Ajay Kumar at 13:08, 31 August 2023

2023-08-31T13:08:04Z

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{{Short description|Meitei dragon lion}}
{{About|the Meitei guardian dragon lion|the main form of the deity|Nongshaba}}
{{See also|Nongshā (disambiguation){{!}}Nongshā}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Meitei
| name = Kangla Sa (Kangla Sha){{efn|In [[Meitei language]], there is no difference between "sa" and "sha".}}
| deity_of = God of defense, guardianship and protection 
| member_of = [[Meitei dragons]]
| image = Northern view of the Statues of Kanglasha, the Meitei mythical Dragon Lion God, located inside the Kangla Fort in Imphal.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Northern view of the Statues of Kanglasha, the [[Meitei dragons|Meitei mythical Dragon Lion God]], after the [[#Removal of rods between jaws|removal of rods between jaws]], located inside the [[Kangla Fort]] in [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]]
| other_names = Kanglasha Kanglaa Shaa Kanglasa Kanglaa Saa
| hiero =
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| affiliation = [[Meitei mythology]] ([[Manipuri mythology]]) [[Meitei folklore]] ([[Manipuri folklore]]) [[Meitei religion]] ([[Sanamahism]]) 
| cult_center = [[Kangla]] 
| abode = [[Kangla]] 
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| region = [[Ancient Kangleipak]] (early [[Manipur]])
| ethnic_group = [[Meitei people|Meitei ethnicity]]
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}}
{{Infobox Sanamahist term
| title = Kangla Sa
| en = Kangla Sa
| omp = ꯀꯪꯂꯥ ꯁꯥ (ꯀꯪꯂꯥꯁꯥ)
| omp-Latn = kəŋ.lā sā (kəŋ.lā.sā)
| mni = ꯀꯡꯂꯥ ꯁꯥ (ꯀꯡꯂꯥꯁꯥ)
| mni-Latn = kəŋ.lā sā (kəŋ.lā.sā)
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{{Meitei mythology}}
In [[Meitei mythology]] and [[Meitei religion|religion]], {{langnf|mni|'''Kangla Sa'''|Beast of the [[Kangla]]}}, also spelled as {{lang|mni|'''Kangla Sha'''}}, is a guardian dragon lion. It has a lion's body and a dragon's head, with two horns. It is considered sacred to the Meitei heritage.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chakravarti |first=Sudeep |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e11PEAAAQBAJ&q=kanglasha+lion%27s+body+dragon+head+meitei+heritage&pg=PT254 |title=The Eastern Gate: War and Peace in Nagaland, Manipur and India's Far East |date=2022-01-06 |publisher=[[Simon and Schuster]] |isbn=978-93-92099-26-7 |pages=254 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Session |first=North East India History Association |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mjRuAAAAMAAJ&q=kanglasha |title=Proceedings of North East India History Association |date=1990 |publisher=The Association |others=Original from:the [[University of Michigan]] |pages=133, 134 |language=en}}</ref>
It is a royal symbol of the [[Ningthouja dynasty|Meitei royalties]] ([[Ningthouja dynasty]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Rituparna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DEZ1EAAAQBAJ&q=The+mythical+animal+called+Kangla+Sha%2C+which+became+a+symbol%2C+was+believed.&pg=PT203 |title=Northeast India Through the Ages: A Transdisciplinary Perspective on Prehistory, History, and Oral History |date=2022-07-29 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-000-62390-1 |pages=203 |language=en}}</ref>
The most remarkable statues dedicated to "Kangla Sa" stand inside the [[Kangla]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=N. Joykumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r1xuAAAAMAAJ&q=construction+Kangla+Sa+Lion+like+animal+front+gate+Kangla+great+achievement+beautification+programme |title=Colonialism to Democracy: A History of Manipur, 1819-1972 |date=2002 |publisher=Spectrum Publications |others=Original from : the [[University of Michigan]] |isbn=978-81-87502-44-9 |pages=7 |language=en |quote=The construction of ' Kangla Sa ' (Lion like animal) at the front of the gate of Kangla was a great achievement of his beautification programme.}}</ref>

