Bot at 14:17, 17 November 2022

2022-11-17T14:17:39Z

New page

{{short description|Indian revolutionary (1896–1915)}}
{{Tone|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kartar Singh Sarabha
| image = Shaheed-Kartar-Singh-Sarabha.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1896|05|24}}
| birth_place = [[Ludhiana district|Sarabha]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British India]]<br>{{small|(present-day [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]])}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1915|11|16|1896|05|24}}
| death_place = [[Central Jail Lahore|Central Jail]], [[Lahore]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province, British India]]<br>{{small|(present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]])}}
| death_cause = [[Execution by hanging]]
| nationality = [[Indian people|British Indian]]
| occupation = [[Revolutionary]]
| employer = [[Ghadar Party]]
| known_for = Being one of the most active member of Ghadar Party
| movement = [[Indian independence movement]]
| other_names = Kartar Singh
| website =
}}

'''Kartar Singh Sarabha''' (24 May 1896 — 16 November 1915)<ref name="nbt"/> was an Indian revolutionary. He was 15-years old when he became a member of [[Ghadar Party]]; he then became a leading luminary member and started fighting for the [[ independence movement]]. He was one of the most active members of the movement. In November 1915 at [[Central Jail Lahore|Central Jail, Lahore]], he was [[Execution by hanging|executed]] for his role in the movement when he was 19 years old.<ref>{{cite web|author=[[Chaman Lal]]|date=2018|pages=1–2|title=Gadar Party Nayak: Kartar Singh Sarabha|url=http://www.nbtindia.gov.in/books_detail__9__national-biography__323__gadar-party-nayak-kartar-singh-sarabha-hindi-.nbt}}</ref>

==Early life==
Kartar Singh was born into a [[Grewal]] [[Jat Sikh]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shaheed Kartar Singh Sarabha| url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=148881|access-date=2022-06-30|website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref> family in Sarabha, a village near [[Ludhiana]] in Punjab. His father was Mangal Singh Grewal and his mother was Sahib Kaur. He was very young when his father died and his grandfather brought him up. After receiving his initial education in his village, Singh entered the Malwa Khalsa high school in Ludhiana; he studied there until 8th standard. Then he went to his uncle (father's brother) in [[Odisha]] and stayed there for over a year.<ref name="nbt">{{Cite web|title=Ghadar Party Hero Kartar Singh Sarabha|url=https://www.nbtindia.gov.in/books_detail__9__national-biography__1203__ghadar-party-hero-kartar-singh-sarabha.nbt|access-date=2020-09-12|website=[[National Book Trust]]}}</ref>
After coming back to his grandfather, his family decided to board him to the United States for higher education. He sailed to [[San Francisco]] in July 1912. He was supposed to get enrolled in [[University of Berkeley]] but the evidence that he did study there varies. A historical note by Baba Jwala Singh mentions that when he went to [[Astoria, Oregon]] in December 1912, he found Kartar Singh working in a mill factory. Some say that he studied in the Berkeley, but the college did not find any record of enrollment with his name.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-24|title=शहीद करतार सिंह सराभा की जयंती पर विशेष लेख|url=https://www.punjabkesari.in/aapki-kalam-se/news/special-article-on-the-birth-anniversary-of-shaheed-kartar-singh-sarabha-1171976|access-date=2020-09-12|website=[[Punjab Kesari]]}}</ref>

His association with Nalanda club of Indian students at Berkeley aroused his patriotic sentiments and he felt agitated about the treatment of immigrants from India, especially manual, worker received in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|title=देश का वो गुमनाम हीरो, जिसकी तस्वीर भगत सिंह हमेशा अपने साथ रखते थे|url=https://www.jansatta.com/lifestyle/kartar-singh-sarabha-who-was-the-hero-of-bhagat-singh-fight-against-british-government-and-sacrifice-life-in-just-19-years-old/1223071/|access-date=2021-08-25|website=Jansatta|language=hi}}</ref>

[[Sohan Singh Bhakna]], the founder of the [[Ghadar movement|Ghadar Party]], inspired Singh to campaign against British colonial rule for the sake of an independent country. Sohan Singh Bhakna called Kartar Singh "Baba Gernal". He learnt from Americans how to shoot a gun, and how to make detonating devices. Kartar Singh also took lessons for flying aeroplanes. He frequently spoke with other Indians, many of whom supported colonial rule, on the need for India to become independent from British rule.<ref name="nbt"/>

== Ghadar Party and newspaper ==
{{Main|Ghadar Party}}

When the Ghadar party was founded in mid-1913 with Sohan Singh, a Sikh from Bhakna village in the Amritsar district, as president and Lala Hardyal as secretary, Kartar Singh stopped his university work, moved in with Lala Hardyal and became his helpmate in running the revolutionary newspaper Ghadar (revolt). He undertook the responsibility for printing of the Gurmukhi edition of the paper. He composed patriotic poetry for it and wrote articles.

