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{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Kanhadadeva
| succession = King of [[Javalipura]]
| reign = c. 1291-1311 CE
| dynasty = [[Chahamanas of Jalor]]
| predecessor = [[Samantasimha]]
| father = Samantasimha
| issue = [[Viramadeva]]
}}

'''Kanhadadeva''' ([[IAST]]: Kānhaḍa-deva, r. c. 1292-1311 CE) was an Indian king belonging to the [[Chahamanas of Jalor|Chahamana dynasty]], who ruled the area around Javalipura (present-day [[Jalore]] in [[Rajasthan]]). Initially, he ran the administration jointly with his father [[Samantasimha]], and helped ward off invasions from the [[Delhi Sultanate]].

After the Delhi ruler [[Alauddin Khalji]] conquered the neighbouring fort of [[Siege of Siwana|Siwana]], Kanhadadeva's armies fought several skirmishes with him. In 1311, Kanhadadeva was [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Jalore|defeated and killed]] in an attack led by Alauddin's general [[Kamal al-Din Gurg|Malik Kamaluddin]]. He is celebrated as a hero in ''[[Kanhadade Prabandha]]'', a 1455 poem by [[Padmanābha]].

== Early life ==

Kanhadadeva was a son of his predecessor [[Samantasimha]]. He was also known as "Dasam Saligrama" and "Gokulanatha".{{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|p=40}} According to the 17th century chronicler [[Munhot Nainsi]], he had a brother named Maladeva.{{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|p=36}}

== Joint administration with Samantasimha ==

As the [[heir apparent]], Kanhadadeva assisted his father in administration from at least 1296 CE onwards.{{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|p=36}}{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=159}} A 1296 pillar inscription discovered at Topkhana in Jalore states that Kanhadadeva shared the burden of administration during his father's reign.{{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|p=35}} The 1299 CE [[Chohtan]] inscription also refers to the joint reign of the father-son duo.{{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|p=35}} No inscription from Kanhadadeva's reign has been discovered, but the last extant inscription from his father's reign is dated 1305. Therefore, Kanhadadeva appears to have ascended the throne sometime around 1305.{{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|p=41}}

=== Delhi Sultanate's Gujarat campaign ===

In 1299, the [[Delhi Sultanate]] ruler [[Alauddin Khalji]] sent an [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Gujarat|expedition to Gujarat]] led by his generals [[Ulugh Khan]] and [[Nusrat Khan Jalesari|Nusrat Khan]]. The ''Kanhadade Prabandha'' claims that Kanhadadeva (then a prince) did not permit the Delhi forces to pass through his territory, concerned that they would "sack villages, take prisoners, molest women, oppress [[Brahmin|Brahmanas]] and slay cows".{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=160}} The Khalji army reached Gujarat via another route in Mewar, defeated its king [[Karna (Vaghela dynasty)|Karna]], and ransacked Gujarat.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=161-162}}

After its victorious campaign in Gujarat, the Delhi army passed through Jalore on its way back to Delhi. According to the 17th century chronicler [[Muhnot Nainsi]]'s ''Khyat'', the Delhi army encamped at "Sakarana" near Jalore. The ''Kanhadade Prabandha'' names the place as "Sirana": it can be identified with modern Sankarna.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=161}} Kanhadadeva sent Kandhala Olecha and four other messengers to the Delhi commander, expressing his displeasure over their stay in his territory, after they had imprisoned Hindus and desecrated the [[Somanatha]] temple in Gujarat.{{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|p=38}} These messengers came in contact with the neo-Muslim leader Mammunshah (Muhammad Shah) and his brothers, who were planning a mutiny against the Delhi generals. Three days later, these rebel generals attacked the Delhi army's camp from one side, while Kanhadadeva's army attacked it from the other side.{{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|p=39}} The rebels killed a brother of Nusrat Khan and a nephew of Alauddin, but the mutiny was completely suppressed within 4 days.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=87-88}}

