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{{Short description|City in Haryana, India}}
{{other uses}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2014}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Karnal
| other_name = 
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Metropolitan City]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Karnal 2.jpg
| spacing = 2
| position = center
| color_border = Black
| color = Black
| size = 250
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Clockwise from top right;
K3C Mall, Agro Mall, Sector 12 road, Shrimad Bhagwad Gita Dwar, Super Mall, Cantonment Church Tower.
| pushpin_map = India Haryana#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Haryana]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|29.686|N|76.989|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{Flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Karnal district|Karnal]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[North India]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder = Raja [[Karna]]
| named_for = [[Karna]]
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [http://mckarnal.org/ Municipal Corporation Karnal]
| leader_title1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], [[Chief Minister]]
| leader_name1 = [[Manohar Lal Khattar]]
| leader_title2 = [[Member of Parliament]]
| leader_name2 = [[Sanjay Bhatia]]
| leader_title3 = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name3 = Renu Bala Gupta
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name='mckarnal'>{{cite web|title=Karnal City|url=http://mckarnal.org/|access-date=7 April 2016|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101054058/http://www.mckarnal.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 87
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 357,334<ref name='mckarnal'/><ref name="auto" />
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 132001
| area_code_type =
| area_code = 0184
| demographics_type1 = Languages<ref name=nclmanurep2010>{{cite web |url = http://www.nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |title = Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 52nd report (July 2014 to June 2015) |pages = 85–86 |publisher = Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date = 24 March 2019 |df = dmy-all |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161115133948/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date = 15 November 2016 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="punjabiofficial">{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/haryana-grants-second-language-status-to-punjabi/story-MTUeEQDE4fRCbEyPkAm63N.html |title=Haryana grants second language status to Punjabi |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |author=IANS |date=28 January 2010 |access-date=24 March 2019|author-link=Indo-Asian News Service }}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| registration_plate = HR-05
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Literacy#India|literacy rate]]
| blank_info_sec1 = 84.60%<ref name="auto"/>
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 996/1000 [[Female]]/[[Male]]
| website = {{URL|karnal.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Karnal''' ({{Audio|Karnal.ogg|pronunciation}} is a city located in the state of [[Haryana]], India and is the administrative headquarters of [[Karnal District]]. It was used by [[East India Company]] army as a refuge during the [[1857 Mutiny|Indian Rebellion of 1857]] in [[Delhi]]. The [[Battle of Karnal]] between [[Nader Shah]] of Persia and the [[Mughal Empire]] took place in this city in 1739.<ref name="HistoryAboutKarnal">{{cite web|url=https://karnal.gov.in/history/#:~:text=The%20city%20of%20Karnal%2C%20said,themselves%20at%20Karnal%20in%201785.|title=History about the city of Karnal|access-date=2022-02-07|website=Government of Karnal|language=en}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The city associates itself with the character [[Karna]] from the Indian epic [[Mahabharata]].<ref name=Karna>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sunday-special/people/king-karna-returns-to-his-land-karnal/496282.html King Karna returns to his land — Karnal. Mythology inspires ambitions, a larger-than-life portrayal of past events in order to add awe, plus a few nickels to the government kitty by way of tourism.]</ref>

== History ==
{{More citations needed|date=October 2021}}
=== Ancient ===
At the end of 6th century A.D., the area was under the rule of the [[Vardhanas]] of [[Thanesar]].<ref>{{cite book |author=D. C. Ganguly |chapter=Western India in the Sixth Century A.D.|editor=R. C. Majumdar |editor-link=R. C. Majumdar |title=A Comprehensive History of India |volume=3, Part I: A.D. 300-985 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRBuAAAAMAAJ |year=1981 |publisher=Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |oclc=34008529 }}</ref> The 7th century was a period of religious eclecticism, as Buddhism was declining and Hinduism was resurging in the Indo-Gangetic plains. The region was under [[Kannauj|Kanauji]] rule under the [[Pala Empire|Pala]] Emperors of Bengal from 770 to 810 AD. The authority of [[Mihira Bhoja]], the [[Pratihara]] ruler of Kanauj from 836 to 885 AD, penetrated as far as Pehowa, including Karnal.<ref name=history/>

