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{{short description|Historical region in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
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| mark-title2 = [[Narasaraopet]]
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'''Kammanadu''' (or '''Kamma-nadu''', also '''Kamma-rashtra''') is a historical region in the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It consisted of parts of the present day [[Guntur district|Guntur]] and [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]] districts.

According to historian and geographer K. Iswara Dutt, Kammanadu consisted of the [[Narasaraopet mandal|Narasaraopet]], [[Sattenapalle]], [[Bapatla mandal|Bapatla]] and [[Ongole mandal|Ongole]] taluks, including the villages of the [[Addanki]] area. It was bounded by [[Srisailam]] in the west, [[Palnadu]] and [[Velanadu]] in the north, the [[Gundlakamma river]] in the south and the [[Bay of Bengal]] in the east.<ref>{{citation |last=General |first=India. Office of the Registrar |title=Census of India, 1961 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hs4cAQAAMAAJ |year=1964 |publisher=Manager of Publications|at=p. 13 (item 11)}}</ref> The erstwhile [[Vinukonda]] taluk and the [[Chirala mandal|Chirala]] taluk are also often included, which are anyway indicated by the boundary at the Gundlakamma river.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{citation |title=Census of India, 1991: Prakasam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJ0UAQAAMAAJ |year=1995 |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|page=8}}</ref><ref name=Talbot>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C&q=Velanadu |title=Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra |last=Talbot |first=Cynthia |date=2001-09-20 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-803123-9 |page=278 |language=en}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
According to one theory, Kammanadu derived its name from the Gundlakamma river, which is a prominent river between the [[Krishna river|Krishna]] and [[Pennar|Penna]] rivers in coastal Andhra.<ref>{{citation |last=Ganapathi |first=Racharla |title=Subordinate Rulers In Medieval Deccan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SUNuAAAAMAAJ |year=2000 |publisher=Bharatiya Kala Prakashan |isbn=978-81-86050-53-8 |pages=90–91}}: "''Kammanadu'': This region should have acquired its name from the river Gundlakamma. The Kammanadu {{sic|comprised |hide=y|of}} the area around Narasaraopet taluq of Guntur district of the east of Srikakulam in Krishna district..."</ref> "Kamma" in this context means a stream or river.<ref>{{citation |last=Lincoln |first=Bommala Abraham |title=A study of place-names of Bāpaṭla Taluk: a study on onomastics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FehHAAAAMAAJ |year=1992 |publisher=B. Subhashini |page=118}}: "Here, Kamma indicates a stream. Cf: Gundlakamma: Prakasam District; Perakamma: a big Kamma, River Krishna"</ref> According to another theory, Kammanadu was the region between Gundlakamma and ''Pērakamma'' (the "big river", perhaps the Krishna river).<ref name=Vemuri>{{citation |last1=Vemuri |first1=V. Rao |title=Telugu English Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5g2fNL8GZWkC |year=2003 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1637-0}}: "''Kammanadu'': the region between the rivers Gundlakamma and Perakamma rivers in Guntur and Prakasam districts of Andhra Pradesh"</ref> However, the [[Tenali mandal|Tenali]] and [[Repalle mandal|Repalle]] taluks of the Guntur district, closer to the Krishna river, are referred to as [[Velanadu]]. They are not generally regarded as part of Kammanadu.<ref name=Talbot/> The modern town of [[Guntur]] is likely to have been at the edge of Kammanadu.<ref name=Vemuri/>

== History ==
Between the seventh and thirteenth centuries AD, Kammanadu was ruled by a branch of the [[Telugu Cholas]] with their capital at [[Konidena]] (which is now a small village).<ref>{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook: Prakasam |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2818_PART_B_DCHB_PRAKASAM.pdf |website=Census of India 2011 |accessdate=3 July 2016 |pages=9–11}}</ref>

