Ajay Kumar at 15:36, 24 August 2023

2023-08-24T15:36:45Z

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{{Short description|Republic of the Soviet Union (1936–1991)}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox former country
| common_name = Kazakh SSR
| conventional_long_name = {{nowrap|Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic}}<ref>Historical names:
*1936–1991: '''Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic''' ({{lang-ru|Казахская Советская Социалистическая Республика}}; {{lang-kk|Қазақ Советтік Социалистік Республикасы|Qazaq Sovettik Sotsialistik Respublikasy}})
*1991: '''Republic of Kazakhstan''' ({{lang-ru|Республика Казахстан}}; {{lang-kk|Қазақстан Республикасы|Qazaqstan Respublikasy}})</ref>{{no bold|{{small|}} {{native name|kk|Қазақ Советтік Социалистік Республикасы|italics=off}} {{native name|ru|Казахская Советская Социалистическая Республика|italics=off}}}}
| linking_name = the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
| year_start = 1936
| event_start = Elevation to a Union Republic
| date_start = 5 December
| event1 = [[Jeltoqsan|Jeltoqsan riots]]
| date_event1 = 16 December 1986
| event2 = Sovereignty declared
| date_event2 = 25 October 1990
| event3 = Renamed [[Republic of Kazakhstan]]
| date_event3 = 10 December 1991
| event4 = Independence declared
| date_event4 = 16 December 1991
| date_end = 26 December
| event_end = Independence recognised
| year_end = 1991
| p1 = Kazakh ASSR
| s1 = Kazakhstan
| status = [[Republics of the Soviet Union|Soviet socialist republic]]
| religion = [[State atheism]]
| image_flag = Flag of Kazakh SSR.svg
| flag_type = [[Flag of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic|Flag]] (1953–1991)
| image_coat = Emblem of Kazakh SSR.svg
| symbol_type = [[Emblem of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic|State emblem]] (1978–1991)
| national_motto = "[[Workers of the world, unite!|Барлық елдердің пролетарлары, бірігіңдер!]]" "Barlyq elderdıñ proletarlary, bırıgıñder!"{{small|([[transliteration]])}} "Proletarians of all countries, unite!"
| national_anthem = "[[Anthem of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic|Қазақ Советтік Социалистік Республикасының мемлекеттік гимны]]" "State Anthem of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic" {{center|[[File:Anthem of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic.ogg]]}}
| government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Marxism-Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] [[one-party state|one-party]] [[Soviet republic (system of government)|soviet republic]] (1936–1990) [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Marxism-Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] [[presidential system|presidential republic]] (1990–1991)
| legislature = [[Supreme Soviet of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic|Supreme Soviet]]
| demonym = [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] [[Soviet people|Soviet]]
| title_leader = [[Communist Party of Kazakhstan (Soviet Union)|QKP First Secretary]]
| leader1 = [[Levon Mirzoyan]]
| year_leader1 = 1936–1938 (first)
| leader2 = [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]]
| year_leader2 = 1989–1990<ref>April 24, 1990 from Art. 6 of the Constitution of the Kazakh SSR, the provision on the monopoly of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan on power was excluded</ref>(last)
| title_representative = [[List of leaders of Kazakhstan|Head of state]]
| representative1 = [[Zhumabay Shayakhmetov]]
| year_representative1 = 1936–1937 (first)
| representative2 = [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]]
| year_representative2 = 1990–1991 (last)
| title_deputy = [[Prime Minister of Kazakhstan|Head of government]]
| deputy1 = [[Uraz Isayev]]
| year_deputy1 = 1936–1937 (first)
| deputy2 = [[Dinmukhamed Kunaev]]
| year_deputy2 = 1991 (last)
| image_map = {{flagicon image|Soviet Union - Kazakh SSR.svg|size=280px}}
| image_map_caption = Location of Kazakhstan (red) within the [[Soviet Union]]
| capital = [[Almaty|Alma-Ata]]
| largest_city = [[Karaganda]] [[Pavlodar]] [[Shymkent]] [[Shakhtinsk]] [[Satbayev (city)|Nikolsk]]
| largest_settlement_type = cities
| official_languages = [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]{{·}}[[Russian language|Russian]]
| languages_type = Minority languages
| languages = [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]]{{·}}[[Uyghur language|Uyghur]]{{·}}[[Tatar language|Tatar]]{{·}}[[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]]{{·}}[[Azerbaijan language|Azerbaijani]]{{·}}[[Korean language|Korean]]
| time_zone = ([[UTC]]+4 to +6)
| calling_code = 7 31/32/330/33622
| cctld = [[.su]]
| iso3166code = KZ
| currency = [[Soviet rouble]] (Rbl)
| currency_code = SUR
| today = [[Kazakhstan]]
| HDI = 0.684
| HDI_year = 1991
| flag_p1 = Flag of The Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1920-36).svg
| flag_s1 = Flag of Kazakhstan (1992).svg
}}
{{Eastern Bloc sidebar|SSRs}}
{{History of Kazakhstan}}

The '''Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic''', also known as '''Soviet Kazakhstan''', the '''Kazakh SSR''', or simply '''Kazakhstan''', was one of the [[transcontinental country|transcontinental]] [[Republics of the Soviet Union|constituent republics]] of the [[Soviet Union]] (USSR) from 1936 to 1991 in northern [[Central Asia]]. It was created on 5 December 1936 from the [[Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic|Kazakh ASSR]], an [[Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union|autonomous republic]] of the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]].

