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{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kandhamal district
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Odisha|District]] of [[Odisha]]
| image_skyline = Misty Phulbani - DSC 7860.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Misty view of [[Phulbani]]
| image_map = India Odisha Kandhamal district.svg
| coordinates = {{coord|20.47|N|84.23|E|display=inline,title}}
| map_caption = Location in Odisha, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Orissa Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Odisha]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Phulbani]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title = [[District collector|Collector & District Magistrate]]
| leader_name = Brundha D, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| leader_title1 = [[Divisional Forest Officer|Divisional Forest Officer Cum Wildlife Warden]]
| leader_name1 = Vishwanath Neelannavar, [[Indian Forest Service|IFS]]
| leader_title2 = [[Superintendent of Police (India)|Superintendent of Police]]
| leader_name2 = Prateek Singh, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| leader_title3 = [[Kandhamal (Lok Sabha constituency)|MP of Kandhamal]]
| leader_name3 = [[Achyuta Samanta]], ([[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]])
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 8021
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 700
| population_total = 733,110
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=districtcensus/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Odia language|Odia]], [[English language|English]]
| demographics1_title2 = Other Local Language
| demographics1_info2 = [[Kui language (India)|Kui]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 762 0xx
| registration_plate = OD-12
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 0.964 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 65.12%
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Kandhamal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kandhamal]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = 3 {{collapsible list|title={{nbsp}}|082-[[Baliguda (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baliguda(ST)]] 083-[[G. Udayagiri (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|G.Udayagiri(ST)]] 084-[[Phulbani (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Phulbani(ST)]]}}
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Aw]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|1587|mm|in}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|40|°C|°F}}
| blank4_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank4_info_sec2 = {{convert|5|°C|°F}}
| website = {{URL|www.kandhamal.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
{{State of Odisha}}
'''Kandhamal district''' is a district in the [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Odisha]], [[India]]. The district headquarters of the district is [[Phulbani]]. Kandhamal is famous for its local turmeric renowned as 'Kandhamal Haldi' which has earned the [[Geographical indication]] (GI) tag from Intellectual Property India, an organisation functioning under the auspices of the [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)]].<ref>{{cite news
| first = Nirmalya
| last = Behera
| date = 2019
| title = On Foundation Day, Odisha receives GI tag for 'Kandhamal Haldi'
| newspaper = Business Standard
| url = https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/on-foundation-day-odisha-receives-gi-tag-for-kandhamal-haldi-119040101058_1.html
}}</ref> It is the district full with natural beauties includes wild animals and birds.

==History==
The Kandhamal district was created on 1 January 1994 from the former Boudh-Kandhmal district as a result of district reorganization in the state of Odisha. Before that the district was known as Phulbani. It is a tribal-dominated district, where a majority of the people belong to the [[Khonds|Kondh]] (Kandha) tribe.

==Geography==
The district lies between 83.30° E to 84-48° E longitude and 19-34° N to 20-54° latitude. The district headquarters is Phulbani, located in the central part of the district. The other popular{{clarify|date=June 2019}} locations are [[Baliguda]], [[G. Udayagiri]], [[Tikabali]] and [[Raikia]].

The territory is rural, with a number of waterfalls, springs, hill stations, and historical and archaeological places.

* '''Area''': 8,021 km²
* '''Altitude''': 300 to 1100 meter
* '''Rainfall''': {{convert|1597|mm|in}}
* '''Climate''': Minimum temperature (December) {{convert|1|°C|°F}}; maximum temperature (May) {{convert|35|°C|°F}}

A majority of the land area of the district (71%) is forests, and 12% of the land is cultivable. The road connectivity with other districts is poor. Kandhamal is one of the poorest districts in Orissa, ranking 29th out of 30 districts by the [[Human Development Index]].{{sfn|Uma|Grover|2010|p=14}}

==Demographics==

{{historical populations|11=1901|12=2,11,421|13=1911|14=2,39,272|15=1921|16=2,38,206|17=1931|18=2,60,557|19=1941|20=2,84,855|21=1951|22=2,89,182|23=1961|24=3,23,991|25=1971|26=3,93,773|27=1981|28=4,48,914|29=1991|30=5,46,281|31=2001|32=6,48,201|33=2011|34=7,33,110|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=right}}According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Kandhamal district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 733,110,<ref name=districtcensus>
{{cite web | url = http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php | title = District Census 2011 | access-date = 2011-09-30 | year = 2011 | publisher = Census2011.co.in}}
</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Guyana]]<ref name="cia">
{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote=Guyana 744,768}}
</ref> or the US state of [[Alaska]].<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|title=2010 Resident Population Data
|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau
|access-date=2011-09-30
|quote=Alaska 710,231
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817034911/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|archive-date=2011-08-17
}}
</ref> This gives it a ranking of 497th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]). The district has a population density of {{convert| 91 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}. Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 12.92%. Kandhamal has a [[human sex ratio|sex ratio]] of 1037 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males, and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 65.12%.<ref name=districtcensus/>