The ''Kanhadade Prabandha'' does not mention any mutiny by the Delhi soldiers, and states that the attack on the Delhi camp was led by Kanhadadeva's minister Jaita Devada.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=161-162}} The Delhi chronicles, such as [[Ziauddin Barani]]'s ''Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi'', describe the mutiny, but do not mention any Chahamana participation in the unsuccessful mutiny.{{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|p=39}} Historian [[Dasharatha Sharma]] believes that Nainsi's account, which mentions collaboration between Kanhadadeva's forces and the mutineers, is an accurate representation of the conflict.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=161-162}} However, Nainsi inaccurately states that Alauddin personally led the Delhi army during this campaign, and that he was present at the time of the mutiny. Therefore, historian [[Kishori Saran Lal]] doubts the veracity of Nainsi's account and the claim that the Jalore army aided the mutiny.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=136}}

=== Somanatha idol ===

The ''Kanhadade Prabandha'' and Nainsi's ''Khyat'' also credit Kanhadadeva with rescuing the Somnath temple idol from desecration by the Delhi army. This claim also occurs in ''Ranamalla Chhanda'' (1408-1411) by Shridhara Vyasa. According to these texts, Kanhadadeva's army liberated several Hindu prisoners, and recovered the Somnath idol, which was being taken to Delhi to be desecrated.{{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|p=39}} Kanhadadeva is said to have installed the five fragments of this idol at [[Prabhas Patan]], [[Vagada|Bagada]], [[Mount Abu|Abu]], Jalor and his personal garden.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=162}} The ''Kanhadade Prabandha'' hails him an incarnation of [[Krishna]] for this act.{{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|p=40}}

However, other sources state that the idol was taken to Delhi; these sources include Amir Khusrau's ''Khazainul-Futuh'', Barani's ''Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi'' and Jinaprabha's ''Vividha-tirtha-kalpa''. It is possible that the story of Kanhadadeva's rescue of the Somnath idol is a fabrication by the later writers. Alternatively, it is possible that the Khalji army was taking multiple idols to Delhi, and Kanhadadeva's army retrieved one of them.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=162}}

=== Asylum to the rebels ===

Nainsi's ''Khyat'' further claims that Mammushah (Muhammad Shah) and his brother Gabharu, who had rebelled against the Delhi generals, took asylum with Kanhadadeva. However, Kanhadadeva disapproved of their killing of cows (which are [[cow in Hinduism|sacred to Hindus]]). Therefore, the two rebels left Jalore, and sought shelter with [[Hammiradeva]] at [[Ranthambore Fort|Ranthambore]].{{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|p=40}}

{{see also|Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Gujarat#Mutiny near Jalore}}

== Defeat against Alauddin Khalji ==
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{{main|Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Jalore}}

At the beginning of the 14th century, the Delhi Sultanate ruler [[Alauddin Khalji]] captured the forts of [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Ranthambore|Ranthambore]] (1301) and [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)|Chittor]] (1303), which made him a neighbour of Kanhadadeva. Different medieval writers give different accounts of the events leading up to Alauddin's invasion of Jalore.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=137}}

The 15th century ''[[Kanhadade Prabandha]]'' claims that Alauddin's daughter Piroja fell in love with Kanhadade's son.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2000|p=292}} Alauddin offered to marry her to the Chahamana prince, stating the couple had also been married in several previous births.{{sfn|Romila Thapar|2005|p=124}} He even visited Jalor, where he was treated well because he behaved like a Hindu.{{sfn|Romila Thapar|2005|p=125}} However, the Chahamana prince rejected the offer as an insult.{{sfn|Romila Thapar|2005|p=124}} The prince was later killed in a battle. His head was brought to Alauddin, but it miraculously turned away when the Sultan turned towards it. Princess Piroja, who loved the Chahamana prince, [[Sati (practice)|immolated herself while holding his head]].{{sfn|Romila Thapar|2005|p=125}} The text names the [[Siwana]] ruler Sataladeva (Sitaladeva) as Kanhadadeva's general and nephew. It claims that when the Delhi army invaded the Chahamana kingdom, Sataladeva raided their camp at [[Mandore]]. The Khaljis next invaded the Siwana fort, but Sataladeva repulsed them with help of an army sent by Kanhaddeva. The invaders lost their commanders Nahar Malik and Khandadhara Bhoja in this battle.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=163}} Alauddin later personally led an army to Siwana, and [[Siege of Siwana|defeated Sataladeva]].{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=164}} Following this victory, Alauddin's generals started ransacking the neighbouring territory, bringing them into conflict with Kanhadadeva's forces.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=165}}