At {{convert|2717300|km2|sqmi}} in area, it was the second-largest republic in the USSR, after the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]]. Its capital was [[Almaty|Alma-Ata]] (today known as Almaty). During its existence as a Soviet Socialist Republic, it was ruled by the [[Communist Party of Kazakhstan (Soviet Union)|Communist Party of the Kazakh SSR]] (QKP).

On 25 October 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the Kazakh SSR declared its sovereignty on its soil. [[Communist Party of Kazakhstan (Soviet Union)|QKP first secretary]] [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] was [[1990 Kazakh presidential election|elected]] [[President of Kazakhstan|president]] in April of that year – a role he remained in until 2019.

The Kazakh SSR was renamed the [[Republic of Kazakhstan]] on 10 December 1991, which declared its independence six days later, as the last republic to secede from the USSR on 16 December 1991. The Soviet Union was officially [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|disbanded]] on 26 December 1991 by the [[Soviet of Nationalities|Soviet of the Republics]]. The Republic of Kazakhstan, the legal successor to the [[Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic|Kazakh SSR]], was admitted to the [[United Nations]] on 2 March 1992.

==Name==
The republic was named after the [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] people, [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]-speaking former [[nomad]]s who sustained a powerful [[Kazakh Khanate|khanate]] in the region before [[Russian Empire|Russia]]n and later Soviet domination. The Soviet Union's [[spaceport]], now known as the [[Baikonur Cosmodrome]], was located in this republic at [[Tyuratam]], and the secret town of [[Baikonur|Leninsk]] (now known as Baikonur) was constructed to accommodate its personnel.

==History==
[[File:1960 CPA 2475.jpg|thumb|left|Stamp marking the Kazakh SSR's 40th anniversary]]
===Formation===
Established on 26 August 1920, it was initially called '''Kirghiz ASSR''' ([[Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1920–1925)|Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]]) and was a part of the [[Russian SFSR]]. On 15–19 April 1925, it was renamed [[Kazak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|Kazak ASSR]] (subsequently '''Kazakh ASSR''') and on 5 December 1936 it was elevated to the status of a Union-level republic, '''Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic'''.

On 19 February 1925 [[Filipp Goloshchyokin]] was appointed First Secretary of the Communist Party in the newly created Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic. From 1925 to 1933 he ran the Kazakh ASSR with virtually no outside interference. He played a prominent part in the construction of the Turkestan-Siberia railway, which was constructed to open up Kazakhstan's mineral wealth.

After Joseph Stalin ordered the forced collectivization of agriculture throughout the Soviet Union, Goloshchyokin ordered that Kazakhstan's largely nomadic population was to be forced to settle in collective farms. This caused the deadly [[Kazakh famine of 1930–1933]] in Kazakhstan which killed between 1 and 2 million people.<ref name="Volkava">{{cite web|last=Volkava |first=Elena |url=http://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/the-kazakh-famine-1930-33-and-the-politics-history-the-post-soviet-space |title=The Kazakh Famine of 1930–33 and the Politics of History in the Post-Soviet Space |publisher=Wilson Center |date=26 March 2012|access-date=9 July 2015}}</ref>

In 1937 the first major [[Population transfer in the Soviet Union|deportation of an ethnic group in the Soviet Union]] began, the [[Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union|removal of the Korean population]] from the [[Russian Far East]] to Kazakhstan. Over 170,000 people were forcibly relocated to the Kazakh and [[Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic|Uzbek SSRs]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chang |first=Jon K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qh7HDwAAQBAJ |title=Burnt by the Sun: The Koreans of the Russian Far East |date=2018-01-31 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-7674-6 |pages=157–158, 170–171, 236 |language=en}}</ref>

Kazakhstani Korean scholar [[German Kim]] assumes that one of the reasons for this deportation may have been Stalin's intent to oppress ethnic minorities that could have posed a threat to his socialist system or he may have intended to consolidate the border regions with [[China]] and Japan by using them as political bargaining chips.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=German N. |date=2003-01-01 |title=Koryo Saram, or Koreans of the Former Soviet Union: In the Past and Present |url=https://doi.org/10.17953/amer.29.3.xk2111131165t740 |journal=Amerasia Journal |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=23–29 |doi=10.17953/amer.29.3.xk2111131165t740 |issn=0044-7471}}</ref> Additionally, historian Kim points out that 1.7 million people perished in the [[Kazakh famine of 1931–33]], while an additional one million people fled from the Republic, causing a labour shortage in that area, which Stalin sought to compensate for by deporting other ethnicities there.<ref name=":0" />