In Meitei traditional race competitions, winners of the race are declared only after symbolically touching the statue of the dragon "Kangla Sha".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lipoński |first=Wojciech |url=https://archive.org/details/worldsportsencyc0000lipo?q=Kanglasha |title=World sports encyclopedia |date=2003 |publisher=St. Paul, MN : MBI |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7603-1682-5 |pages=338 |language=en}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
[[File:Meitei and Latin transliterations of the name "Kangla Sa" ("Kangla Sha") in different spellings.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Meitei script|Meitei]] and [[Latin transliteration]]s of the name "Kangla Sa" ("Kangla Sha") in different spellings]]
In [[Meitei language]] (officially called [[Manipuri language]]), the name "Kangla Sha" (originally spelled as "Kangla Sa") is made up of two independent words "[[Kangla]]" ({{lang-mni|[[ꯀꯪꯂꯥ]] / [[ꯀꯡꯂꯥ]]}}) and "Sa" ({{lang-mni|ꯁꯥ}}).
The [[Meitei language|Meitei]] term "kanglā" ({{lang-mni|[[ꯀꯪꯂꯥ]] / [[ꯀꯡꯂꯥ]]||[[Kangla]]}}) is the name of an important historical place in [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary (Definition of "kanglā") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5&searchhws=yes |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[University of Chicago]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rastogi |first=Priyanka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdmYDwAAQBAJ&q=Kangla+means+Fort+and+Sha+mean+Animal.&pg=PT104 |title=Early Sunrise, Early Sunset: Tales of a Solo Woman Traveler Across North East and East India |date=2019-05-13 |publisher=Partridge Publishing |isbn=978-1-5437-0523-2 |pages=104 |language=en}}</ref>
The [[Meitei language]] term "sā" ({{lang-mni|ꯁꯥ}}) has multiple meanings based on different [[parts of speech]]. As a [[noun]], "sā" ({{lang-mni|ꯁꯥ}}) may mean: (1) [[Body (biology)|body]], (2) [[animal]] or (3) [[flesh]] or [[meat]]. As a [[verb]], "sā" ({{lang-mni|ꯁꯥ}}) may mean (1) making, building, preparing, or (2) playing a role, or (3) dancing. As an [[adjective]], "sā" ({{lang-mni|ꯁꯥ}}) may mean "hot".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary (Definition of "sā") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A5&searchhws=yes |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[University of Chicago]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rastogi |first=Priyanka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdmYDwAAQBAJ&q=Kangla+means+Fort+and+Sha+mean+Animal.&pg=PT104 |title=Early Sunrise, Early Sunset: Tales of a Solo Woman Traveler Across North East and East India |date=2019-05-13 |publisher=Partridge Publishing |isbn=978-1-5437-0523-2 |pages=104 |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:DRAGON IN FRONT OF THE PALACE.jpg|thumb|300px|The artwork of the "Dragon in front of the Palace" published in the book ''"[[:simple:My Three Years in Manipur and Escape from the Recent Mutiny|My Three Years in Manipur and Escape from the Recent Mutiny]]"'' written by [[Ethel Grimwood|Ethel St. Clair Grimwood]] in 1891]]
In the year 1804, [[List of Meitei kings|Meitei king]] [[Chourjit Singh]] ({{lang-mni|ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ ꯆꯧꯔꯖꯤꯠ ꯁꯤꯡꯍ}})(1803-1813 AD) constructed two huge structures of the "Kangla Sha" dragon lions in front of the Kangla Uttra Shanglen (or simply called the "Uttra") inside the present day [[Kangla Fort]]. These two statues were demolished by the Burmese forces during the {{langnf|mni|[[:simple:Chahi Taret Khuntakpa|Chahi Taret Khuntakpa]]|[[:simple:Seven Years Devastation|Seven Years Devastation]]}} (1819-1826).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mehrotra |first=Deepti Priya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w577ssi6CTAC&dq=kanglasha&pg=PT196 |title=Burning Bright Irom Sharmila |date=2009-07-08 |publisher=[[Penguin UK]] |isbn=978-81-8475-153-6 |pages=196 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lisam |first=Khomdan Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6d-IyINtk4C&dq=kanglasha&pg=PA582 |title=Encyclopaedia Of Manipur (3 Vol.) |date=2011 |publisher= Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-864-2 |pages=582 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lisam |first=Khomdan Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6d-IyINtk4C&dq=kanglasha&pg=PA579 |title=Encyclopaedia Of Manipur (3 Vol.) |date=2011 |publisher= Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-864-2 |pages=579 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rods between jaws of Kangla Sha was to support structure from future damages |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Arts_and_Culture.Rods_between_jaws_of_Kangla_Sha_was_to_support_structure_from_future_damages |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