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 53.15% of the population in the district spoke [[Odia language|Odia]] and 45.65% [[Kui language (India)|Kui]] as their first language.<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html 2011 Census of India, Population By Mother Tongue]</ref>

{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Languages of Kandhamal district in 2011 census
| label1 = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| value1 = 53.15
| color1 = Gold
| label2 = [[Kui language (India)|Kui]]
| value2 = 45.65
| color2 = deepskyblue
| label3 = Others
| value3 = 1.20
| color3 = Grey
}}

A majority of the inhabitants belong to the Kondh tribe, following various religious faiths, who are said to be "proud and aggressive", in the words of a district official.<ref name=bbc/> The Kondhs hold 77% of the cultivable land. Scheduled Tribes make up 53.6% of the population, while Hindu Scheduled Castes make up 15.8% of the population. 20% of the district is made up of Christians, most of whom are also Panos.

Panos (the main Dalit community) hold 9% of the cultivable land. The majority of Panos are Catholics.{{sfn|Uma|Grover|2010|p=14-15}}

== Agriculture ==
Rice is the primary staple food and crop of Kandhamal district. In recent years residents have focused on [[horticulture]], [[sericulture]], [[floriculture]] and other agricultural activities apart from rice. The district is full of flora and fauna. A wide variety of wildflowers like [[orchids]] are found in the dense forests of the district. [[Mango]], mahula (mahua), [[Indian gooseberry]] (amla), [[kendu]], [[meswak]] and [[jackfruit]] are also found in abundance in the wilderness. Bamboo and ''[[Thysanolaena]]'' (broom grass) are collected from the forests of Kandhamal and used or sold. A special pulse known as kandula is native to this district; the Kondh people mostly cultivate it in the hilly forests. The organic [[turmeric]] cultivated in this district is popularly known as 'Kandhamal Haladi' and is renowned for its purity. An organization called Kasam promotes turmeric cultivation in the district. In some areas ginger is also cultivated along with turmeric.

==Culture==

===Festivals===
The people of Kandhamal celebrate many religious festivals from their tribal culture as well as many [[Odia people|Odiya]] festivals.
The Danda Nach is celebrated in the district mainly by the Kondh tribals, following their traditional religion. They observe this for thirteen days in the Hindu month of [[Chaitra]]. People go fasting for all the thirteen days who viewed for the particular boon or for grace from the goddess Kaali. The festival starts on the first of April and closes on the thirteenth day. The closing ceremony is called ''Meru''. Kondhas consume the first mango of the season, only after it has been offered to the goddess Kaali on the evening of Meru.

In the month of January, Kondhs perform worship rituals after harvesting in the villages as per their own convenience. This puja is called ''Sisaa Laka''. In the month of March they perform puja to get blessings from ''Darni Penu'' (the village deity) and ''Saru Penu'' (a mountain deity) to collect the mahula flower and green mangoes as well as the forest products. After offering to the deity, they collect the product to use as food, etc.

In the month of April/May they offer the mohula flower in the form of cakes to the village deity; this is called ''Maranga Laka''. On special occasions ''Kedu Laka'' is done depending on the requirement of the mother earth, which is decided by the village priest, locally called ''Kuta Gatanju''. ''Kedu Laka'' is one of the main occasions among the Kandha tribes in Raikia block; they do ''Kedu Laka'' to eat mangoes of the village.

After the sowing of the crops, to appease the mother earth, puja is performed for good crops at the village deity by the priest called ''Jakera''. This Puja is called ''Bora Laka''. This puja is done in the month of September/October. In the month of November/December new crops are collected; chuda and rice are prepared and made into khiri (rice pudding), which is offered to the village deity, and the villagers eat the new harvest.

