ZaidBaig at 14:41, 5 May 2023

2023-05-05T14:41:50Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kaytha
| other_name = Kayatha
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|23.237|N|76.0189|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ujjain district|Ujjain]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Tarana (Madhya Pradesh)|Tarana]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 495
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 8040
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|accessdate=25 August 2019|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archivedate=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Census of India|Census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 471803
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|MP-IN]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kaytha''' or '''Kayatha''' is a village and an archaeological site in the [[Ujjain district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]], in the [[Tarana (Madhya Pradesh)|Tarana]] [[tehsil]], near the city of Ujjain, on the banks of Choti-Kali Sindh river.

In 1964, [[V. S. Wakankar]] discovered the archeologically important '''Kayatha culture''' here, dating back to more than 4000 years.<ref name="ICAR">{{cite book|author=Mohinder Singh Randhawa|title=A History of Agriculture in India: Beginning to 12th century|year=1980|publisher=Indian Council of Agricultural Research|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Dhavalikar & Ansari">{{cite book|author1=MK Dhawalikar |author2=ZD Ansari |title=Excavations at Kayatha|year=1975|publisher=Lokasangraha Press|location=Pune|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Sharma & Mishra">{{cite book|author1=RK Sharma |author2=OP Misra |title=Archaeological Excavations in Central India: Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh|year=2003|publisher=Mittal Publication|location=New Delhi|language=en}}</ref>

== Archaeology ==

Several [[Chalcolithic]] sites, with four occupational phases,<ref name="Roy">{{cite book|author=K Roy|title=Historical Dictionary of Ancient India|year=2009|isbn=0-8108-5366-3|publisher=The Scarecrow Press, Inc.|location=Maryland|language=en}}</ref> have been discovered in the [[Malwa]] region of central India. The site at Kayatha, situated on the right bank of the Choti Kali Sindh river (a tributary of [[Chambal river]]), is the [[type site]] of this culture, known as "Kayatha culture".<ref name="Ranjit_2008">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FvjZVwYVmNcC&pg=PA309 |title=History of Agriculture in India, Up to C. 1200 A.D. |author=Ranjit Pratap Singh |editor=Vinod Chandra Srivastava |publisher=Concept |year=2008 |isbn=9788180695216 |page=310 }}</ref>

Excavations conducted by [[V. S. Wakankar]] (1965–66), and by [[Madhukar Keshav Dhavalikar|M. K. Dhavalikar]] and Z. D. Ansari (1968) revealed layers from five different periods:<ref name="Ranjit_2008"/>

# Period I: Kayatha culture
# Period II: [[Ahar-Banas culture|Ahar culture]]
# Period III: [[Malwa culture]]
# Period IV: Early historical culture
# Period V: Sunga-Kushan-Gupta culture

Of these, period I to III are [[Chalcolithic]]. There are four C-14 dated from period I and three from period III giving a range from 2000 BC to 1200 BC to the Chalcolithic culture at Kayatha.<ref name="Dhavalikar & Ansari"></ref><ref name="Sahu">{{cite book|author=BP Sahu|title=From Hunters to Breeders: Faunal Background of Early India|year=1988|isbn=81-85150-06-0|publisher=Anamika Prakashan|language=en}}</ref>

The Kayatha culture represents the earliest known agriculture settlement in the present-day Malwa region. It also featured advanced copper metallurgy and stone blade industry. Using [[Calibration of radiocarbon dates|calibrated]] radiocarbon, Dhavalikar dated this culture to a period spanning from 2400 BCE to 2000 BCE. However, calibrated dates by [[Gregory Possehl]] place it between 2200 BCE and 2000 BCE.<ref name="PKB_2012">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KOJ8aT3xYPoC&pg=PA78 |title=The City and the Country in Early India: A Study of Malwa |author=P. K. Basant |publisher=Primus |year=2012 |isbn=9789380607153 |pages=78–81 }}</ref>

Excavation at Kayatha in 1964-65, revealed the Kayatha culture dates much earlier than the Malwa culture.<ref name="Sharma RA">{{cite book|author=RA Sharma|title=Technology and Material Life of Central India: From Chalcolithic Period to Mauryan Period|year=1991|publisher=Agam Kala Prakashan|language=en}}</ref>
An interesting aspect is that the earliest occupants used triangular terracota cake-like objects, stone weights, buff ware etc.<ref name="ASI">{{cite book|author=Archaeological Survey of India|title=Indian Archaeology|year=1993|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India|language=en}}</ref> Depictions of bull, deer, panther and elephants have been discovered later.<ref name="Dhavalikar & Ansari"></ref> Interestingly, a clay figure of horse has also been discovered.<ref name="ICAR">{{cite book|author=Mohinder Singh Randhawa|title=A History of Agriculture in India: Beginning to 12th century|year=1980|publisher=Indian Council of Agricultural Research|language=en}}</ref> Also of archeological and anthropological significance is the parallel between the bull forms from Kayatha and south European sites.<ref name="Dhavalikar & Ansari"></ref> Though not much is known about the religious practices of the Kayatha culture but it is suggested that they must have been in contact with [[Ochre Coloured Pottery culture|OCP]] people in North and the [[Indus Valley civilisation|Harappan]]s.<ref name="Vakankar & Charavarty">{{cite book|author=VS Wakankar & KK Chakravarty|title=Dangawada Excavations|year=1989|publisher=Commissioner, Archaeology and Museums, Madhya Pradesh|language=en}}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the 2011 [[census of India]], Kaytha has a population of 8040, including 4143 males and 3897 females. The sex ratio of the village is 955. The effective literacy rate (excluding children below 6) is 70.5%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2318_PART_B_DCHB_UJJAIN.pdf |title=District Census Handbook: Ujjain |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Madhya Pradesh |accessdate=24 November 2015 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages of Ujjain district]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:History of Malwa]]

Kaytha - Revision history

ZaidBaig at 14:41, 5 May 2023