[[File:Kangla3.jpg|thumb|300px|The pair of the statues dedicated to the "Kangla Sa" ("Kangla Sha") before their demolition by the British forces with their victory in the [[Anglo Manipur War]] of 1891.]]

During the months of June and July in the year 1844, [[List of Meitei kings|Meitei king]] [[Raja Nara Singh]] ({{lang-mni|ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ ꯅꯔꯁꯤꯡꯍ}}) reconstructed the two statues of the Kangla Sha dragons once again.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mehrotra |first=Deepti Priya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w577ssi6CTAC&dq=kanglasha&pg=PT196 |title=Burning Bright Irom Sharmila |date=2009-07-08 |publisher=[[Penguin UK]] |isbn=978-81-8475-153-6 |pages=196 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5_Sd30LF2fUC&q=kanglasha |title=Anvīkshā |date=2004 |publisher=[[Jadavpur University]] |pages=237 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lisam |first=Khomdan Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6d-IyINtk4C&dq=kanglasha&pg=PA582 |title=Encyclopaedia Of Manipur (3 Vol.) |date=2011 |publisher= Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-864-2 |pages=582 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lisam |first=Khomdan Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6d-IyINtk4C&dq=kanglasha&pg=PA580 |title=Encyclopaedia Of Manipur (3 Vol.) |date=2011 |publisher= Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-864-2 |pages=580 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rods between jaws of Kangla Sha was to support structure from future damages |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Arts_and_Culture.Rods_between_jaws_of_Kangla_Sha_was_to_support_structure_from_future_damages |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

During the British conquest of the [[Anglo Manipur War]] of 1891, the British forces led by Captain Allen demolished the two statues of the Kangla Sha dragons by blasting them by artillery fire into pieces on 20 July 1891.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mehrotra |first=Deepti Priya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w577ssi6CTAC&dq=kanglasha&pg=PT196 |title=Burning Bright Irom Sharmila |date=2009-07-08 |publisher=[[Penguin UK]] |isbn=978-81-8475-153-6 |pages=196 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lisam |first=Khomdan Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6d-IyINtk4C&dq=kanglasha&pg=PA582 |title=Encyclopaedia Of Manipur (3 Vol.) |date=2011 |publisher= Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-864-2 |pages=582 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lisam |first=Khomdan Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6d-IyINtk4C&dq=kanglasha&pg=PA742 |title=Encyclopaedia Of Manipur (3 Vol.) |date=2011 |publisher= Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-864-2 |pages=742 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lisam |first=Khomdan Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6d-IyINtk4C&dq=kanglasha&pg=PA580 |title=Encyclopaedia Of Manipur (3 Vol.) |date=2011 |publisher= Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-864-2 |pages=580 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanglasha model bombarded: 10th dec08 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=8..101208.dec08 |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

