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{{Short description|1949 UN-supervised agreement between India and Pakistan}}
{{Distinguish|Karachi Agreement (Pakistan-occupied Kashmir)}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox treaty
| name = Karachi Agreement
| long_name = Agreement Regarding the Establishment of a Cease-Fire Line in the State of Jammu and Kashmir
| rep =
| image =
| image_width =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| type =[[Boundary delimitation|Delimitation]] of Cease-Fire Line
| context =[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Post Indo-Pakistani War 1947]]
| date_drafted = 13 August 1948
| date_signed ={{Start date and age|df=yes|1949|07|27}}
| location_signed = Karachi, Pakistan
| date_sealed =
| date_effective =
| condition_effective =
| date_expiration =
| date_expiry =
| mediators = [[United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan]]
| negotiators = Military representatives of India and Pakistan
| signatories =
* [[S. M. Shrinagesh|Lt. Gen. S. M. Shrinagesh]]<br />on behalf of [[India]]
* [[W. J. Cawthorn|Maj. Gen. W. J. Cawthorn]]<br />on behalf of [[Pakistan]]
* Hernando Samper and M. Delvoie<br />from [[United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan|UNCIP]]
| parties =
* {{flagicon|India}} [[Dominion of India|India]]
* {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]]
* {{flagicon|United Nations}} [[United Nations]]
| ratifiers =
| depositor =
| depositories =
* [[Indian government|Government of India]]
* [[Government of Pakistan]]
|
| language = 
| languages = English
|
| wikisource = 
| wikisource1 = 
}}
The '''Karachi Agreement''' of 1949 was signed by the military representatives of India and Pakistan, supervised by the [[United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan]], establishing a cease-fire line in [[Kashmir]] following the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]].{{sfn|Wirsing, War or Peace on the Line of Control?|1998|p=9}} It established a cease-fire line which has been monitored by United Nations observers from the United Nations since then.{{sfn|Hilaire, United Nations Law and the Security Council|2005|pp=29-30}}


==Background==
{{Main|United Nations Security Council Resolution 39}}

The Security Council Resolution 39 of April 1948 established a UN Commission ([[United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan]] — UNCIP) to mediate between India and Pakistan to bring about a cessation of [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|fighting]] in Kashmir and to make arrangements for a popular plebiscite. After negotiations with the two sides, the Commission passed a three-part resolution in August 1948 and subsequently added a 'supplement'. The three parts dealt with ceasefire, terms for truce, and procedures for negotiation regarding the plebiscite. Both the countries accepted the resolution and a ceasefire was achieved on 31 December 1948.

==Agreement==
[[File:Kashmir Jammu Map.png|thumb|right|The princely state of Jammu and Kashmir with the current [[Line of Control]] defined in 1972 (similar to that of 1949)]]
The Karachi Agreement formally called the ''Agreement Between Military Representatives of India and Pakistan Regarding the Establishment of a Cease-Fire Line in the State of Jammu and Kashmir,'' was signed on 27 July 1949, supervised by the Truce Subcommittee of the UNCIP.{{sfn|Wirsing, War or Peace on the Line of Control?|1998|p=9}}

The signatories were:
# Lt. Gen. [[S. M. Shrinagesh]], on behalf of India
# Maj. Gen. [[W. J. Cawthorn]], on behalf of Pakistan
# Hernando Samper and M. Delvoie, on behalf of the UNCIP.

The other members of the Indian delegation were Maj. Gen. [[K. S. Thimayya]], Brig. [[Sam Manekshaw]], Maj. [[Srinivas Kumar Sinha|S. K. Sinha]] (who acted as the ''aide-de-camp'' for Gen. Srinagesh), and the secretaries of the Defence Ministry and the Ministry of Kashmir Affairs. The Pakistani delegation included Maj. Gen. Nazir Ahmed and Brig. Sher Khan and civil servants M. Ayub and A. A. Khan. The military representatives of the two sides negotiated for a week starting 18 July to demarcate the positions under their control.{{sfn|Bhattacharya, What Price Freedom|2013|pp=151–152}}<ref>{{citation |last=Ganguly |first=Sumit |title=Deadly Impasse |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z_-lCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA134 |date=31 March 2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-76361-5 |pages=134–}}</ref>

