]
** [[Sacred site]]
* General
** [[Tree of life]]

== References ==
{{commons}}
=== Notes ===
{{reflist|group=note}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
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{{HinduMythology}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sacred trees in Hinduism]]

Kalpavriksha - Revision history

Chakravarthy at 19:21, 27 January 2026