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{{About||the 2017 film|Kambhoji (film)}}
{{short description|Janya raga of Carnatic music}}
{{cleanup rewrite|date=May 2011}}
{{Carnatic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}

'''Kambhoji''' or '''Kambodhi''' <ref>({{lang-kn|ಕಾಂಭೋಜಿ}}) The Raga is pronounced as Kambhoji as well as Kambhodi and also Kambhoji in south-western and southern India but as Kamboji in northern India where the term Kamboji carries a paisachi influence of the north-west frontiers.</ref> is a popular Raga in Carnatic Music. It is classified as a derived raga from 28th [[Melakartha]], [[Harikambhoji]].

==Scale==
The scale of Kambhoji is

Ascending: S R2 G3 M1 P D2 S

Descending: S N2 D2 P M1 G3 R2 S (N3 P D2 S)

Usage of "n3" in phrase "npds" makes Kambhoji a bhashanga raga (a raga that includes notes other than what is in the parent raga).

==Medieval era==
There are numerous references to [[Raga]] or Ragini called Kambhoji in ancient Indian musical traditions. Narada's ''Sangita Makaranda'' (7th to 8th century AD) broadly classifies Ragas into eight subsets and includes three raginis in each subset. In this scheme of classification, Narada accepts raga Kambhoji as a mode of ''Shri raga'', the first subset of his scheme of classification.<ref>Ragas and Raginis, Appendix 4, pp 179-80, O.P Ganguli</ref> Ramaditya, the author of ''Swara-Mela Kalanidhi'' (1550 AD) has accepted 20 ''melas'' and has accommodated 64 ''Jana-ragas'' among the ''melas''. In this scheme of classification, the twentieth mela is Kambhoji under which come the Jana-ragas like Kambhoji.<ref>Appendix 17, pp 197-98, O.P Ganguli</ref> ''Ragamala'' of Pundrikavitthala classifies ragas into six divisions with each group having several raginis and ragas imagined to be their spouses and sons. Thus the ragini Kambhoji is assumed to be one among the several spouses of raga ''Nat-Narayana''.<ref>Appendix 18, pp 199-200, O.P Ganguli</ref> ''Chatravarishach.chhat-Raga Nirupanam'' authored by Narada (1525-50 AD) lists ten main ragas and accepts the Kambhoji as the spouse of seventh raga called ''Raga Nata-Narayana''.<ref>Appendix 19, pp 201-04, O.P Ganguli</ref> ''[[Chaturdandi Prakashika]]'' authored by [[Venkatamakhin]] (also known as Venkateshwara Dikshit, ~1660 AD) assumes 19 melas and lists the Kambhoji, Kedaragaula and Narayanagaula as the Janya ragas under mela Kambhoji.<ref>Appendix 24, p 209, O. P. Ganguli.</ref> The ''Anupa-Sangit-Ratanakar'' by Sangit Acharya Bhava-Bhata lists 20 ragas as being fundamental ragas. The third raga of his scheme, called Kedar Raga, includes more than a dozen of raginis----the seventh being the well known Kambhoji.<ref>Appendix 26, p 211, O. P. Ganguli</ref> Raja Tulaji, the ruler of Tanjore (1763-87 AD) has written a well known book on musicology known as ''Sangit-Saramritoddhar''. Raja Tulaji assumes 21 Janakmelas and includes Kambhoji and [[Yadukulakamboji|Yadukul-Kambhoji]] as the ''Jana ragas'' under the eighth ''Janaka-mela'' of his scheme of classification.<ref>Appendix 26, p 213, O.P. Ganguli</ref>

==Matanga’s ancient reference to raga Kamboji==
Most of the references above are comparatively recent but this should not be taken to mean that raga Kambhoji is also of recent origin. Reference to this raga as Thakkesi is in the ancient Tamil epic Cilappatikaram which is referred by the Sanskrit name kamboji. ''Brihaddesi'' authored by Sangit Acharya Matanga Muni (500-700 AD) is the most important work between ''Natyashastra'' (2nd century BC) and ''Sangita Makarand'' (7th to 8th century AD).<ref>pp 16-18, O. P. Ganguli</ref> Sage Matanga probably hailed from south India. This Brihaddesi work is dated between 5th and 7th century AD but unfortunately it is incomplete. Portions of it appear to have lost down the road. Matanga's Brihaddeshi is the first major and available text to describe the Ragas as we understand them today. Sangit Acharya Matanga informs us that "a classical melody (Raga) can not be composed of four notes or less. But the melodies used by the [[tribe]]s such as the Sabara, [[Pulinda]], [[Kambojas|Kamboja]], [[Vanga Kingdom|Vanga]], [[Kirata]], [[Bactria|Vahlika]], [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]], [[Dravidian people|Dravida]] and the ''Vanachra'' (forest dwelling) [[clan]]s or [[tribe]]s are an exception which contain four svaras or notes".<ref>See also: Folk-lore, p 63.</ref><ref>Studies in Musicology, 1983, p 93, Ramanlal Chhotalal Mehta, Indian Musicological Society.</ref><ref>Also see: Indian Music, 1973, p 7, Bigamudre Chaitanya Deva.</ref><ref>Historical Development of Indian Music: A Critical Study, 1973, 136, Swāmī Prajñānānanda, Prajnanananda.</ref><ref>A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF RAGA-RASA RELATIONSHIP, p 18, Mohammad Zafar Iqbal, online article - sanjannagar.org.</ref>

