TabathaLea97053 at 01:25, 10 August 2025

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{{Short description|State of India during the British Raj}}
{{disputed|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|conventional_long_name =Kaptipada Estate
| native_name = କପ୍ତିପଦା ଗଡ଼ଜାତ ରାଜ୍ୟ
| common_name =
| nation = [[British India]]
| subdivision = [[Princely State]]
| today = [[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| year_start = 15th century
| date_event1 = 1890
| event1 = Merged with [[Mayurbhanj State]]
| date_event2 = 1949
| event2 = [[Instrument of Accession|Accession to the Union of India]]
| year_end = 1952
| event_end =Estate Abolition
|p1 =
|s1 =Republic of India
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_map = Mayurbhanj state map 1935.jpg
|image_map_caption = Map of Mayurbhanj State, 1935
| capital = Kainsari<br>Kaptipada
| government_type = Royal rules
| status_text = [[Zamindari]] of [[Mayurbhanj State]]
| stat_area1 = 518
| stat_year1 = 1890

}}
'''Kaptipada estate''' was one of the princely states of India during the period of the British Raj.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Orissa District Gazetteers: Mayurbhanj|url=http://www.indianculture.gov.in/gazettes/orissa-district-gazetteers-mayurbhanj|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216100544/https://www.indianculture.gov.in/gazettes/orissa-district-gazetteers-mayurbhanj|archive-date=2022-02-16|access-date=2022-02-16|website=INDIAN CULTURE|page=84|language=en|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> It was located in eastern India and surrounded by [[Mayurbhanj State|Mayurbhanj state]] in north and west, [[Nilgiri State|Nilgiri state]] in east and [[Keonjhar State|Keonjhar state]] in south. The state was believed to founded by ''Naga Chief'' Phanimukuta during the rule of Gajapati ruler Kapileswar Dev about the middle of 15th century A.D.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NhDJv6qg8PQC|title=The Modern Review|date=1986|publisher=Modern Review Office|pages=212|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YhxuAAAAMAAJ|title=Vision: Journal of the Institute of Economic & Social Studies|date=1993|publisher=The Institute|pages=30|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Siṃhadeba|first=Jitāmitra Prasāda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ypuAAAAMAAJ|title=Archaeology of Orissa: With Special Reference to Nuapada and Kalahandi|date=2006|publisher=R.N. Bhattacharya|isbn=978-81-87661-50-4|pages=214|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_fpjlfhIf6EC|title=The Illustrated Weekly of India|date=1971|publisher=Published for the proprietors, Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press|pages=4|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Gan|first=Pradeep Kumar|title=The Estate of Kaptipada : From Its Origin to Merger with Orissa|url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/aug2005/engpdf/the%2520estate%2520of%2520kaptipada.pdf|access-date=23 November 2021|website=magazines.odisha.gov.in|archive-date=24 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924100623/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/aug2005/engpdf/the%20estate%20of%20kaptipada.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==History==
In the 15th century CE, during Kapileswara Deva's reign, the Kaptipada state was believed to established by Naga Chief [[Phani Mukut Rai|Phanimukuta]]. Phanimukuta, a loyal vassal of Kapileswara Deva, fortified his stronghold in Kainsari with a formidable fort. His son, Vasanta Virata, later earned the title "Jaya Bhujanga" for his valor during Purusottam Deva's campaigns. Vasanta Virata's rule was marked by territorial disputes along the undefined eastern boundary, leading to conflicts with Chiefs Nilambara, Giridhari, and Sankara. After a protracted battle, Vasanta Virata emerged victorious, merging the conquered land into "Nilagiri." The lineage continued through successors like Jayakumara Virata Bhujanga, Ajaya Kumar Abhinava Bhujanga, and Niladwaja Kumar Parikshita Bhujanga. Ultimately, Saratchandra Jaya Bhujanga relocated the capital to [[Kaptipada]] village along the Sone river, solidifying Kaptipada's legacy.<ref name=":0" />