The major Hindu festivals like [[Holi]], [[Diwali]], [[Rakshabandhan]], [[Shivratri]], [[Ram Navami]] and [[Janmashtami]] are celebrated by Kondhs and other Hindus in the district with equal fervor. The Hindu month of [[Kartik (month)|Kartik]] is considered sacred by tribal and other Hindu residents of the district; people observe fasting and stay away from non-vegetarian food and alcohol. Nowadays people celebrate the Savan ([[Shravan]]) month by offering their prayers to [[Shiva]] and carrying water to Shiv temples walking barefoot. During Rakshabandhan, village children organize a game called Gamhadiyan, where a small earthen pedestal is created and a string containing toffes is hung over it. Children jump over the pedestal to pluck and win the goodies from the string.

Many of the Khond tribal people converted to [[Protestant Christianity]] in the late 19th century, and they celebrate [[Christmas]] and [[Easter]] as well. Some of the Kondhs follow Islam and Eid; [[Ramadan|Ramzan]] and [[Muharram]] are also celebrated.

The Catholic Panos celebrate Christmas and Easter while the Hindu Panos celebrate all Hindu festivals. There are several Panos who have converted from Catholicism and Hinduism to [[Buddhism]], especially in Raikia and Balliguda, and they celebrate [[Buddha Jayanti]] religious festivals.

There are other small communities of [[Sikhs]] and [[Jains]] who also celebrate their religious festivals.

===Places of interest===
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2019}}
Balaskumpa is a village in this south-east of Kandhmal (Phulbani) Sub-Division situated 20-25’N and 84-21’ at the confluence of two hilly streams, which combine to form the Pilla Salki river. It is {{convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the Phulbani district headquarters, connected by a good road.

Belghar is situated at a height of more than 2,000 feet (609.6 metres) above the sea level in Balliguda sub-division. It is {{convert|70|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Balliguda and 155 km from Phulbani.
The area has a number of mountains, forest and wild animals, especially elephants. It has an Inspection Bungalow of Forest Department, which is built with wooden planks. It is lighted by solar power. Ushabali valley is near the village. Sometimes flocks of peacocks or wild elephants are seen by the roadside.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

Chakapad is situated about 800 ft (243.84 m) from sea level in G. Udayagiri Tahasil. The historical Bhrutanga River originates here.

Another temple dedicated to Lord Anandeswar and Jogeswar (Siva) is located nearby; one big fair is held here on the Sivaratri day. The place is situated in the midst of thick forest.

[[Daringbadi]] is situated at a height of about 3,000 ft (914.4 m) above sea level in Balliguda sub-division. It is {{convert|105|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Phulbani. It can be approached directly from [[Berhampur]]. The place is attractive in the summer season due to its low temperatures.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}} Hill View point has been developed at [[Daringbadi]], where visitors can view the valley.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}} A tourist complex has been built at Daringibadi for accommodation of tourists. Coffee plantations attract visitors to Daringibadi all through the year.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

[[Dungi]] is about 45 km from Phulbani, situated on Phulbani-Berhampur road in G. Udayagiri Tehsil. This is the only archaeological site in Kandhamal district. There was one Buddha Vihar of the 11th century; since it was ruined, Siva temples have come up on the site, excavated during construction of new temples, and are kept in the temple premises. One Buddha statue has been shifted from the nearby area to the [[Odisha State Museum]], [[Bhubaneswar]].

Jalespeta is a valley about 127 km from [[Phulbani]], situated near Tumudibandh. It is the site of a Shiva temple located right between the hilly river rock bed. The banks of the tiny river surprisingly have white sand, which is very rare for this place.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}} This part of the state usually doesn't have such clear white sand, which is common in coastal region river banks and sea shores.

Kalinga Valley (Kalinga Ghaats) is located 48 km away from Phulbani, the district headquarters on the Phulbani – Berhampur National Highway. The valley is famous for [[silviculture]] garden and medicinal plant cultivation.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}} The silviculture garden has [[rubber tree]]s and human-thick bamboo plants.<ref name="Orissa (India). Silviculture Division 1970 p. ">{{cite book | author=Orissa (India). Silviculture Division | title=Annual Research Report | publisher=Chief Conservator of Forests. | year=1970 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Be0oAQAAMAAJ | access-date=2019-07-13 }}</ref>{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

Ludu is located about {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Balliguda in Kotagarh Block and 185 km from Phulbani. It is situated in dense forest inhabited by wild elephants. One fair-weather road leads to the side via Subarngiri. There is a 100-foot (30.5 m) high waterfall.

Mandasaru Kuti is located about 100 km from [[Phulbani]] in the Raikia Block. There is an old church on the outskirts of the village, surrounded by mountains. There is a mountain gorge nearby. Lodging options available.

