80.235.157.105 at 22:25, 12 November 2021

2021-11-12T22:25:11Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2010}}
{{Infobox Former Subdivision
|conventional_long_name = Kapurthala State
|common_name = Kapurthala
|nation = [[British India]]
|subdivision = [[Princely State]]
|era = New Imperialism
|year_start = 1772
|date_start =
|event_start=
|year_end = 1947
|date_end =
|event_end= [[Independence of India]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 = Sikh Confederacy
|s1 = India
|flag_p1 =Kattar Dhal Talwar.jpg
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag = Kapurthala flag.svg
|image_coat = Coat of arms of Kapurthala State.jpg
|image_map = Punjab 1909.jpg
|image_map_caption = Kapurthala State on a 1909 [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]] map.
|stat_area1 =352
|stat_year1 = 1901
|stat_pop1 = 314,341
|today = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
|footnotes = [http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V14_414.gif Kapurthala state] [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]], 1909, v. 14, ''p. 408–416''.
}}
[[File:PicKingRaja.jpg|thumb|[[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]]]]

'''Kapurthala State''', with its capital at [[Kapurthala]], was a former [[Princely state]] of [[Punjab region|Punjab]]. Ruled by [[Ahluwalia (misl)|Ahluwalia]] rulers, spread across {{convert|352|sqmi|km2}}. According to the 1901 census the state had a population of 314,341 and contained two towns and 167 villages.<ref name="imp">[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V14_414.gif Kapurthala state] ''[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]'', 1909, v. 14, p. 408.</ref> In 1930, Kapurthala became part of the [[Punjab States Agency]] and acceded to the [[Dominion of India|Union of India]] in 1947.

In colonial India, Kapurthala State was known for its [[composite nationalism|communal harmony]], with its Sikh ruler [[Jagatjit Singh]] building the [[Moorish Mosque, Kapurthala|Moorish Mosque]] for his Muslim subjects.<ref name="Venkatesh2016">{{cite web |last1=Venkatesh |first1=Karthik |title=Malerkotla, Where Tolerance is a Way of Life |url=https://thewire.in/culture/malerkotla-where-tolerance-is-a-way-of-life |publisher=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |access-date=3 November 2020 |language=English |date=16 January 2016}}</ref> At the time of the [[Indian independence movement]], the ruler of the Kapurthala State [[opposition to the partition of India|opposed the partition of India]] and advocated for a united, secular country.<ref name="NDTV2009"/>

== Origins ==
The ruling dynasty of Kapurthala originated in the [[Ahluwalia (misl)|Ahluwalia misl]]. The dynasty's records trace their ancestry to the Bhatti Rajput tribe of [[Jaisalmer State|Jaisalmer]]. After 1530 they are called Bhatti Rajput, and ultimately, the Hindu deity [[Krishna]]. According to this account, Krishna's descendant Gaj built the fort of [[Ghazni|Gajni]], and lost his life in a battle against a joint [[Roman Empire|Roman]]-[[Greater Khorasan|Khorasani]] army. His son [[Shalivahana|Salibahan]] established the city of [[Sialkot]], and started the [[Shaka era|Shak era]] after defeating the [[Shakas|Shaks]] in 78 CE.

After the Muslim conquest of Punjab, his descendants migrated to the [[Jaisalmer State|Jaisalmer]] area, where they came to be known as Bhatti tribe. After [[Alauddin Khalji]]'s conquest of Jaisalmer, some of the Bhatti tribe people's migrated to [[Tarn Taran district]], mingled with [[Jats]]. Gradually, they came to be known as Jats, and in the 17th century, they joined [[Guru Hargobind]]'s army. Ganda Singh of this family raided [[Lahore]], whose governor Dilawar Khan persuaded him to join the Lahore army, and assigned him the [[jagir|fief]] of Ahlu and some other villages. Ganda Singh's son Sadhu (or Sadho) Singh lived in Ahlu, because of which the family came to be known as Ahluwalia. Sadhu Singh and his four sons married into Kalal families, because of which the family came to be known as Ahluwalia. The descendants of Sadhu Singh son Gopal Singh (who was the grandfather of Jassa Singh) established the royal family of Kapurthala.<ref name="Ganda_1990">{{cite book |author=Ganda Singh |title=Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f4ZHAAAAMAAJ |year=1990 |publisher=Punjabi University |pages=1–4 }}</ref> The British administrator [[Lepel Griffin]] (1873) dismissed this account as spurious.<ref name="Ganda_1990"/> The Sikh author Gian Singh, in his ''Twarikh Raj Khalsa'' (1894), wrote that the Ahluwalia family adopted the Kalal caste identity much before Sadhu Singh.<ref>{{cite book |author=M. L. Ahluwalia|title=Land marks in Sikh history |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1DduAAAAMAAJ |year=1996 |publisher=Ashoka International |page=37 }}</ref>

