ThanhBertie49 at 05:08, 18 January 2025

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{{Short description|Medieval Indian inscriptions}}
[[Image:Kamarupa-inscriptions-findspots.png|thumb|right|350px|The findspots of inscriptions<ref>{{Harvcol|Lahiri|1991|pp=26–28}}</ref> associated with the Kamarupa kingdom give an estimate of its geographical location and extent.]]
The '''Kamarupa inscriptions''' are a number of 5th-century to early 13th-century rock, copper plate and clay seal inscriptions associated with the rulers and their subordinates of the [[Kamarupa]] region. The common language of these inscriptions is [[Sanskrit]]. The earliest of these inscriptions, the [[Umachal rock inscription|Umachal]] and [[Nagajari-Khanikargaon rock inscription|Nagajari-Khanikargaon]] rock inscriptions, belong to the 5th century and written in a script which was nearly identical to the eastern variety of the [[Gupta script]].<ref>{{Harv|Lahiri|1991|pp=58-59}}</ref> There is a steady evolution in the script over the centuries, and last of the scripts, for example the Kanai-boroxiboa inscription using a proto-Assamese script.<ref>{{Harv|Lahiri|1991|pp=57-58}}</ref> The script in this period is called the [[Kamarupi script]], which continues development as the Medieval Assamese script from the 13th to the 19th century and emerges as the modern [[Assamese alphabet|Assamese script]].
[[Image:Valavarman_III_nagaon_copper_plate.png|right|thumb|350px|{{center|9th-century Nagaon Copper Plate Inscription of Valavarman III. Text: ''trailokya vijaya tuṅga yenāpahṛtaṃ yaśo mahendrasya Kāmarūpe jitakāmarūpaḥ prāgjyotiṣākhyaṃ puramadhyuvāsa rājāprajāraṇjana labdhavarṇṇo''.}}]]
[[Image:Kanai_Baraxiboa_rock_inscription.png|right|thumb|350px|{{center|''Kanai-boroxiboa'' rock inscription, 1207 CE, shows proto-Assamese script.}}]]
Though the language is Sanskrit, there appear systematic Prakriticisms that indicate an underlying colloquial Indo-Aryan language, called [[Kamarupi Prakrit]].<ref>"... (it shows) that in Ancient Assam there were three languages viz. (1) Sanskrit as the official language and the language of the learned few, (2) Non-Aryan tribal languages of the Austric and Tibeto-Burman families, and (3) a local variety of Prakrit (ie a MIA) wherefrom, in course of time, the modern Assamese language as a MIL, emerged." {{harv|Sharma|1978|pp=0.24-0.28}}</ref>