Pakadajhar is about 30 km from Phulbani town near the village Sudrukumpa, situated on Phulbani-Boudh road in Phulbani Tahasil. The Pakdajhar waterfall is 60 feet high, and is nestled in the natural forest. There is a single road leading to the site from Sudrukumpa. With recent development of the destinations, a lot of tourists visit the place for picnics from early November to the end of February.

Putudi is 18 km from Phulbani town with a waterfall of {{convert|100|ft|m}} height, situated in the dense forest. One good road leads to the site. The waterfall is on the river Salunki.

Rushimal is situated about 50 km from Daringibadi, near the village Tamangi in Hattimunda G. P. A group of hills known as Rushimal hills are the origin of the river Rushikulya. At the source there is a small reservoir known as “Rushikunda”, and above the hilltop a cave known as Rushigumpha.

Urmagada is 17 km from Phulbani town on Phulbani-Gochhapada road in Phulbani Tahasil. The waterfall is 50 feet high, situated in a dense forest. One fair-weather road leads to the site.

Kotagarh is located in Kandhamal district about 120 km from Phulabani and 54 km from Baliguda. In the Kotagarh block there is a 375 m waterfall. Maa Bhabani Temple is in Keshragu, 2 km from Kotagarh (Bighna). Kotagarh also has a wildlife sanctuary with elephants, tigers, [[nilgai]], wild boar, [[chital]] and antelopes. Along with a variety of reptiles and mammals, the sanctuary has an aviary as well. The aviary has red jungle fowl, peafowl, peacocks and a wide variety of wild birds.

Kuruduawaterfall is situated at the village of Ladimaha in Kotagada block about 160 km from the district headquarter Phulbani. It is surrounded with dense bamboo forest.

==Transport==
The nearest airport is at [[Bhubaneswar]] {{convert|211|km|mi|abbr=on}}. There is an airstrip at [[Gudari, Rayagada|Gudari]] 5 km from [[Phulbani]] town for landing small planes and helicopters.

The nearest railway station is [[Rairakhol]], on the [[Sambalpur]] – Bhubaneshwar line, which is 99 km from Phulbani. However, [[Berhampur]] ({{convert|165|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Phulbani) is another convenient rail link.

By road, Kandhamal can be approached from [[Sambalpur]] via [[Boudh]] (170 km, 106 miles) and [[Berhampur]] (165 km) as well as from [[Bhubaneshwar]] via [[Nayagarh]] (210 km, 130 miles). It is {{convert|170|km|mi|abbr=on}} away from [[Bolangir]].

While there are no dedicated tourist buses to the places of interest in the district, taxis may be hired at Phulbani or Balliguda. There is no railway route in the district.

==Health facilities==
There are fourteen hospitals:
* District Headquarters Hospital, Phulbani
* Sub Divisional Hospital, Balliguda
* Community Health Centre, Subarnagiri
* Community Health Centre, Tumudibandha
* Community Health Centre, Barakhama
* Community Health Centre, Daringbadi
* Community Health Centre, K.Nuagaon
* Community Health Centre, Raikia
* Community Health Centre, G.Udayagiri
* Community Health Centre, Brahamanpad
* Community Health Centre, Tikabali
* Community Health Centre, Gumagarh
* Community Health Centre, Phiringia
* Community Health Centre, Khajuripada

==Politics==

=== Lok Sabha constituencies ===
{| class="wikitable"
!No.
!Constituency
!Reservation
!Current MP
!Party
|-
!13
|[[Kandhamal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kandhamal]]
|Unserved
|[[Achyuta Samanta]]
|bgcolor={{Biju Janata Dal/meta/color}}| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|}

===Vidhan sabha constituencies===
{{main|List of constituencies of Odisha Vidhan Sabha}}
The following are the 3 [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan sabha]] constituencies<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their EXtent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref> of Kandhamal district and the elected members<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ws.ori.nic.in/ola/mlaprofile/listofmem1.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070502003512/http://ws.ori.nic.in/ola/mlaprofile/listofmem1.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 May 2007 |title=List of Member in Fourteenth Assembly |work=ws.ori.nic.in |quote=MEMBER NAME |access-date=19 February 2013 }}</ref> of that area.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!No.
!Constituency
!Reservation
!Extent of the Assembly Constituency (Blocks)
!Member of 14th Assembly
![[Political party|Party]]
|-
!82
|[[Baliguda (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baliguda]]
|ST
|Baliguda, K. Nuagam, Kotagarh, Tumudibandh
|Sri Rajeeb Patra
| bgcolor={{Biju Janata Dal/meta/color}}|[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-
!83
|[[G. Udayagiri (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|G. Udayagiri]]
|ST
|Raikia, Daringbadi, G. Udayagiri, Tikabali, G. Udayagiri (NAC)
|[[Jacob Pradhan]]
| bgcolor={{Indian National Congress/meta/color}} | [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
!84
| [[Phulbani (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Phulbani]]
|ST
|Chakapada, Phulbani, Khajuripada, Phiringia, Phulbani (NAC)
|Dugni Kanhar
| bgcolor={{Biju Janata Dal/meta/color}}| [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|}