According to the 16th century ''[[Tarikh-i-Firishta]]'', Alauddin sent an army to besiege Jalore in 1305. Samantasimha was probably dead by this time, and Kanhaddeva had become the sole ruler of the kingdom. The Khalji commander Ain-ul-Mulk Multani convinced Kalhanadeva to visit Delhi and to become an ally of the Khaljis. Kanhadadeva visited Delhi, but he was not satisfied with the terms offered to him, and returned to Jalore.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=163}} A few years later, Kanhadadeva heard Alauddin boasting that no Hindu ruler could challenge him. This rekindled Kanhadadeva's sense of pride, and he decided to fight with Alauddin, resulting in an invasion of Jalore.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=136}} This narrative is also repeated by the 17th century historian Hajiuddabir.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=137}}

The 17th century writer [[Munhot Nainsi]] does not mention Kanhadadeva's visit to Delhi, but states that his son [[Viramadeva]] stayed at the court of Delhi for some time. Once, Alauddin offered to marry his daughter to Viramadeva. The Chahamana prince did not want to marry the Khalji princess, but could not openly refuse the offer. He asked for Alauddin's permission to return to Jalore, promising to return with a marriage party. When he did not return, Alauddin sent a 500,000-strong force to Jalor. This force, led by Mudfar (Muzaffar) Khan and Dauda Khan, besieged the Jalor fort for 12 years.{{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|p=44}}

None of these accounts are historically reliable. By 1310, Alauddin had subjugated the kingdoms surrounding Jalore, including [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Gujarat|Gujarat]], [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Malwa|Malwa]], [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)|Chittor]], [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Ranthambore|Ranthambore]] and Siwana. It appears that he attacked Jalore simply because he wanted to put an end to Jalore's independent status.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=137}}

The forces sent by Alauddin against Jalore initially failed to capture the fort.{{sfn|Ashok Kumar Srivastava|1979|p=51}}{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=167}} In 1311, Alauddin dispatched a stronger army led by [[Kamal al-Din Gurg|Malik Kamaluddin Gurg]], which defeated and killed Kanhadadeva. Nainsi's ''Khyat'' suggests that many people believed that Kanhadadeva managed to survive and disappeared.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=169}} His son Viramadeva is said to have died 2.5 days after the coronation.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=169}}

== Legacy ==

Kanhadadeva is eulogized as "Kanhadade" in ''[[Kanhadade Prabandha]]'' (1455), an epic authored by Padmanabha, who was a court poet employed by the later rulers Jalore. The text is written in [[Prakrit]] language with Old Rajasthani and some Gujarati influences.{{sfn|Romila Thapar|2005|pp=121-122}} It mentions Kanhadade as a [[Rajput]] king and describes his struggles against [[Alauddin Khalji]], the Sultan of Delhi.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2000|p=292}} The text demonizes Muslims, and hails Kanhadade as a saviour who defeated the Muslims responsible for desecrating the Somnath temple.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2000|p=292}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Ashok Kumar Srivastava |title=The Chahamanas of Jalor |publisher=Sahitya Sansar Prakashan |year=1979 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.547206 |oclc=12737199 }}
* {{cite book |author=Cynthia Talbot |chapter=The Story of Prataparudra: Hindu Historiography on the Deccan Frontier |editor=David Gilmartin and Bruce B. Lawrence |title=Beyond Turk and Hindu: Rethinking Religious Identities in Islamicate South Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ZhT5Ilq5kAC&pg=PA292 |year=2000 |publisher=University Press of Florida |isbn=978-0-8130-3099-9 }}
* {{cite book |author=Dasharatha Sharma |title=Early Chauhān Dynasties |publisher=S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass |year=1959 |isbn=9780842606189 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ |oclc=3624414 }}
* {{cite book |author=Kishori Saran Lal |author-link=K. S. Lal |title=History of the Khaljis (1290-1320) |year=1950 |publisher=The Indian Press |location=Allahabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XXqAQAACAAJ |oclc=685167335 }}
* {{cite book |author=Romila Thapar |author-link=Romila Thapar |title=Somanatha: The Many Voices of a History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PnBMFaGMabYC&pg=PA121 |year=2005 |publisher=Verso |isbn=978-1-84467-020-8 }}
{{ref end}}

{{Chahamanas of Jalor}}

[[Category:Chahamanas of Jalor]]
[[Category:1311 deaths]]

Kanhadadeva - Revision history

imported>Utcursch at 03:20, 6 June 2021