->Serols at 09:31, 7 November 2021

2021-11-07T09:31:30Z

New page

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kalugumalai
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|9.15|N|77.72|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thoothukudi district|Thoothukudi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 105
| population_total = 14834
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 628552
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kalugumalai''' is a [[panchayat town]] in [[Kovilpatti]] Taluk of [[Thoothukudi district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Kalugumalai is 21 km and 22 km from Kovilpatti and Sankarankovil respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://citypatriots.com/asia/india/tamil-nadu/kalugumalai |title=Archived copy |access-date=20 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150802162602/http://citypatriots.com/asia/india/tamil-nadu/kalugumalai |archive-date=2 August 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The place houses the rockcut [[Kalugasalamoorthy Temple]], monolithic [[Vettuvan Koil]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thoothukudi.tn.nic.in/Kazhugumalai_tour.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=25 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045419/http://www.thoothukudi.tn.nic.in/Kazhugumalai_tour.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and [[Kalugumalai Jain Beds]].

==Geography==
Kalugumalai is located at 9.152962, 77.704386.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/25/Kalugumalai.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Kalugumalai]</ref> It has an average elevation of 105 metres (344 feet). It is strategically located in between Kovilpatti (20 km from kalugumalai) and [[Sankarankoil]] (19 km from kalugumalai) and served as ancient trade route from Kovilpatti to courtallam and sengottai. The village has two parts Kazhugumalai and South Kazhugumalai or kottai kalugumalai

==History==
The hill Kalugumalai ("Hill of the vulture"). Earlier it was known as ''Araimalai'' or ''Thirumalai''. Even before that it was referred as Nechchuram and Tiruneccuram. Some of the epigraphies mentions that there was a palace for the pandya official called Ettimannan. At the foot of the Kalugumalai a large urn-burial cemetery was found. However hundreds of urns were destroyed during limestone quarrying.<ref name="man">{{cite journal | jstor=2790466 | title=Observations Upon Ancient Sites in the Neighbourhood of Kalugumalai, Madras Presidency | author=L. A. Cammiade | author-link=L. A. Cammiade | journal=Man |date=October 1930 | volume=30 | pages=187–189}}</ref> Opposite to [[Kalugasalamoorthy Temple]] there is a small palace which served as local residence of Raja of [[Ettaiyapuram]].<ref name="Divine Marriage"/>

The place was the scene of [[Kalugumalai riots of 1895]], when ten people were killed in caste clashes.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Kalugumalai had a population of 14,834. Males constitute 49% of the population and females 51%. Kalugumalai has an average literacy rate of 70%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 78%, and female literacy is 63%. In Kalugumalai, 9% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Landmarks==
There are three Temples in Kalugumalai and a Church.
===Kalugumalai Jain Beds===
[[Kalugumalai Jain Beds]] are many [[rock relief]] sculptures dating to the 8th-9th century A.D. in the area, including the rock cut image of [[Bhagawan]] Parshwanatha flanked by two [[Yaksha]], as well as many other rock cut images of other [[tirthankaras]].
[[File:Jaina abode Kalugumalai.JPG|thumb|600px|centre|A portion of Jain rock cut images]]
The area is known for the Jain cave temple and architecture. There are a number of Jain images with labels in [[vattezhuthu]] script. The epigraphs mentions the name of the donors of the figures, of the provisions made for the offerings, etc. The main deity of the hill was called ''Araimalai Alwar''. The other figures were caused to be made by the followers of Jain faith from a number of villages nearby. The sculptures were caused to be made in memory of the departed souls. There are approximately one hundred and fifty relief sculptures. Among the donors were the carpenters, potters, smiths, cultivators and other workers.<ref>{{cite journal | url=http://www.soas.ac.uk/research/publications/journals/ijjs/file60307.pdf | title=DEMARCATING SACRED SPACE: THE JINA IMAGES AT KALUGUMALAI | author=Lisa N. Owen | journal=International Journal of Jaina Studies | year=2010 | volume=6 | issue=4 | pages=1–28}}</ref> A number of others were high ranking persons bearing the titles of Enadi, Etti and Kavidi. Provisions are also recorded for expounding Jain siddhanta a Gunasagara bhattara a great Jain ascetic lived here. The sculptures and the epigraphs are to be assigned to the reign of Pandya, Parantaka Nedunjadaiya (A.D. 768-800). From different epigraphies it is found that they belong to different era and the place became extinct after the 13th century due to loss of Patronage after Pandya kings.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/article2260793.ece | title=Jain monastery at Kazhugumalai | date=20 July 2011 | agency=The Hindu | access-date=29 August 2012 | author=V. VEDACHALAM}}</ref>