Over one million political prisoners from various parts of the Soviet Union passed through the [[Karlag|Karaganda Corrective Labor Camp (KarLag)]] between 1931 and 1959, with an unknown number of deaths.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/05/dark-tourism-in-kazakhstans-gulag-heartland/| author=Peter Ford| title=Dark Tourism in Kazakhstan's Gulag Heartland| publisher=The Diplomat| date=25 May 2017}}</ref>

During the 1950s and 1960s, Soviet citizens were urged to settle in the [[Virgin Lands campaign|Virgin Lands]] of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic. The influx of [[immigrants]], mostly [[Russians]], skewed the ethnic mixture and enabled non-Kazakhs to outnumber natives. As a result, the use of the Kazakh language declined but has started to experience a revival since independence, both as a result of its resurging popularity in law and business and the growing proportion of Kazakhs. The other nationalities included [[Ukrainians]], [[Germans]], [[Jews]], [[Belarusians]], [[Koreans]] and others; Germans at the time of independence formed about 8% of the population, the largest concentration of [[Germans]] in the entire Soviet Union. Kazakh independence has caused many of these newcomers to emigrate.

===Dissolution===
Following the dismissal of [[Dinmukhamed Konayev]], the First Secretary of the [[Communist Party of Kazakhstan (Soviet Union)|Communist Party of Kazakhstan]] by the last [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Soviet general secretary]], [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], riots broke out for four days between 16 and 19 December 1986 known as [[Jeltoqsan]] by student demonstrators in Brezhnev Square in the capital city, [[Almaty|Alma-Ata]]. Approximately 168–200 civilians were killed in the uprising. The events then spilled over to [[Shymkent]], [[Pavlodar]], [[Karaganda]] and [[Taldykorgan]].

On 25 March 1990, Kazakhstan held its first elections with [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]], the chairman of the Supreme Soviet [[1990 Kazakh presidential election|elected as its first president]]. Later that year on 25 October, it then declared sovereignty. The republic participated in a [[1991 Soviet Union referendum|referendum]] to preserve the [[Union of Sovereign States|union in a different entity]] with 94.1% voted in favour. It did not happen when hardline communists in [[Moscow]] took [[1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt|control of the government in August]]. Nazarbayev then condemned the failed coup.

As a result of those events, the Kazakh SSR was renamed to the '''[[Kazakhstan|Republic of Kazakhstan]]''' on 10 December 1991. It declared independence on December 16<ref>[http://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=1000798 Конституционный закон Республики Казахстан от 16 декабря 1991 года № 1007-XII «О государственной независимости Республики Казахстан»]</ref> (the fifth anniversary of [[Jeltoqsan]]), becoming the last Soviet constituency to secede. Its capital was the site of the [[Alma-Ata Protocol]] on 21 December 1991 that dissolved the Soviet Union and formed the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] in its place which Kazakhstan joined. The Soviet Union officially ceased to exist as a sovereign state on 26 December 1991 and Kazakhstan became an internationally recognized independent state.

On 28 January 1993, the new [[Constitution of Kazakhstan]] was officially adopted.

==Population==
[[File:Kazakhstan demographics 1897-1970 en.png|thumb|left|320px|Demographics of Kazakhstan from 1897 to 1970, with major ethnic groups. Famines of the 1920s and 1930s are marked with shades.]]
According to the 1897 census, the earliest census taken in the region, [[Kazakhs]] constituted 81.7% of the total population (3,392,751 people) within the territory of contemporary Kazakhstan. The [[Russian people|Russian]] population in Kazakhstan was 454,402, or 10.95% of total population; there were 79,573 [[Ukrainians]] (1.91%); 55,984 [[Tatars]] (1.34%); 55,815 [[Uyghurs]] (1.34%); 29,564 [[Uzbeks]] (0.7%); 11,911 [[Moldovans]] (0.28%); 4,888 [[Dungans]] (0.11%); 2,883 [[Turkmens]]; 2,613 [[Germans]]; 2,528 [[Bashkirs]]; 1,651 [[Jews]]; and 1,254 [[Polish people|Poles]].