=== Medieval ===
The [[Tomara dynasty|Tomaras]], a dynasty descending from Raja Jaala, established themselves as rulers of this region in the middle of the 9th century.<ref name=history>{{cite book |author=H. A. Phadke |title=Haryana, Ancient and Medieval |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HxlIAAAAIAAJ |year=1990 |publisher=Harman |isbn=978-81-85151-34-2 }}</ref> About the beginning of the 10th century, as the Pratyahara power began to decline, the Tomaras assumed independence. One of the Tomara rulers, [[Anangpal Tomar|Amanpal Tomar]], found the city of Delhi and made it his capital, with the area of Karnal and modern-day Haryana being under his realm. The Tomaras came into conflict with the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chauhan's of Shakambhari]], but continued to rule the Haryana country until the middle of 12th century when they were overthrown by the Chaha mana [[Vigraharaja IV|Vighnaraja IV]].<ref>{{cite book |author=R. B. Singh |title=History of the Chāhamānas |publisher=N. Kishore |year=1964 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKs9AAAAIAAJ |oclc=11038728 }}</ref> The country between the Satluj and the Yamuna including Karnal experienced relative peace for a century and a half except the plundering invasions and eventual conquests of [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud of Ghazi]]. The region then came under [[Ghurid]] rule after the [[Second Battle of Tarain|Second Battle of Tarani]] when [[Muhammad Ghori]] captured the area. It remained under the [[Delhi Sultanate]] until 1526.

In 1526 at the [[First Battle of Panipat]], Mughal emperor [[Babur]] defeated the Sultan of [[Delhi]], [[Ibrahim Lodi]], and captured India along with Delhi and Panipat. He then established the [[Mughal Empire]].

Karnal is listed in the Mughal [[Ain-i-Akbari]] as a [[pargana]] under Delhi [[sarkar (country subdivision)|sarkar]], producing a revenue of 5,678,242 [[dam (Indian coin)|dam]]s for the imperial treasury and supplying a force of 800 infantry and 50 cavalry.<ref name="Ain-i-Akbari">{{cite book |last1=Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak |last2=Jarrett |first2=Henry Sullivan (translator) |title=The Ain-i-Akbari |date=1891 |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal |location=Calcutta |page=286 |url=https://archive.org/details/ainiakbarivolum00mubgoog |access-date=21 January 2021}}</ref>

{{main|Battle of Karnal}}
[[Image:The Daria-e Noor (Sea of Light) Diamond from the collection of the national jewels of Iran at Central Bank of Islamic Republic of Iran.jpg|175px|thumb|[[Daria-i-Noor]] diamond was seized by Persia's Nader Shah from the Mughal dynasty following the Battle of Karnal and subsequent sack of Delhi (1739)]]
In A.D. 1739, [[Nader Shah|Nader Shah of Persia]] [[Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire|invaded the Mughal empire]] and Karnal was the scene of the famed [[Battle of Karnal]], in which Nader Shah decisively defeated the Mughal Emperor, [[Muhammad Shah]].<ref name=Shah>[[Michael Axworthy|Axworthy, Michael]] (2009)</ref> Muhammad Shah along with an enormous army occupied a strongly fortified camp at Karnal, but he yielded to the invader as his supplies were cut off from the open country by Shah and was starved into submission.<ref name=Shah/> The tactical defeat drastically weakened the [[Mughal Empire]], while the [[Afsharid Empire|Persian Empire]] prospered and subsequently hastened the establishment of the [[British Empire]] in India. The region then came under [[Durrani Empire|Afghan]] rule.

[[Sikh history|Sikhs]] appeared on the scene in the 18th century. The importance of Karnal grew in the time of Raja Gajpat Singh of [[Jind State]] who after its capture in A.D. 1763 built the boundary wall and a fort and under whose rule the town increased considerably in size.<ref>{{cite book |author=D. C. Miglani |title=Politics and Rural Power Struggle: Emerging Trends |publisher=Deep and Deep Publications |year=1993 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kNN4i2dLF4C&pg=PA74 |isbn=81-7100-578-0}}</ref> On 14 January 1764, Sikh Chiefs defeated and killed [[Zain Khan Sirhindi]], the Durrani Governor, and took possession of the whole of Sirhind province as far south as Panipat including Karnal.

=== Modern ===
During the [[Indian independence movement]], a district political conference was organized at Karnal with [[Lala Lajpat Rai]] as its chairman.