S. K. Sinha stated that the Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] briefed the Indian delegation before the Karachi meeting, wherein he informed them that the [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 47|UN Resolution]] conceded the legality of Kashmir's accession to India and, so, any "no man's land" would belong to India. The Pakistani delegation would need to produce proof to the UN Commission of factual positions of their control for all the territory they claim. Sinha stated that, based on this principle, the agreement demarcated several hundred square miles of territory on the Indian side even though there were no Indian troops in that territory.<ref name=Arpi>Claude Arpi, [http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-the-myths-of-wild-roses-and-pakistani-presence-in-siachen-1694621 The myths of wild roses and Pakistani presence in Siachen], Daily News and Analysis, 28 May 2012.</ref>
[[File:Page 2 - CFL as shown on UN Map to Karachi Agreement 1949.JPG|thumb|right|The ceasefire line of 1949]]

The 830 kilometre long ceasefire line established in the agreement started from a southernmost point just west of the [[Chenab river]] in [[Jammu Division|Jammu]]. It ran in a rough arc northwards and then northeastwards to the map coordinate [[NJ9842]], about 19 km north of the [[Shyok river]].{{sfn|Wirsing, War or Peace on the Line of Control?|1998|pp=9-10}}

From the map point NJ9842, it was said to run due north to the international boundary with China, at a distance of about 60–65 km. Since there were no troops in that area of inaccessible glacial terrain, no effort was made to extend the ceasefire line between NJ9842 and the China border. This area, of the [[Siachen Glacier]], eventually became a bone of contention between India and Pakistan.{{sfn|Wirsing, War or Peace on the Line of Control?|1998|p=10}}

Another anomaly arose at the southern end of the ceasefire line in [[Jammu Division|Jammu]]. From the terminus of the ceasefire line to the international boundary between Indian and Pakistani [[Punjab]], there was a gap of over 200 km, which was covered by a recognised "provincial boundary" between Pakistani Punjab and the [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|princely state of Jammu and Kashmir]]. India generally referred to this boundary as the "international border", whereas Pakistan referred to it as the "border" or the "working border".{{sfn|Wirsing, War or Peace on the Line of Control?|1998|p=10}}

==Map of the Agreement==
[[U.N.]] document number S/1430/Add.2<ref>{{cite web|title=UN Map showing CFL - UN document number S/1430/Add.2|url=http://repository.un.org/bitstream/handle/11176/87063/S_1430_Add.2-EN.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y|website=Dag Digital Library|access-date=30 May 2015}}</ref> (which is the second [[addendum]] to the 1949 Karachi Agreement) shows the Cease Fire Line (CFL) marked on the Map of the State of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. Title of this addendum reads:

<blockquote>Map of the State of Jammu and Kashmir showing the Cease Fire Line as Agreed Upon in the Karachi Agreement, Ratified by the Governments of India and Pakistan on 29 and 30 July Respectively. (See Annex 26 to the third Interim Report of the United Nation Commission for India and Pakistan)<ref>{{citation|title=U.N. Commission for India and Pakistan: annexes to the interim report|publisher=Dag Digital Library - the United Nations|page=83|url=http://repository.un.org/bitstream/handle/11176/87062/S_1430_Add.1-EN.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y|access-date=3 June 2015|ref=Document symbol: S/1430/Add.1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118155050/http://repository.un.org/bitstream/handle/11176/87062/S_1430_Add.1-EN.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y|archive-date=18 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Treaty Series|publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection|page=274|edition=Volume 81|url=https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%2081/v81.pdf|access-date=4 June 2015}}</ref></blockquote>