The [[Ahluwalia (misl)|Ahluwalia misl]] rose to prominence under [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]],<ref name="KR_2015">{{cite book |title=Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia |author=Kaushik Roy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GpNECgAAQBAJ&pg=PT88 |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |isbn=9781317321279 |page=88 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last =Singhia |first=H.S. |title=The encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Hemkunt Press |year=2009 |location=New Delhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C&pg=PA111 |isbn=978-81-7010-301-1 |page=111}}</ref> who was the first person to use the name "Ahluwalia". Originally known as Jassa Singh Aujla, he styled himself as Ahluwalia after his ancestral village of Ahlu.<ref name="Donald_1968">{{cite book |author=Donald Anthony Low |title=Soundings in Modern South Asian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfD02m8q8eYC&pg=PA70 |year=1968 |publisher=University of California Press |pages=70–71 |oclc=612533097 }}</ref> He is regarded as the founder of the Kapurthala State.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sohan Singh Seetal |title=The Sikh Misals and the Punjab States |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KD4uAAAAMAAJ |year=1981 |publisher=Lahore Book Shop |page=75 }}</ref>

Even after other misls lost their territories to [[Ranjit Singh]]'s [[Sikh Empire]], the emperor permitted the descendants of Jassa Singh to retain their estates. After the [[British India|British]] took over the Sikh territories in 1846, Jassa Singh's descendants became the ruling family of the Kapurthala State.<ref name="WHMcLeod_2009">{{cite book |author=W. H. McLeod |title=The A to Z of Sikhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC&pg=PA6 |year=2009 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-6344-6 |page=6 }}</ref>

==Royal dynasty==
===Sardars===
* [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia|Jassa Singh]] (1777 – 20 October 1783)<ref>[http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/k/kapurthala.html Kapurthala]</ref> (b. 1718 – d. 1783)<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.royalfamilyofindia.com/kapurthala/|title=KAPURTHALA|date=2013-04-12|work=Royal Family of India|access-date=2018-01-09|language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Bagh Singh of Kapurthala|Bagh Singh]] (20 October 1783 – 10 July 1801) (b. 1747 – d. 1801){{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

===Rajas===
[[File:Fateh Singh Ahluwalia.png|thumb|Raja Fateh Singh Ahluwalia, [[Companion of Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]] ]]
* [[Fateh Singh Ahluwalia]] (10 July 1801 – 20 October 1837) (b. 1784 – d. 1837)<ref>{{cite web |title=History {{!}} Kapurthala Web Portal {{!}} India |url=https://kapurthala.gov.in/history/ |publisher=Government of India |access-date=25 December 2020}}</ref><ref>[https://quod.lib.umich.edu/g/genpub/AFH9527.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltext A history of the Sikhs, from the origin of the nation to the battles of the Sutlej.] Cunningham, Joseph Davey, 1812-1851., Garrett, H. L. O. ed. (Herbert Leonard Offley), 1881-1941</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Griffin |first1=Lepel Henry |title=Ranjit Singh |publisher=Oxford : Clarendon press |url=https://archive.org/details/ranjitsingh00grif}}</ref>
* [[Nihal Singh of Kapurthala|Nihal Singh]] (20 October 1837 – 13 September 1852) (b. 1817 – d. 1852)
* [[Randhir Singh of Kapurthala|Randhir Singh]] (13 September 1852 – 12 March 1861) (b. 1831 – d. 1870)<ref name=":0" />

===Raja-i Rajgan===
* [[Randhir Singh of Kapurthala|Randhir Singh]] (12 March 1861 – 2 April 1870) (b. 1831 – d. 1870)
* [[Kharak Singh of Kapurthala|Kharak Singh]] (2 April 1870 – 3 September 1877) (b. 1850 – d. 1877)
[[File:Maharaja de kapurthala jagatjit singh.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Jagatjit Singh]] Bahadur, Maharaja of Kapurthala, [[Order of the Star of India|GCSI]], [[Order of the Indian Empire|GCIE]], [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire|GBE]].]]
* [[Jagatjit Singh]] (3 September 1877 – 12 December 1911) (b. 1872 – d. 1949)<ref name=":0" />

===Maharajas===
* [[Jagatjit Singh]] (12 December 1911 – 15 August 1947) (b. 1872 – d. 1949)<ref name=":0" />
*Paramjit Singh
*[[Brigadier]] [[Sukhjit Singh (Soldier)|Sukhjit Singh]] [[Maha Vir Chakra|MVC]]

===Crown Princes===
* Tikka Raja Shatrujit Singh<ref name="NDTV2009">{{cite web |title=An undivided India? |url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/news/the-big-fight/an-undivided-india-100356 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=19 October 2020 |language=English |date=29 August 2009}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Anita Delgado]]
*[[Political integration of India]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline}}
*[http://www.sikh-heritage.co.uk/heritage/Maharajas%20of%20Punjab/kapurthala/kapurthala.htm Kapurthala] www.sikh-heritage.co.uk

{{Princely states of India}}
{{Princely states of the Punjab and Simla Hills}}
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[[Category:Kapurthala State| ]]
[[Category:1772 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1947 disestablishments in India]]

Kapurthala State - Revision history

80.235.157.105 at 22:25, 12 November 2021