The lineage continued with Nrusimha Charan's son, Chandrasekhar Mandhata, succeeded by Ramchandra Mandhata. During Pitambara Mandhata's rule, a [[Paika Rebellion|Paik Rebellion]] erupted, and the rebels seized Kaptipada's fort. Pitambara Mandhata, along with his wife Subhadra Devi and their son Birabara, sought refuge inside the Virata Pata temple until the rebellion was quelled. A woman from the barber caste reportedly led Kaptipada's army against the rebels, securing victory and being rewarded with the rent-free village of Taldiha. Abhinava Bhujanga Pitambara Mandhata was succeeded by his son Parikshita Bhujanga Birabara Mandhata, who cut short by madness, and his queen, Sita Devi, managed the administration on behalf of their minor son, Divyasimha Mandhata. During her regency, a Second Paik Rebellion erupted, and Sita Devi herself courageously led Kaptipada's troops in a fierce battle at Suneikundi tank (present-day [[Sunei Dam]]) that resulted in the rebels' retreat. In Divyasimha Mandhata's reign, another rebellion arose in 1880, leading to the burning of Kaptipada's fort. Divyasimha and his family fled the flames but ultimately quelled the rebellion and reconstructed the fort.

Jaya Bhujanga Divyasimha Mandhata, renowned for his simplicity and honesty, grappled with recurring rebellions and revenue collection issues. At that time Mayurbhanj state was under the [[Court of Wards (India)|Court of Wards]] due to a minor ruler, with P. Wylly serving as Manager. Following a request from Sriram Chandra Bhanja Deo, the Kaptipada estate, covering an area of 518 sq km, merged with Mayurbhanj in 1890. Subsequently, the estate's status was reduced to a Sabarakari estate. The merger incited a sudden revolt as rebels looted the palace, resulting in injuries to both the Raja and Rani. Police from Baripada intervened to restore order and punished the culprits. Divyasimha ruled Kaptipada until his death in 1903, after which he was succeeded by Virata Bhujanga Gaura Chandra Mandhata. Following [[Indian independence movement|India's independence]], on January 1, 1949, [[Mayurbhanj State|Mayurbhanj state]] merged with Odisha. Consequently, the Sarbarkari status of Kaptipada was taken over by the government under section 3(1) of the Orissa Estate Abolition Act on November 27, 1952.<ref name=":0" />

==Demographics==
{{Historical populations
|1911 |22922
|1921 |28258
|1931 |35892
|source = Census of Mayurbhanj state<ref>{{Cite book |last=Laeequddin |first=Mohammed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p-CDPwAACAAJ |title=Census of Mayurbhanj State 1931 |volume=I |date=1937 |language=en|page=43}}</ref>}}

== Rulers ==
=== Headquartered at Kainsari ===
1. Naga Chief Phanimukta (founder of the state)

2. Vasanta Virata (Gajapati Purushottam Dev awarded "''Jaya Bhujanga"'' title)

3. Ajay Kumar Abhinava Bhujanga

4. Niladwaja Kumar Parikshita Bhujanga

=== Headquartered at Kaptipada ===
1. Sarat Chandra Bhujanga

2-27. ''(There are 27 ruler ruled the state, but no reliable data available)''

28. Nrusimha Charan Mandata

29. Rama Chandra Mandata

30. Abhinava Bhujanga Pitambara Mandata

31. Parikshita Bhujanga Birabara Mandata

32. Jaya Bhujanga Divyaaimha Mandata

33. Virata Bhujanga Goura Chandra Mandata
===Titular===
1. Rajat Chandra Abhinava Bhujanga

2. Pramoda Chandra Parikshita Bhujanga

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===

*{{Cite book |last=Padhi |first=Subash Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k1a5AAAAIAAJ |title=British Relations with the Chiefs and Rajas of Orissa, 1803-1858 |date=1986 |publisher=Punthi Pustak |pages=136–137 |language=en}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Samal |first1=J. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XP_tAxMbvgkC&pg=PA153 |title=Makers of Modern Orissa: Contributions of Some Leading Personalities of Orissa in the 2nd Half of the 19th Century |last2=Nayak |first2=Pradip Kumar |date=1996 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-322-9 |language=en}}
*{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Sailendra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BuUwAQAAMAAJ |title=Biography of the Maharaja Sri Ram Chandra Bhanj Deo |date=1918 |language=en}}

{{coord missing|Odisha}}

[[Category:Princely states of Odisha]]
[[Category:Mayurbhanj district]]
[[Category:Bengal Presidency]]

Kaptipada Estate - Revision history

TabathaLea97053 at 01:25, 10 August 2025