=== U.N. Map illustrating Cease Fire Line as per Karachi Agreement ===

{|style="margin: 0 auto;"
| [[File:Page 1 - CFL as shown on UN Map to Karachi Agreement 1949.JPG|thumb|Page-1 of U.N. Map Number S/1430/Add.2 to Karachi Agreement 1949]]
| [[File:Page_2_-_CFL_as_shown_on_UN_Map_to_Karachi_Agreement_1949.JPG|thumb|Page-2 of U.N. Map Number S/1430/Add.2 showing CFL]]
| [[File:Page 3 - CFL as shown on UN Map to Karachi Agreement 1949.JPG|thumb|Page-3 U.N. Map Number S/1430/Add.2 showing CFL terminating at NJ9842]]
|}

The Karachi Agreement between India and Pakistan established a cease-fire line to be supervised by the military observers. These observers, under the command of the [[Military Advisor]], formed the nucleus of the [[United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan]] (UNMOGIP). On 30 March 1951, following the termination of the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan (UNCIP), the Security Council, by Resolution 91 (1951) decided that UNMOGIP should continue to supervise the cease-fire line in Kashmir. UNMOGIP's functions were to observe and report, investigate complaints of cease-fire violations and submit its findings to each party and to the Secretary-General.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/time-un-observers-left-kashmir-india/article4330381.ece Time U.N. observers left Kashmir: India]</ref>

==See also==
* [[NJ9842]]
* [[Simla Agreement]]
* [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 47]]
* [[Karachi Agreement (Pakistan-occupied Kashmir)]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140214175655/http://www.kashmir-information.com/LegalDocs/KashmirCeasefire.html Complete text of the agreement]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140223015415/http://www.kashmir-information.com/historicaldocuments/kashmirceasefire.html Text of Agreement]
*[http://peacemaker.un.org/node/1091 Full text of the Karachi Agreement], UN Peacemaker
*[http://repository.un.org/bitstream/handle/11176/87063/S_1430_Add.2-EN.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y UN Map showing CFL as per Karachi Agreement - UN document number S/1430/Add.2], Dag Digital Library - the United Nations
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160118155050/http://repository.un.org/bitstream/handle/11176/87062/S_1430_Add.1-EN.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y UN Commission for India and Pakistan: annexes to the interim report], Annex 26
*[http://peacemaker.un.org/document-search?keys=&field_padate_value%5Bvalue%5D%5Bdate%5D=&field_pacountry_tid=india All peace agreement for India], UN Peacemaker
*[http://peacemaker.un.org/document-search?keys=&field_padate_value%5Bvalue%5D%5Bdate%5D=&field_pacountry_tid=pakistan All peace agreements for Pakistan], UN Peacemaker

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |last=Bhattacharya |first=Brig. Samir |title=NOTHING BUT!: Book Three: What Price Freedom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HESVAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA42 |date=2013 |publisher=Partridge Publishing |isbn=978-1-4828-1625-9 |ref={{sfnref|Bhattacharya, What Price Freedom|2013}}}}
* John Cherian, [http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=flonnet&rdurl=fl1615/16151210.htm Spotlight on Siachen], Frontline, 17 July 1999
* {{citation |last=Hilaire |first=Max |title=United Nations Law And the Security Council |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8m5E_TrIkXEC&pg=PA29 |ref={{sfnref|Hilaire, United Nations Law and the Security Council|2005}}}}
* {{citation |last=Wirsing |first=Robert |title=War or Peace on the Line of Control? The India-Pakistan Dispute over Kashmir Turns Fifty |publisher=University of Durham, International Boundaries Research Unit |year=1998 |pages=9–11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CqsA-YVuV2UC&pg=PA9 |isbn=1-897643-31-4 |ref={{sfnref|Wirsing, War or Peace on the Line of Control?|1998}}}}

==External links==
* [http://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/IN%20PK_490729_%20Karachi%20Agreement.pdf Karachi Agreement], United Nations Peacemaker website.

{{India-Pakistan relations}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Peace treaties of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Peace treaties of India]]
[[Category:Treaties involving territorial changes]]
[[Category:Diplomacy regarding the Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations]]
[[Category:1949 in India]]
[[Category:1949 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Treaties concluded in 1949]]
[[Category:Treaties entered into force in 1949]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Dominion of India]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan treaties]]
[[Category:Government of Liaquat Ali Khan]]

Karachi Agreement - Revision history

Bot at 14:54, 12 November 2022