==Climate==
{{Weather box
| location = Karnal (1981–2010, extremes 1949–2012)
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| width = auto
| Jan record high C = 31.2
| Feb record high C = 33.2
| Mar record high C = 37.5
| Apr record high C = 45.2
| May record high C = 46.0
| Jun record high C = 45.6
| Jul record high C = 43.9
| Aug record high C = 42.0
| Sep record high C = 38.3
| Oct record high C = 39.3
| Nov record high C = 34.4
| Dec record high C = 28.5
| year record high C = 46.0
| Jan high C = 19.1
| Feb high C = 22.4
| Mar high C = 27.7
| Apr high C = 35.3
| May high C = 38.3
| Jun high C = 37.9
| Jul high C = 33.9
| Aug high C = 32.8
| Sep high C = 32.5
| Oct high C = 31.7
| Nov high C = 27.4
| Dec high C = 21.8
| year high C = 30.1
| Jan low C = 7.1
| Feb low C = 9.4
| Mar low C = 13.5
| Apr low C = 18.8
| May low C = 23.3
| Jun low C = 25.5
| Jul low C = 25.6
| Aug low C = 25.1
| Sep low C = 23.2
| Oct low C = 17.4
| Nov low C = 12.0
| Dec low C = 8.0
| year low C = 17.4
| Jan record low C = -0.3
| Feb record low C = 0.6
| Mar record low C = 3.5
| Apr record low C = 9.0
| May record low C = 14.5
| Jun record low C = 18.0
| Jul record low C = 16.0
| Aug record low C = 18.4
| Sep record low C = 16.0
| Oct record low C = 9.4
| Nov record low C = 3.0
| Dec record low C = -0.4
| year record low C = -0.4
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 26.7
| Feb rain mm = 24.8
| Mar rain mm = 17.8
| Apr rain mm = 8.4
| May rain mm = 24.2
| Jun rain mm = 65.7
| Jul rain mm = 171.8
| Aug rain mm = 157.5
| Sep rain mm = 115.9
| Oct rain mm = 3.5
| Nov rain mm = 1.9
| Dec rain mm = 9.0
| year rain mm = 627.1
| Jan rain days = 1.5
| Feb rain days = 1.8
| Mar rain days = 1.6
| Apr rain days = 0.9
| May rain days = 1.6
| Jun rain days = 3.9
| Jul rain days = 7.9
| Aug rain days = 7.8
| Sep rain days = 4.7
| Oct rain days = 0.2
| Nov rain days = 0.4
| Dec rain days = 0.8
| year rain days = 33.2
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 64
| Feb humidity = 58
| Mar humidity = 51
| Apr humidity = 31
| May humidity = 33
| Jun humidity = 44
| Jul humidity = 67
| Aug humidity = 73
| Sep humidity = 68
| Oct humidity = 54
| Nov humidity = 53
| Dec humidity = 60
|year humidity = 55
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Karnal Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 395–396
| access-date = 1 March 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M65
| access-date = 1 March 2020}}</ref>
}}
==Demographics==
The population of the city as of 2011, is 357,334<ref name='mckarnal'/><ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=Karnal (M Cl)|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=65024|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=7 April 2016}}</ref>
[[File:DiwaliKarnal.JPG|thumb|Houses During Diwali in Karnal]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ ''Religion in Karnal City
|-
! Religion
! Population<br>(1911)<ref name="Census1911">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/site/SAOA/SouthAsiaOpenArchivesSAOA/CensusReports-1911-26575903/|title=Census of India 1911. Vol. 14, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables.|access-date=21 August 2022}}</ref>{{rp|20}}
! Percentage<br>(1911)
! Population<br>(1941)<ref name="Census1941">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/site/south-asia-open-archives/saoa/censusofindia1941-28216851/|title=CENSUS OF INDIA, 1941 VOLUME VI PUNJAB PROVINCE|access-date=21 August 2022}}</ref>{{rp|30}}
! Percentage<br>(1941)
|-
| [[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]{{efn|name=ad-dharmi|1941 census: Including [[Ad-Dharmi]]s}}
| 12,772
|{{Percentage | 12772 | 21961 | 2 }}
| 20,462
|{{Percentage | 20462 | 37444 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
| 8,667
|{{Percentage | 8667 | 21961 | 2 }}
| 15,844
|{{Percentage | 15844 | 37444 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
| 130
|{{Percentage | 130 | 21961 | 2 }}
| 647
|{{Percentage | 647 | 37444 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]
| 210
|{{Percentage | 210 | 21961 | 2 }}
| 125
|{{Percentage | 125 | 37444 | 2 }}
|-
| Others {{efn|Including [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Judaism]], others, or not stated}}
| 182
|{{Percentage | 182 | 21961 | 2 }}
| 366
|{{Percentage | 366 | 37444 | 2 }}
|-
| '''Total Population'''
| '''21,961'''
|'''{{Percentage | 21961 | 21961 | 2 }}'''
| '''37,444'''
|'''{{Percentage | 37444 | 37444 | 2 }}'''
|}