Later, in the year 2006, the statues of the "Kangla Sa" ("Kangla Sha") were reconstructed by the [[Government of Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanglasha model bombarded: 10th dec08 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=8..101208.dec08 |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rods between jaws of Kangla Sha was to support structure from future damages |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Arts_and_Culture.Rods_between_jaws_of_Kangla_Sha_was_to_support_structure_from_future_damages |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref> Each statue is 19.30 feet in height, 15.30 feet in length and 6 feet in breadth. The weight of each statue is 36.50 metric tonne. The statues of the Kangla-Sha were sculpted based on the photographs published in the books including "The Lost Kingdom" and "[[:simple:The Meitheis|The Meitheis]]" written by [[Thomas Callan Hodson]]. 4 kinds of bricks, found in the ruins of the Old Palace at [[Canchipur]], were used during the construction of the sculptures. It took the craftsmen and sculptors 2 years to complete the construction works.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Opinions sought on Kangla-Sha prototype ~ E-Pao! News About Manipur |url=http://www.e-pao.net/epPrinter.asp?p2p=news&src=4..010307.mar07&sNStart=%3C!EpnNews4%3E&sNEnd=%3C!EpnNews4End%3E&sHead=%3C!EpnHeading4%3E&sHeadEnd=%3C!EpnHeading4End%3E |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref>

[[File:Kangla dragons imphal.JPG|thumb|300px|Mud prototypes of the Kangla Sha statues displayed in the public to take people's comments, feedbacks, opinions and suggestions before going ahead with the works on the construction and the installation of the same at the Kangla Uttra Shanglen.]]

Before the construction of the real sculptures, to take the comments, feedbacks, opinions and suggestions of the people, Sculptor B Mohendro Sharma presented the [[prototype]]s of the Kangla-Sha, made of [[mud]], displayed on the public.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Opinions sought on Kangla-Sha prototype ~ E-Pao! News About Manipur |url=http://www.e-pao.net/epPrinter.asp?p2p=news&src=4..010307.mar07&sNStart=%3C!EpnNews4%3E&sNEnd=%3C!EpnNews4End%3E&sHead=%3C!EpnHeading4%3E&sHeadEnd=%3C!EpnHeading4End%3E |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Filming of the bombardment ==
On 9 December 2008, after getting permission from the Kangla Fort Board for shooting a film on the history of Kangla, associated with the demolition of the Kangla Sha statues in front of Kangla Uttra Shanglen, the ''"Manipur Film Development Corporation"'' (MFDC) Ltd. demolished the [[prototype]]s of Kangla Sha with the powerful crackers on 9 December, between 2 PM and 4 PM inside the [[Kangla]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanglasha replica 'blast' on reel - Corporation records event as part of a documentary on Kangla Fort |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/kanglasha-replica-blast-on-reel-corporation-records-event-as-part-of-a-documentary-on-kangla-fort/cid/519436 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanglasha model bombarded: 10th dec08 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://www.e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=8..101208.dec08 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kangla-Sha: 09th dec08 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Snipp7..091208.dec08 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Removal of rods between jaws ==
On 18 June 2021, the "Kaba Khanba" ({{lang-mni|ꯀꯕꯥ ꯈꯟꯕ|ka-bā khan-ba|rods between jaws}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary (Definition of "kabā") |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=kaba%CC%84%E2%82%82+%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A5&matchtype=default |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |publisher=[[University of Chicago]]}}</ref>) of the Kangla Sha statues were removed by the [[Government of Manipur]], along with the performances of religious rites and rituals by {{langnf|mni|[[:simple:Maiba|Amaiba]]s|priests}} and {{langnf|mni|[[Maibi|Amaibi]]s|priestesses}}, due to the perception by the authorities concerned that the rods gave pains to Kangla Sha, resulting in the downfall and unhappiness of the people of Manipur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rods between jaws of Kangla Sha was to support structure from future damages |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Arts_and_Culture.Rods_between_jaws_of_Kangla_Sha_was_to_support_structure_from_future_damages |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-18 |title=Now, Kanglasha can close its mouth, speak, swallow! - The Frontier Manipur |url=https://thefrontiermanipur.com/now-kanglasha-can-close-its-mouth-speak-swallow/ |access-date=2022-10-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> It was done after a unanimous joint decision by the Kangla Board, the [[Sanamahi Temple Board]], the Uttra Shanglen, women's organisations of the {{langnf|mni|[[Ima Keithel]]|[[Ima Market]]}} and the general public of [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-18 |title=Now, Kanglasha can close its mouth, speak, swallow! - The Frontier Manipur |url=https://thefrontiermanipur.com/now-kanglasha-can-close-its-mouth-speak-swallow/ |access-date=2022-10-04 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The action of the removal of rods taken up by the [[Government of Manipur]] led by [[Nongthombam Biren Singh]], the [[Chief Minister of Manipur]], and [[Leishemba Sanajaoba]], the [[Rajya Sabha]] [[Member of Parliament]], was given positive reactions by the ''"Lamlai Mapari Thougal Lup"'' and the ''"All India Kangla Pakhangba Temple Development Society"''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bodies hail removal of rods from Kanglasha: 20th jun21 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=43..200621.jun21 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