On 15 July 1913, the Punjabi Indians of [[California]] assembled and formed the Ghadar Party (Revolution Party). The aim of the Ghadar Party was to get rid of British rule in India by means of an armed struggle. On 1 November 1913, the Ghadar Party started printing a paper named ''[[Hindustan Ghadar|Ghadar]]'', which was published in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Pushto]] languages. Kartar Singh was quite heavily involved in the publishing of that paper.

This paper was sent to Indians living in all countries throughout the world. Its purpose was to convince both Indians and the Indian diaspora to support the freedom movement.

Within a short time, the Ghadar Party became famous through ''The Ghadar''. It drew Indians from all walks of life.

== Revolt in Punjab ==
{{Main|Hindu–German Conspiracy}}

With the start of [[World War I]] in 1914, British India became thoroughly engrossed in the Allied war effort. Thinking it to be a good opportunity, the leaders of the Ghadar Party published the "Decision of Declaration of War" against the British in issue of 'The Ghadar' dated 5 August 1914. Thousands of copies of the paper were distributed among army cantonments, villages and cities. Kartar Singh reached Calcutta via [[Colombo]] on board SS Salamin in October 1914: he accompanied two other Ghadar leaders, [[Satyen Sen]] and [[Vishnu Ganesh Pingle]], along with a large number of Gadhar freedom fighters. With a letter of introduction from [[Jatin Mukherjee]], the [[Jugantar]] leader, Singh and Pingle met [[Rash Behari Bose]] at [[Banaras]] to inform him that 20,000 more Ghadar members were expected very soon.<ref>''Militant Nationalism in India'', Bimanbehari Majumdar (p. 167); ''Sadhak biplabi jatindranath'', [[Prithwindra Mukherjee]] pp. 283-284.</ref> A large number of leaders of the Ghadar Party were arrested by the government at the ports. In spite of these arrests, a meeting was held by members of the Ghadar Party at Ladhouwal near Ludhiana in which it was decided to commit robberies in the houses of the rich to meet requirements of finance for armed action. Two Ghadris, Waryam Singh and Bhai Ram Rakha, were killed in a bomb blast in one such raid.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sharma|first=Ritwik|date=2018-09-07|title=Relevance of Kartar Singh Sarabha, a revolutionary of the Ghadar movement|work=[[Business Standard India]]|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/relevance-of-kartar-singh-sarabha-a-revolutionary-of-the-ghadar-movement-118090701179_1.html|access-date=2020-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first=Sally|last=Dugman|date=2018-05-25|title=Kartar Singh Sarabha - A Hero Who Inspired Bhagat Singh|url=https://countercurrents.org/2018/05/kartar-singh-sarabha-a-hero-who-inspired-bhagat-singh/|access-date=2020-09-12|website=[[Countercurrents.org|Countercurrents]]|language=en-US}}</ref>

After the arrival of [[Rash Behari Bose]] at [[Amritsar]] on 25 January 1915, it was decided in a meeting on 12 February that the uprising should be started on 21 February. It was planned that after capturing the cantonments of Mian Mir and [[Ferozepur]], mutiny was to be engineered near [[Ambala]] and [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=करतार सिंह सराभा - भारतकोश, ज्ञान का हिन्दी महासागर|url=https://m.bharatdiscovery.org/india/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE|access-date=2020-09-12|website=Bharat Discovery}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=September 2022}}

== Betrayal ==
Kirpal Singh, a [[police]] informer in the ranks of the [[Ghadar Party]], had a large number of members arrested on 19 February and informed the government of the planned revolt. The government disarmed the native soldiers and the revolt failed.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://sikhnationalarchives.com/book/read/eminent-freedom-fighters-of-punjab/|title=Eminent Freedom Fighters of Punjab}}</ref>

After the failure of the revolution, the members who had escaped arrest decided to leave [[India]]. Kartar, Harnam Singh Tundilat, Jagat Singh, and others were asked to go to [[Afghanistan]] and made a move towards that area. But Kartar's conscience did not permit him to run away when his comrades had been held. On 2 March 1915, he came back with two friends and went over to Chak No. 5 in [[Sargodha]] where there was a military stud and started propagating rebellion amongst the army men. Risaldar Ganda Singh had Kartar, Harnam Singh Tundilat, and Jagat Singh arrested from Chak No. 5, [[Faisalabad district|Lyallpur district]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chopra|first=Pran Nath|url=http://archive.org/details/whoswhoofindianm01chop|title=Who's Who of Indian Martyrs, Vol. 1|date=2013|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India|others=Public Resource|isbn=978-81-230-1757-0}}</ref>