==Classification according to gender==
Sangita Makaranda also classifies the ragas according to their gender i.e. Male Ragas, Female Ragas (i.e., Raginis) and Neuter Ragas. According to Narada, the Male Ragas depict emotions of Raudra (anger), Veera (heroic) and Bhayanaka (fearful); the Female Ragas represent sentiments of Shringara (romantic and erotic), Hasya (humorous) and Karuna (sorrow); while the Neuter Ragas represent emotions of Vibhatsa (disgustful), Adbhuta (amazement) and Shanta (peaceful).

Each raga is principally dominated by one of these nine rasas or sentiments, although the performer can also bring out other emotions in a less prominent way. The more closely the notes of a raga conform to the expression of one single idea or emotion, the more overwhelming the effect of the raga.

Since the Raga Kambhoji has been classified as Female Raga (i.e., Ragini), this Raga is particularly suitable in conveying the sentiments of Shringara (romantic and erotic), Hasya (humorous) and Karuna (pathos).

== Popular compositions ==
There are many compositions set to Kambhoji rāgam, and it is one of the primary ragas in Carnatic music.

*''Devi Ni Padasarasamule by'' [[Shyama Shastri|Shyama Sastri]]
*''O Rangasayi'', ''Maa Janaki'' and ''Evari Mata'' by Tyagaraja
* ''Kamalambikayai, Shri Subrahmanyaya Namaste'' and ''Marakathavallim'' by [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]]
* ''Sarasijanabha (Varnam)'' by [[Swathi Thirunal]]
* ''Kanakan Kodi Vendum'' by [[Papanasam Sivan]]
* ''Emayya rama'' by [[Bhadrachala Ramadasu]]

Tamil Film song "Aadiya Paadhangal Ambalathil" song from the movie [[Oorukku Uzhaippavan]] composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]] is set in Kambhoji Ragam.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

*''Majestic Kambhoji'': [http://www.carnatica.net/special/kambhoji-ppn.htm]
*''Khambaj Raga'': [http://www.musicalnirvana.com/raga/hindustani/h_khamaj.html]
*''Commentary on Sri Subrahmanyaya Namaste'': [http://www.carnaticcorner.com/articles/srisubramanya_translated.htm]
*''CAC Newsletter Notes on Yadukulakambhoji by Dr. V V Srivatsa'': [http://www.carnatica.net/newsletter/ykambhojinewsletter.htm]
*''An Introduction To Indian Classical Music - Ancient History'': [http://www.musicalnirvana.com/introduction/ancient_history.html]

==Further reading==
*Ragas and Raginis, O. P. Ganguli
*Amīr Khusrau: Memorial Volume, 1975, p 35, Amīr Khusraw Dihlavī.
*A Study of Dattilam: A Treatise on the Sacred Music of Ancient India, 1978, Mukunda Lāṭha, Dattila
*Hindu Polity, Part I & II, 1978, Dr K. P. Jayswal
*Invasion of Alexander, J. W. McCrindle
*Indian Music: History and Structure, 1974, Emmie and Nijenhuis
*Comparative Aesthetics, Eastern and Western, 1974, Gandur Hanumantha Rao
*The Image of the Barbarian, Ancient Indian Social History: Some Interpretations, 2006
*Image of the Barbarian in Early India, Comparative Study & History, Vol 13, No 4, Oct 1971, Dr Romila Thapar *Encyclopaedia of Indian Culture, 1984, p 1206, Rajaram Narayan Saletore;
*Studies in Indian Music, 1962, p 168, Tirupasoor Venkata Subba Rao
*Ragas and Raginis, pp 72–77, O. P. Ganguli;
*The Language of the Gods in the World of Men; Sanskrit Culture, and Power in Pre-Mauryan India, Ch 8, p 299, Sheldon Pollock
*The Historical Development of Indian Music: A Critical Study, 1973, Prajnanananda, Swāmī Prajñānānanda

{{Melakarta ragas|state=collapsed}}
{{Janya}}
{{Indian Music}}

[[Category:Janya Ragas]]

Kambhoji - Revision history

CleanupBot II at 08:12, 14 August 2023