However, this event of the removal of rods drew criticism by RK Nimai, a retired [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pseudo Experts on the Forefront! |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/8213/pseudo-experts-on-the-forefront |access-date=2022-10-04 |newspaper=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanglasha freedom of speech and ideas By Free Thinker |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=leisure.EI.Kanglasha_freedom_of_speech_and_ideas_By_Free_Thinker |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref> as {{blockquote|''“The removal of kabak of the two kanglashas at Kangla which was shown in the local TV channels indicates the utter lack of knowledge of the so-called experts even in Meitei tradition.”''<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pseudo Experts on the Forefront! |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/8213/pseudo-experts-on-the-forefront |access-date=2022-10-04 |newspaper=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref>}}
He wrote an article about its criticism in the [[Imphal Free Press]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=HERICOUN calls for sane argument on Kanglasha issue: 05th jul21 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=17..050721.jul21 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Pseudo Experts on the Forefront! |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/8213/pseudo-experts-on-the-forefront |access-date=2022-10-04 |newspaper=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref> As a result, many social associations and organisations burnt newspaper copies of the [[Imphal Free Press]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=HERICOUN calls for sane argument on Kanglasha issue: 05th jul21 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=17..050721.jul21 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

In a neutral response to the criticism and its reactions, Ethno Heritage Council (HERICOUN) stated:
{{blockquote|''“The organisation ([[Imphal Free Press]]) is not an expert body on the issue at hand and as such it is not a party in the argument between the supporters and opposers of removing the support rods from the mouths of the twin Kanglasha.”''<ref>{{Cite web |title=HERICOUN calls for sane argument on Kanglasha issue: 05th jul21 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=17..050721.jul21 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>}}