==List of inscriptions==
The list below is from {{Harv|Lahiri|1991|pp=26-27}}, and the numbers in the list correspond to the ones given in the find spot map.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! Name !! Kind !! Ruler !! Date !! Find spot !! Find Year
|-
| 1 || [[Umachal rock inscription|Umachal]] || Rock || Surendravarman || 5th century || Nilachal Hills, Guwahati
|
|-
| 2 || [[Nagajari-Khanikargaon rock inscription|Nagajari-Khanikargaon]] || Rock || - || 5th century || Khanikargaon, Golaghat
|
|-t
| 3 || Barganga || Rock || Bhutivarman || 6th century || Barganga river, Nagaon
|
|-
| 4 || [[Dubi copperplate inscription|Dubi]] || Copper plate || Bhaskarvarman || 7th century || Dubi village, Kamrup
|
|-
| 5 || [[Nidhanpur copperplate inscription|Nidhanpur]] || Copper plate || Bhaskarvarman || 7th century || Nidhanpur village, Sylhet, Bangladesh
|
|-
| 6 || Nalanda || Clay seals || Bhaskarvarman || 7th century || Nalanda, site-1, monastery 1
|
|-
| 7 || Sankara Narayana || Image || Sri Jivara || 8th century || Deopani, Golaghat
|
|-
| 8 || Hari-Hara || Image || Diglekhavarman || 8th century || Deopani, Golaghat
|
|-
| 9 || Tezpur || Rock || Harjaravarman || 830 CE || Tezpur
|
|-
| 10 || Hayunthal || Copper plate || Harjaravarman || 9th century || Hayunthal, Karbi Hills
|
|-
| 11 || Deopani Vishnu || Image || - || 9th century || Deopani, Golaghat
|
|-
| 12 || Tezpur || Copper plate || Vanamalavarmadeva || 9th century || Tezpur
|
|-
| 13a || Parbatiya || Copper plate || Vanamalavarmadeva || 9th century || Parbatiya village, Tezpur
|
|-
| 13b || Kaliabor || Copper plate || Vanamalavarmadeva || 9th century || Dighali village, Nagaon
|
|-
| 14 || Uttarbarbil || Copper plate || Balavarman III || 9th century || Uttarbarbil village, Karbi Hills
|
|-
| 15 || Ulubari || Copper plate || Balavarman III || 9th century || Ulubari village, Darrang
|
|-
| 16 || Nagaon || Copper plate || Balavarman III || 9th century || Sutargaon village, Nagaon
|
|-
| 17 || Bargaon || Copper plate || Ratnapala || 1035 CE || Naharhabi village, Tezpur
|
|-
| 18 || Suwalkuci || Copper plate || Ratnapala || 1036 CE || Suwalkuci village, Kamrup
|
|-
| 19 || Coratbari || Copper plate || Ratnapala || 11th century || Coratbari village, Nagaon
|
|-
| 20 || Gauhati || Copper plate || Indrapala || 1058 || Barpanara village, Kamrup
|
|-
| 21 || Guwakuci || Copper plate || Indrapala || 1071 || Guwakuci village, Nalbari
|
|-
| 22 || Gachtal || Copper plate || Gopalavarman || 1080 || Gachtal village, Nagaon
|
|-
| 23 || Subhankarapataka || Copper plate || Dharmapala || 12th century || (not known)
|
|-
| 24 || Pushpabhadra || Copper plate || Dharmapala || 12th century || Pushpabhadra river bed, North Guwahati
|
|-
| 25 || Khonamukh || Copper plate || Dharmapala || 12th century || Khonamukh village, Nagaon
|
|-
| 26 || Kamauli || Copper plate || Vaidyadeva || 1142 || Kamauli, Uttar Pradesh
|
|-
| 27 || Assam || Copper plate || Vallabhadeva || 1185 || Tezpur
|
|-
| 28 || Kanai-Boroxiboa || Rock || (not known) || 1206 || North Guwahati
|
|-
| 29 || Ambari || Stone || Samudrapala || 12th-13th centuries || Guwahati
|
|-
| 30 || Gachtal || Pillar || (not known) || 12th-13th centuries || Gachtal, Nagaon
|
|-
| 31 || Surya || Image || (not known) || 9th century || Kaki, Nagaon
|
|-
| 32 || Gauhati || Copper bell || Srikumara || 8th century || Guwahati
|
|-
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book
|last=Bora
|first=Mahendra
|title=The Evolution of Assamese Script
|publisher=[[Axom Xahitya Xabha|Assam Sahitya Sabha]]
|year=1981
|location=Jorhat, Assam}}
* {{cite book
|last=Lahiri
|first=Nayanjot
|title=Pre-Ahom Assam: Studies in the Inscriptions of Assam between the Fifth and the Thirteenth Centuries AD
|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt Ltd
|year=1991
|location=Delhi}}
* {{cite book
|last= Sharma
|first=Mukunda Madhava
|title=Inscriptions of Ancient Assam
|publisher=[[Gauhati University]]
|year=1978
|location=Guwahati, Assam}}
{{refend}}
[[Category:Kamarupa inscriptions| ]]
[[Category:Indian inscriptions]]

Kamarupa inscriptions - Revision history

ThanhBertie49 at 05:08, 18 January 2025