==Communal unrest and insurgency==
{{main|Religious violence in Odisha}}
On 25 December 2007, ethnic conflict broke out between [[Khonds|Khond tribals]] and Pana Scheduled Caste people.

On 23 August 2008, [[Swami Lakshmanananda]] Saraswati - a leader of the [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]] - was murdered by Maoist gunmen along with four others, including a boy. [[Naxalite-Maoist insurgency|Maoist]] rebels took responsibility for the multiple murders.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200810051766.htm |newspaper=The Hindu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081008083915/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200810051766.htm |archive-date=2008-10-08 |title=Majority of Maoist supporters in Orissa are Christians |agency=PTI |url-status=dead }}</ref> This led to large-scale riots between the indigenous ethnic [[Khonds|Kandha tribe]] and the Scheduled Caste Pano communities. The underlying causes are complex and cross political and religious boundaries.<ref name=bbc>
{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7637087.stm | work=BBC News | title=India's remote faith battleground | date=26 September 2008}}
</ref> Land encroachment, perceived or otherwise, being a particular source of tension between the communities, the clash was predominantly ethnic, but assumed communal overtones despite the fact that in addition to Hindu Kondhs were fighting against Protestant Christian Kondhs and the Catholic Panos. In April 2010, a special "fast track" court in Phulbani convicted 105 people.<ref name="hindu2010convictions">
{{cite news | title = 7 sentenced in Kandhamal riots cases |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/article347214.ece |author = Sib Kumar Das |newspaper = The Hindu |date = 1 April 2010 |location=Chennai, India}}
</ref> Ten people were acquitted due to lack of evidence.

It is currently a part of the [[Red Corridor]] of India, an area with significant Maoist insurgency activity.<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://intellibriefs.blogspot.com/2009/12/naxal-menace-83-districts-under.html |title=83 districts under the Security Related Expenditure Scheme |publisher=IntelliBriefs |date= 2009-12-11 |access-date=2011-09-17}}
</ref> Suspected [[Naxalite-Maoist insurgency|Maoist]] rebels detonated a roadside [[land mine]] on 27 November 2010, blowing up an ambulance. A patient, a paramedic, and the vehicle's driver were killed.<ref>
{{cite news|title = Report: Suspected rebels kill 3 in eastern India |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/feedarticle/9381552 |newspaper = The Guardian |date = 28 November 2010 |location=London}}
</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

; Sources
* {{citation |last=Osuri |first=Goldie |title=Religious Freedom in India: Sovereignty and (anti) Conversion |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-0415665575}}
* {{citation |last1=Uma |first1=Saumya |last2=Grover |first2=Vrinda |title=Kandhamal: The Law must Change its Course |publisher=MARG: Multiple Action Research Group |location=New Delhi |year=2010 | isbn= 978-81-87377-19-1 |url=http://works.bepress.com/saumyauma/31/}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{official website|http://kandhamal.nic.in/}}
* [http://www.sacw.net/article1575 Preliminary Findings & Recommendations - The National People’s Tribunal on Kandhamal], available at South Asia Citizens Web, 29 August 2010.
* [http://www.sacw.net/IMG/pdf/Kandhamal-Karavali2008.pdf From Kandhamal to Karavali: The Ugly Face of the Sangh Parivar], available at South Asia Citizen's Web, March 2009.

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Kandhamal district
|North = [[Baudh district]]
|Northeast =
|East = [[Nayagarh district]]
|Southeast = [[Ganjam district]]
|South = [[Gajapati district]]
|Southwest = [[Rayagada district]]
|West = [[Kalahandi district]]
|Northwest = [[Balangir district]]
}}

{{Kandhamal district}}
{{Odisha}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kandhamal District}}
[[Category:Kandhamal district| ]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1993]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Districts of Odisha]]

Kandhamal district - Revision history

>Noq at 12:05, 7 July 2021