In reaction to the criticism, there was a strong objection by the ''"[[International Sanamahism Students' Association]]"'' (ISSA).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Criticism of Sanamahi religion over Kanglasha denounced: 28th jun21 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=34..280621.jun21 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Other iconography ==
On 17 July 2021, two statues dedicated to the "Kangla Sha", made of bricks, were installed by the 109 BN [[CRPF]] under the care of the [[Inspector General of Police|IGP]] of [[Manipur]] and [[Nagaland]] sectors at the main entrance gate to the 109 BN Mongsangei, [[Imphal West district]], [[Manipur]]. It was done to pay respect for the [[:simple:Meitei culture|Meitei cultural]] traditions of [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kangla Sha installed at 109 Bn CRPF in Mongsangei: 18th jul21 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=52..180721.jul21 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref> The two [[:wikt:bifurcation|bifurcated]] [[Horn (anatomy)|horns]] in the heads of each statue, are derived from the {{langnf|mni|[[Sangai]]|[[brow-antlered deer]]|paren=left}} {{lang|la|[[Cervus eldi eldi]]}}), the state animal of [[Manipur]], unlike the [[East Asia]]n and [[Southeast Asia]]n [[:wikt:leograph|leogryph]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=109 BN CRPF installs Kangla Sha: 18th jul21 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=44..180721.jul21 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Heraldry ==
[[File:Kanglasa.svg|thumb|300px|The [[Emblem of Manipur]]]]
The [[government of Manipur]] recognised the illustration of [[Meitei mythology|Meitei mythical]] animal "Kangla Sha" as the [[List of Indian state emblems|state emblem]] in the year 1980.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Yü |first1=Dan Smyer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=94I_EAAAQBAJ&q=The+government+of+Manipur+recognized+the+mythical+animal+kangla-sha+as+a+state+emblem+in+1980&pg=PT154 |title=Yunnan–Burma–Bengal Corridor Geographies: Protean Edging of Habitats and Empires |last2=Dean |first2=Karin |date=2021-09-30 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-000-45842-8 |pages=154 |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Manipur Police Logo (India).svg|thumb|300px|The official logo of [[Manipur Police]]]]

== Namesakes ==
A music band named "Kanglasha" was organised in [[Imphal]] in 2007. Its lead singer is Tukun Chongtham, its
lead guitarist is Mantosh Thokchom, its bassist is Sen Thokchom, its keyboard player is Surjit Kshetri and its drum player is Chingkhei Nongthonbam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanglasha: E-Pao YellOut |url=http://e-pao.net/yellout/Kanglasha/ |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanglasha Lyrics: E-Pao YellOut |url=http://e-pao.net/yellout/Kanglasha/Lyrics.html |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Pakhangba]]
* [[Poubi Lai]]
* [[Hiyang Hiren]]
* [[Taoroinai]]
* [[Lamassu]]
* [[Chinese guardian lions|Fu Dog]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |last=Samerendra |first=Chongtham |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466342 |title=Hiyang Hiren Kanglasa Amasung Kangla |date=2007 |publisher=Rajiv Gandhi Center For Culture, Manipur |others=[[Internet Archive]] |language=mni}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lokendra |first=N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6FXEEd2muZoC&dq=kanglasha&pg=PA29 |title=The Unquiet Valley: Society, Economy, and Politics of Manipur (1891-1950) |date=1998-01-01 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-696-5 |pages=29 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Chakravarti |first=Sudeep |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y3t3DwAAQBAJ&dq=kanglasha&pg=PT396 |title=Highway 39: Reportagen aus Indiens aufständischem Nordosten |date=2016-04-11 |publisher=Unionsverlag |isbn=978-3-293-30882-4 |pages=396 |language=de}}
* {{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Sarina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Svf3CwAAQBAJ&dq=kanglasha&pg=PT1258 |title=India |date=2016-04-21 |publisher=EDT srl |isbn=978-88-592-3227-8 |pages=1258 |language=it}}

== External links ==

* [https://archive.org/search.php?query=Kangla%20Sha&sin=TXT Kangla Sha] at [[Internet Archive]]
* [http://e-pao.net/epSearchResults.asp?cx=partner-pub-3342616103029311%3A3788634109&cof=FORID%3A10&ie=UTF-8&q=Kangla+Sha&sa.x=16&sa.y=12 Kangla Sha] at E-pao.net
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{{Sanamahi1}}

[[Category:Abundance gods]]
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[[Category:Kings in Meitei mythology]]
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[[Category:Meitei dragons]]
[[Category:Meitei deities]]
[[Category:Names of God in Sanamahism]]
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[[Category:Sky and weather gods]]
[[Category:Solar gods]]
[[Category:Time and fate gods]]
[[Category:Tutelary gods]]

Kanglā Shā - Revision history

Ajay Kumar at 13:08, 31 August 2023