== Ethnicity ==
The people that emigrated from Kammanadu were referred to as belonging to a ''kammakula'' (kamma community) . Prominent among them were the general Vennaya-bhatta of the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukya]] emperor [[Vikramaditya V]] (r. 1008–1015), and generals Sarvadeva and Chamundaraya of [[Vikramaditya VI]] (r. 1076–1126).<ref>{{citation |title=Sri Venkateswara University Oriental Journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NABuAAAAMAAJ |year=1993 |publisher=Sri Venkatesvara University, Oriental Research Institute |pages=153–154}}</ref> Terms such as ''kamma-brahmana'', ''kamma-komati'', ''kamma-sreshti'' and ''kamma-kapu'' are also attested in inscriptions as descriptions of people. The famous poet [[Adikavi Pampa|Pampa]] (902–941), the author of ''Pampa Bharata'' in [[Kannada language|Kannada]], was referred to as a ''kamma-brahmana''.<ref>{{citation |last=Pramila |first=Kasturi |title=Economic and social conditions of Āndhra Deśa, A.D. 1000 to 1323 A.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xOrsAAAAMAAJ |date=1 January 2002 |publisher=Bharatiay Kala Prakashan |page=189}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last1=Sarma |first1=M Somasekhara |last2=Sōmaśēkharaśarma |first2=Mallampalli |title=History of the Reddi Kingdoms (circa. 1325 A.D. to Circa 1448 A.D.) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=diYLAQAAIAAJ |year=1948 |publisher=Andhra University |page=278}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last1=Nāgabhūṣaṇaśarma |first1=Modali |last2=Sastry |first2=Mudigonda Veerabhadra |last3=Śēṣagirirāvu |first3=Cīmakurti |title=History and culture of the Andhras |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HTluAAAAMAAJ |year=1995 |publisher=Telugu University |page=80|isbn=9788186073070 }}</ref>

The prominent [[Kamma (caste)|Kamma community]] of present day is believed to be derived from the ''kamma-kapus'', i.e., [[Kapu (caste)|Kapus]] (agricultural families) of Kammanadu.<ref>{{citation |last=Sastry |first=P. V. Parabrahma |title=Rural Studies in Early Andhra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YvPZAAAAMAAJ |year=1996 |publisher=V.R. Publication |page=59}}</ref>

==Inscriptions==
Various historic inscriptions referring to the region have been found. A reference to ''Karmarashtram'' appears in the inscriptions of the Ikshvaku king Madhariputra Purushadatta (3rd century A.D) found at Bethavolu (Jaggayyapeta).<ref>Burgess, J. 1886, Buddhist Stupas of Amaravathi and Jaggayyapeta, Madras Presidency, Archaeological Survey of India, p. 110.</ref> Later ones include the inscription of the Pallava king Kumara Vishnu II, son of Buddha Varma found in the village of Chendaluru, and one of the Eastern Chalukya king Mangi Yuvaraja (627-696 AD) written in [[Sanskrit]].{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}

In the inscriptions ascribed to period from the 3rd to the 11th century AD, the words ''Kammarashtram'', ''Kammaratham'', ''Kammakaratham'', ''Karmarashtram'', ''Karmakaratham'', ''Karmakarashtram'' and ''Kammakarashtram'' were used interchangeably. The subsequent inscriptions of Telugu Chodas and [[Kakatiya]]s mentioned ''Kammanadu''; for example, the Konidena inscription of Tribhuvana Malla from 1146.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}

Some of the important inscriptions relating to Kammanadu are:
* Epigraphica Indica, Vol VIII, pp. 233–236 (Chandaluru copper plate inscription of Kumara Vishnu)
* Epigraphica Indica, Vol XV, pp. 249–252 (Ongole copper plate inscription of Pallava king Vijaya Skandavarma)
* Epigraphica Indica, Vol XXIV, pp. 137–143 (Chura inscription of Vishnugopa)
* Epigraphica Indica, Vol XVIII, p. 250 (Kopparapu copper plate inscription of Pulakesi II, 7th century CE)
* Epigraphica Indica, Vol XVIII, p. 27 (Aluru inscription of Chalukya king Vikramaditya V, 1011 CE).
* South Indian Inscriptions, Volume 6, Inscriptions 124, 128, 129, 132, 139, 147, and 179.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Andhra Pradesh}}
[[Category:Sub regions of Andhra Pradesh]]

Kammanadu - Revision history

>Citation bot at 08:59, 18 October 2020