==Politics==
The city is part of the [[Karnal Assembly constituency]] and [[Manohar Lal Khattar]] is the MLA from Karnal constituency.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manohar Lal Khattar in Karnal Election Results 2019: Manohar Lal Khattar of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/manohar-lal-khattar-in-karnal-election-results-2019-live-updates-2358993.html |access-date=4 February 2022 |work=News18 |date=24 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Sanjay Bhatia]] is the current elected MP from the [[Karnal Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Facilities==
Karnal was ranked 24th (1st in Haryana) among 4000+ cities in the list of the cleanest cities of India under the government survey named ''[[Swachh Survekshan|Swachh Survekshan 2019]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cleanliness survey: Karnal city needs toilets to improve rank |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/cleanliness-survey-karnal-city-needs-toilets-to-improve-rank/744845.html |access-date=21 March 2019 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=17 March 2019}}</ref>

Karnal was selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a ''smart city'' under the Union government's plan [[Smart Cities Mission]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Khattar's Karnal tops list of smart cities |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/khattar-s-karnal-tops-list-of-smart-cities-110000 |access-date=29 January 2021 |work=Tribune |date=23 July 2015 |language=en}}</ref>

==Education ==
* [[National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Education – NDRI-National Dairy Research Institute (Deemed University) |url=http://ndri.res.in/educations/ |access-date=2022-08-12 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[St. Theresa's Convent Sr. Sec. School]].<ref name="stcs">[http://www.stcskarnal.com], official website.</ref>
* [[Kalpana Chawla Government Medical College]].<ref name="kcgmc">[https://www.kcgmckarnal.org/kalpana-chawla-government-medical-college/ Kalpana Chawla Government Medical College]</ref>
* [[Pratap Public School]].<ref name="pps">[https://www.pratappublicschool.com], official website.</ref>
* [[Maharana Pratap Horticultural University]].<ref name="mhu1">[http://www.mhu.ac.in Maharana Pratap Horticultural University, Karnal], official website.</ref>
* [[Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayaya University of Health Sciences]].

==Notable people==


*[[Anish Bhanwala]], Indian [[Shooting sports|shooter]]. He was brought up in Karnal, [[Haryana]] and competes in the [[25 meter rapid fire pistol]], [[25 meter pistol]], and [[25 meter standard pistol]] events.<ref>{{cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |title=Anish wins India's third individual gold in Jr. World Cup |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/anish-wins-india-s-3rd-individual-gold-in-jr-world-cup-118032600375_1.html |work=Business Standard India |date=26 March 2018}}</ref>
* [[Kalpana Chawla]], first Indo-American woman astronaut. In 2003, Chawla was one of the seven crew members that died in the [[Space Shuttle Columbia disaster]]<ref name="firstpost.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/why-only-98-cities-instead-of-100-announced-all-questions-answered-about-smart-cities-project-2410576.html|title=Only 98 cities instead of 100 announced: All questions answered about the smart cities project|date=28 August 2015}}</ref>
* [[Vikramjeet Virk]] A Bollywood Actor. He Was Born in 1984 Village Tharwa Majra Of Karnal. He’s Well Renowned Actor Working in Hindi, Punjabi, Telugu Films.
* [[Mool Chand Jain]], a leader of the Indian Independence movement.<ref>{{cite web|title=Babu Mool Chand Jain Comprehensive Archives|url=http://moolchandjain.org}}</ref>
* General [[Arthur Power Palmer]], [[Commander-in-Chief, India|Commander-in-Chief]] of [[British India|India]] was born in 1840
* [[Navdeep Saini]], Indian cricketer

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{Haryana}}
{{Forts of Haryana}}
[[Category:Karnal| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Karnal district]]
[[Category:Smart cities in India]]

Karnal - Revision history

WikiDwarfBOT at 00:59, 22 July 2023