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{{Infobox writer 
| name = Kashiram Das
| native_name = কাশীরাম দাস
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| birth_place = Singi, [[Katwa]], [[Bardhaman]]
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| occupation = Poet
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
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| genre = Poetry
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'''Kashiram Das''' or '''Kāśīrām Dās''' ({{lang-bn|কাশীরাম দাস}}, {{IPA-bn|ka.ʃi.raˑm d̪aˑʃ|pron}}; born 16th century) is an important poet in medieval [[Bengali literature]]. His Bengali re-telling of the ''[[Mahabharata|Mahābhārata]]'', known as ''Kāśīdāsī Môhābhārôt'', is a popular and influential version of the ''Mahābhārata'' legend in [[Bengal]]. Although the entire work is intra-textually ascribed to him, most scholars agree that he composed only the first four of the eighteen books (''parvas''). As with the ''[[Ramayana|Rāmāyaṇa]]'' of [[Krittibas Ojha|Kṛttibās Ojhā]], Kāśīrām freely removed elements and added other legends to the story. ''Dās'' is not a last name and is a title meaning 'servant' in the [[Vaishnava|Vaiṣṇava]] tradition; the name is also written as '''Kashiramdas'''.<ref name=enc>Kashiramdas, article by Sukhamay Mukherjee in the Encyclopedia of Indian Literature, Sahitya Akademi, v.III p. 2003</ref>

==Life==
Kashiram Das was born to a [[Vaishnava]] [[Kayastha]] family in the village of Singi, adjacent to [[Katwa]] in [[Bardhaman district]]; his death anniversary is still observed in the region. Kashiram was the second son of Kamalakanta Das;<ref name=kali>Kalipada Chaudhuri, ''Bangla Sahityer Itihas'' (Bengali: বাংলা সাহিত্যের ইতিহাস), Bani Samsad, p.121–122
</ref> two of his brothers were noted poets on their own, in the [[Vaishnava Padavali]] tradition.
His elder brother Ghanashyam Das, is the author of ''Srikrishnavilas'', and his younger brother, Gadadhar, composed ''Jagannathamangal''. Although Kashiram's topic was outside the mainstream [[Krishna]] legend, his work is stylistically in the same tradition and uses the ''payar chhanda'' (payar [[Metre (poetry)|metre]]).

There is some doubt regarding his birthplace. It appears that Kamalakanta left the Bardhaman area (at the time known as Indrani Pargana) and had settled in [[Orissa, India|Orissa]], so it might be that Kashiram was born in Orissa<ref>Sukhamay Mukherjee, ''madhyajuger bangla sahityer tathya o kalakrama'', 1974</ref> and then returned to [[Bengal]] ([[Midnapore]]) at a later stage.

As a [[Sanskrit]] and Vaishnava scholar, Kashiram was [[Patronage#Arts|patronised]] by a [[zamindar]] family in Midnapore, and ran a ''pathshala'' (small school) there. In addition to the ''Kashidasi Mahabharat'', he is cited to have composed several works, including ''Satyanarayaner Punthi'' (the book of Satyanaryan), ''Svapna-Parba'' (dream reverie), and ''Nalopakhyan'' (tale of [[Nala]]), which are now lost.

==''Kashidasi Mahabharat''==
It is said that he was inspired to embark on composing a Bengali version of the ''Mahābhārata'' after a recitation of the Sanskrit text at his patron's home.<ref name=kali/> He may have been guided in this enterprise by his teacher Abhiram Mukhuti of Haraharpur.<ref name=bp>{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Wakil |year=2012 |chapter=Kashiram Das |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Kashiram_Das |editor1-last=Sirajul Islam |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>

It is quite clear that the first four parvas—''ādi'', ''sabhā'', ''vana'', and ''virāṭā''—were composed by him around the turn of the 16th century. The vanity refrain at the end of the virata parva gives the date of its composition as the [[Indian national calendar|shaka]] year 1526 (1604 CE). He had embarked on the next book, the ''vana-parva'', but it is thought that he may have died shortly thereafter,<ref name=enc/> and the remaining books were completed by his son-in-law, nephew, and other relatives,<ref name=bp/> who followed the same style and even retained the 'Kashiram Das' vanity line after each chapter. The entire work was completed around 1610 AD.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mohammad Daniul Huq |last2=Aminur Rahman |year=2012 |chapter=Bangla Literature|chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangla_Literature |editor1-last=Sirajul Islam |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>

Kashiram Das had named his text ''Bharata-Pā̃cālī'', where ''Bharata'' refers to the [[Bharata (Mahabharata)|Bharata dynasty]], and ''[[Panchali (Bengal)|pā̃cālī]]'' refers to the narrative song tradition of Bengal. The ''pā̃cālī'' works attempt to tell a story that will keep the audience's interest. In this spirit, Kashiram Das avoids the long philosophical discourses that are part of the ''Mahābhārata'', such as the entire discourse of Kṛṣṇa to [[Arjuna]] (the [[Bhagavad Gita|Bhagavadgītā]]). On the other hand, he elaborates the story of [[Mohini]]—the female avatar of [[Viṣṇu]] who enchants [[Śiva]]—based on a two-line ''śloka'' in the original.<ref>Pradip Bhattacharya, [http://www.boloji.com/index.cfm?md=Content&sd=Articles&ArticleID=1131 Amrita – The Apple of Eris]
</ref>

Although other Bengali ''Mahābhāratas'' had been composed earlier (for example, ''Kavindra Mahabharata'', 1525), the ''Kashidasi Mahabharata'' soon became the staple of Bengali Mahābhārata readings. Composed in the ''[[mangalkavya]]'' tradition, the vanity refrain has become a staple of Bengali tradition:
<blockquote><poem>môhābhārôter kôthaā ômṛtô sômān
kāśīrām dās kôhe śune punyôbān</poem></blockquote>

This is translated to: "The ''Mahābhārata'' tales are like ''[[amrita]]'', says Kashiram Das; it brings merit to listen to it."

Other phrases that have become part of the Bengali folklore include "krodhe pāp, krodhe tāp, krodhe kulôkṣôẏ;"<ref>http://www.milansagar.com/kobi-kashiramdas.html</ref> ("anger causes sin, anger causes heat, anger causes the demise of one's line").

When the [[Serampore Mission Press]] was started in the 19th century, the ''Kāśīdāsī Môhābhārôt'' in parts were among the first Bengali texts to be printed. Eventually, the complete text, edited by Jayagopal Tarkalankar, was published in 1936 by the same press.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{wikisource|bn|কাশীদাসী মহাভারত|Kashidasi Mahabharata}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bengali-language literature]]
[[Category:Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Bengali male poets]]

Kashiram Das - Revision history

>Worldbruce at 18:20, 1 December 2020