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="7" |Ethnic Composition of Kazakhstan (census data)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/minorities/docs/WP5.doc|title=Minorities and participation in public life: Kazakhstan|last=Dave|first=Bhavna|date=11 March 2012|access-date=12 October 2018}}</ref>
|-
! Nationality
! 1926
! 1939
! 1959
! 1970
! 1979
! 1989
|-
| Kazakh
| 58.5
| 37.8
| 30.0
| 32.6
| 36.0
| 40.1
|-
| Russian
| 18.0
| 40.2
| 42.7
| 42.4
| 40.8
| 37.4
|-
| Ukrainian
| 13.88
| 10.7
| 8.2
| 7.2
| 6.1
| 5.4
|-
| [[Belarusians|Belarusian]]
| 0.51
| 1.2
| 1.5
| 1.2
| 1.1
| 0.8
|-
| German
| 0.82
| 1.50
| 7.1
| 6.6
| 6.1
| 5.8
|-
| Tatar
| 1.29
| 1.76
| 2.1
| 2.2
| 2.1
| 2.0
|-
| Uzbek
| 2.09
| 1.96
| 1.5
| 1.7
| 1.8
| 2.0
|-
| Uyghur
| 1.01
| 0.58
| 0.6
| 0.9
| 1.0
| 1.1
|-
| Korean
|
|
| 0.8
| 0.6
| 0.6
| 0.6
|}

=== Famines ===
The most significant factors that shaped the ethnic composition of the population of Kazakhstan were the 1920s and 1930s [[famine]]s. According to different estimates of the effects of the [[Kazakh famine of 1930–1933]], up to 40% of Kazakhs (indigenous ethnic group) either died of starvation or fled the territory.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rus.azattyq.org/a/Valery_Mikhailov/1357347.html|title=Во время голода в Казахстане погибло 40 процентов населения|website=Радио Азаттык}}</ref> Official government census data report the contraction of Kazakh population from 3.6 million in 1926, to 2.3 million in 1939.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_39.php|title=Äåìîñêîï Weekly - Ïðèëîæåíèå. Ñïðàâî÷íèê ñòàòèñòè÷åñêèõ ïîêàçàòåëåé.|access-date=18 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_59.php |title=Äåìîñêîï Weekly - Ïðèëîæåíèå. Ñïðàâî÷íèê ñòàòèñòè÷åñêèõ ïîêàçàòåëåé. |access-date=18 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316172652/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_59.php |archive-date=16 March 2010 }}</ref>

==Economy==
Upon the start of the [[Second World War]], many large factories were relocated to the Kazakh SSR.

The [[Semipalatinsk Test Site|Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site]] and [[Baikonur Cosmodrome]] were also built here.

After the war, the [[Virgin Lands Campaign]] was started in 1953. This was led by [[Nikita Khrushchev]], with the goal of developing the vast lands of the republic and helping to boost Soviet agricultural yields. However it did not work as promised, the campaign was eventually abandoned in the 1960s.<ref name="durgin">{{cite journal | last=Durgin | first=Frank A. Jr. | year = 1962 | title = The Virgin Lands Programme 1954–1960 | journal = Soviet Studies | volume = 13 | issue = 3 | pages = 255–80 | publisher = JSTOR| doi = 10.1080/09668136208410287 }}</ref>

==Culture==
In the early days of the Soviet Union, [[Culture of Kazakhstan|Kazakh culture]] was both developed and restrained, and later many Kazakh cultural figures were imprisoned, exiled, or killed in [[Joseph Stalin]]'s purges. However, after the [[History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)|Stalinist era]], [[Nikita Khrushchev]]'s efforts to reinvigorate [[internationalism (politics)|internationalism]] and furtherly weaken Kazakh culture were controversial in the Kazakh SSR.<ref name="Kazakh Culture">{{cite web|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/2011/11/30/kazakhstan-s-soviet-legacy-pub-46096 |title=Kazakhstan's Soviet Legacy |last=Olcott |first=Martha |website=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] |date=30 November 2011 |access-date=16 February 2022}}</ref> Kazakhs viewed his internationalist goals as a call for "[[Russification]]".<ref name="Kazakh Culture"/>

Beginning in 1937, the Soviet Government began a series of forced deportations of ethnic minorities, such as Soviet Koreans, the Volga Germans and various other minorities to the Kazakh SSR, a programme that ended only with Stalin's death in 1953.

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Cameron, Sarah. ''The Hungry Steppe: Famine, Violence, and the Making of Soviet Kazakhstan'' (Cornell University Press, 2018) [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=55459 online review]

== External links ==
*[https://archive.org/details/KazakhstanSevenYearPlanForProsperity ''Kazakhstan: Seven Year Plan for Prosperity''] by [[Dinmukhamed Konayev]], a 1958 Soviet propaganda booklet

{{Republics of the Soviet Union}}
{{Kazakhstan topics}}

{{coord missing|Kazakhstan}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic| ]]
[[Category:Communism in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Republics of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1936]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1991]]
[[Category:1936 establishments in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:1991 disestablishments in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Former socialist republics]]

Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic - Revision history

Ajay Kumar at 15:36, 24 August 2023