== Execution ==
All of these accused in the Conspiracy Case, for [[Indian independence movement|India's freedom]] who had worked long years and suffered privations and sacrificed everything that man runs after, were executed in the [[Central Jail Lahore|Lahore Central Jail]] on 17 November 1915. In the Court room, as also standing before the gallows the condemned men refused to accept their endeavour to be termed a 'conspiracy'. They contended that it was an open challenge to the foreigners who charged the patriots, those who were sacrificing everything for the freedom of their Motherland with the offence of sedition, of waging war against the King. Kartar was not at all sorry for what he had done; rather he felt proud for enjoying the privilege of throwing out the challenge at the face of a lot of usurpers. He was really sorry over the outcome of their efforts. He averred that every 'slave' had a right to revolt and it could never be a crime to rise in defence of the primary rights of the sons of the very soil. When he was being tried on the charge of sedition, he took the entire blame upon himself. The Judge was astounded to see such a young boy behaving in such a non-chalant manner. In view of his tender age, he advised the young revolutionary to modify his statement, but the result was the very opposite of what was desired by him. When asked to appeal he retorted, <blockquote>"Why should I? If I had more lives than one, it would have been a great honour to me to sacrifice each of them for my country."</blockquote>

He was later sentenced to death and hanged in 1915. During the period of his detention in Lahore Central Jail, Kartar managed to get hold of some instruments. With their help, he wanted to cut the iron-bars of his window and escape in company with some other revolutionaries. The authorities who learnt about his designs well in time and seized the instruments from underneath an earthen pitcher in his room, But the plan was rendered abortive by the jail authorities. At the time of his execution Kartar was hardly nineteen years old. But such was his courage that in the course of his detention he gained 14 pounds of fresh weight.

== Legacy ==
[[Bhagat Singh]] was inspired by him. "On Bhagat Singh's arrest, a photo of Sarabha was recovered from him. He always carried this photo in his pocket. Very often, Bhagat Singh would show me that photograph and say, 'Dear mother, this is my hero, friend and companion.' "
- Bhagat Singh's mother.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-24|title=कहानी उस दिलेर की जिसे शहीद भगत सिंह अपना गुरु मानते थे|url=https://www.sirfsach.in/brave-hearts/krantikari-kartar-singh-sarabha-birth-anniversary-story-of-his-bravery/5390/|access-date=2020-09-12|website=Sirf Sach|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kartar Singh Sarabha to Bhagat Singh|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280308332_Kartar_Singh_Sarabha_to_Bhagat_Singh|access-date=12 September 2020|website=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref>

''Shaheed Kartar Singh Sarabha'', an Indian [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]-language biographical film on the revolutionary was released in 1977.<ref>{{cite book|author1=K. Moti Gokulsing|author2=Wimal Dissanayake|title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djUFmlFbzFkC&pg=PA168|date=17 April 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-77284-9|page=168}}</ref>

== See also ==

*[[Udham Singh]]
*[[Sukhdev]]
*[[Harnam Singh Saini]]
*[[Bhagat Singh]]
*[[Lala Lajpat Rai]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last=Juergensmeyer |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Juergensmeyer |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Harbans |editor-link=Harbans Singh |title=The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |volume=II |year=2011 |publisher=[[Punjabi University]] |isbn=978-81-7380-204-1 |oclc=881709311 |pages=456–457 |edition=3rd |entry=KARTĀR SIṄGH SARĀBHǍ (1896–1915) |url=}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Singh |editor1-first=Parm Bakhshish |editor2-last=Ghai |editor2-first=R.K. |title=Martyrs of the Punjab |volume=1 |year=1997 |publisher=[[Punjabi University]] |isbn=978-81-7380-434-2 |pages=14–15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGNuAAAAMAAJ |entry=KARTAR SINGH SARABHA}}
*{{cite book |last=Grewal |first=J. S. |author-link=J. S. Grewal |editor-last=Sen |editor-first=S. P. |title=Dictionary of National Biography |volume=IV |year=1974 |publisher=Institute of Historical Studies |oclc=955694568 |pages=51–52 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rI3SPgAACAAJ |entry=SARABHA, KARTAR SINGH (1896–1916)}}

==External links==
*[http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/search/Kartar%20Singh%20Sarabha Kartar Singh Sarabha materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)]

{{Ghadar Conspiracy}}
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Kartar Sarabha}}
[[Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy]]
[[Category:Ghadar Party]]
[[Category:1896 births]]
[[Category:1915 deaths]]
[[Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]
[[Category:Indian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Indian Sikhs]]
[[Category:People from Ludhiana]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni]]
[[Category:Executed Indian people]]
[[Category:People executed by British India by hanging]]
[[Category:20th-century executions by British India]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]

Kartar Singh Sarabha - Revision history

Bot at 14:17, 17 November 2022