[[File:Vettuvan Koil.JPG|thumb|Vettuvan Koil]]
===Vettuvan Koil===
[[Vettuvan Koil]] ({{lang-en| a Sculptor's paradise}}) is a Hindu temple built between the 8th and 9th century. Kalugumalai is a priceless unfinished [[Pandyan]] [[monolith]] cave temple, part of the iconographic richness that helped chronicle the burgeoning richness of the Tamil culture, traditions, and sacred centres containing religious art.<ref name="rockcut">{{cite book
| first= K.V. Soundara| last= Rajan| year= 1998| title= Rock-cut Temple Styles'| publisher=Somaily Publications| location=Mumbai, India| isbn= 978-81-7039-218-7| page= 7}}</ref> About 7.5 meter of the mountain is excavated in a rectangular fashion and in the middle the temple is sculpted from a single piece of rock. The carvings reflect the southern temple style of the [[Pandya]] era. Only the top portion of the temple is completed. The temple has an entrance and centre hall for the main deity. In the later days Ganesha's idol is kept and worshipped. At the top of the temple beautiful sculpture of Uma Maheswarar, [[Dakshinamoorthy]], Vishnu and [[Brahma]] can be found. This temple is of same style of Kailasnath temple in [[Ellora]], structural shrines at Pattadakal in [[Bijapur, Karnataka|Bijapur]], monolithic temples of [[Pallavas]] at [[Mamallapuram]] showing the close political relationship between Pallavas, [[Chalukyas]] and [[Rashtrakutas]].<ref name=man/> There are around 122 sculptures in the rock cut temple. The intricately carved statues are from fine granite.<ref>{{cite news | title=KAZHUGUMALAI | date=16 October 2012 | agency=The Times of India | location=Chennai | pages=5}}</ref> here another one temple is famous Sri Ananthamma kovil
[[File:Kazhugumalai temple.jpg|thumb|Kazhugasalamoorthy Murugan temple facade]]Kalugasalamoorthy temple
===Kalugasalamoorthy Temple===
[[Kalugasalamoorthy Temple]]'s main deity is Murugan. The main deity hall and entrance hall is excavated inside the foothills of Kalugumalai in the south western corner of the hill and with external structural additions. The temple has many aesthetic sculptures. The temple dates to the 18th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kalugumalai.com/|title=Homepage of Kalugumalai|access-date=2007-02-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.indoarch.org/place.php?placelink=R%3D5%2BS%3D19%2BP%3D278%2BM%3D1144|title=Vattuvan Koil (temple)|publisher=indoarch.org
|access-date=2007-02-09}}</ref> The main deity is Lord Murugan with his wife Deivanai. The temple complex also has shrines of Shiva, [[Akilandeswari]], Vinayakar and many lesser deities.<ref name="Divine Marriage">{{cite journal | title=Divine Marriage in a South Indian Temple | author=Anthony Good | journal=Mankind |date=December 1989 | volume=19 | issue=3 | pages=181–197 | doi=10.1111/j.1835-9310.1989.tb00107.x}}</ref>

===Ayyanar Temple===
Ayyanar temple is located on the Kalugumalai hill adjacent to the historical Jain carvings at the hill. The holy tree of this Ayyanar temple is a Banyan Tree. The Sanctorum of the temple is within a natural cavern. There are three bas-reliefs of Tirthankaras near the Ayyanar image.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

Ayyanar Kovil at Kalugumalai is located ar 9°09'07.2"N 77°42'13.7"E OR 9.151995,77.703815

This temple Devotees have to climb several stone steps in the hill to reach this temple. The other prominent landmarks near this temple are Ambal Oorani, Kalugasalamoorthy temple and Vettuvan temple.

People worship Ayyanar by offering sacrifices to him. As the Jain monuments located adjacent to this temple have been declared as a protected monument due to which certain restrictions have been put in the near by areas. One can see a sign installed by the Archaeological survey of India stating that sacrifices should not be made here.

===Our Lady Of Lourdes Church===
Our Lady Of Lourdes Church is the biggest Roman Catholic Church in the vicinity. This church is more than 100 years old and is adorned with two tall steeples in the front entrance. This church has over 3000 members who gather there every week for prayers and are also actively involved in community activities. A primary school named as St. Mary's Primary School managed by this church is located adjacent to it.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://citypatriots.com/asia/india/tamil-nadu/kalugumalai/our-lady-of-lourdes |title=Archived copy |access-date=20 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722215507/http://citypatriots.com/asia/india/tamil-nadu/kalugumalai/our-lady-of-lourdes |archive-date=22 July 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Trade==
Kalugumalai, along with surrounding villages, specializes in the manufacturing of [[safety matches]].{{citation needed|date=November 2018}} There are hundreds of small scale industries involved in this trade, supported by the dry climatic condition and skilled labor available.{{citation needed|date=November 2018}} Grocery business is another one doing in large scale.{{citation needed|date=November 2018}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.soas.ac.uk/research/publications/journals/ijjs/file60307.pdf Demarcating sacred space: The Jina images at Kalugumalai]

{{Wikivoyage|Kalugumalai}}

{{Commons category}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Thoothukudi district]]
[[Category:Jain rock-cut architecture]]
[[Category:Rock reliefs in India]]

Kalugumalai - Revision history

->Serols at 09:31, 7 November 2021