->Lennart97 at 23:35, 15 July 2021

2021-07-15T23:35:20Z

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{{short description|Distinction of types of river plain in the Indo-Gangetic region}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
[[File:Khadir-and-bangar.jpg|thumb|150px|In any ''[[doab]]'', ''khadar'' land (green) lies next to a river, while ''bangur'' land (olive) has greater elevation and lies further from the river.]]

'''Khādir''' or '''Khadar''' and '''Bāngur''' ([[Hindi language]]: खादर और बांगर, [[Urdu language]]کهادر اور بانگر) are terms used in [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] in the [[Indo-Gangetic plains]] of [[North India]] and [[Pakistan]] to differentiate between two types of [[river]] [[plain]]s and [[alluvial soils]]. Bangur and Kadir areas are commonly found in the [[doab]] regions. Some villages may have both Khadar and Bangar areas within their revenue boundaries. Bhangar soils are less fertile as they are above flood level whereas Khadar soils are more fertile as they are below flood level. Bhanger is full of kankers (lime nodules) while khadar soil is composed of fine silt and clay.
It is fertile land as it contains alluvial soil deposited by rivers.
==Khadir or Nali areas==
{{see also | Village accountant | label 1 = Detailed land and revenue terminology}}

{{anchor| Khadir | Nali | Naali | Nalli | Naalli | Naili }}

'''Khadir''' or '''Khadar''' (Hindi: '''खादर'''), also called '''Nali''' or '''Naili''',<ref name=nali1/> are low-lying areas that are [[floodplain]]s of a river and which are usually relatively narrower compared to unflooded ''bangar'' area.<ref name=brink1/> Khadar areas are prone to flooding and sometimes include [[Palaeochannel|portions of former river-bed]]s that became available for agriculture when a [[Avulsion (river)|river changes course]]. It is moisture retentive and sticky when wet.<ref name="ref07rejic">{{Citation | title=भूगोल (Geography) | author=Yash Pal Singh | publisher=VK Publications | isbn=978-81-89611-21-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dzSfcInDKD8C | quote=''... मैदान के उस भाग को बांगर कहते हैं जहाँ नदियों की बाढ़ का पानी नहीं पहुंच पाता ... पुरानी जलोढ़ मिट्टी ... खादर: यह वह क्षेत्र है जहाँ नदियों की बाढ़ का जल प्रतिवर्ष आ जाता है ...''}}</ref><ref name=allsoil1/> ''Khadir'' soil consists of new [[alluvial soil]] relatively higher in new [[silt]] content from the river, gets replenished with each flooding cycle, and is often very fertile.<ref name=allsoil1>Kiran Prem,1994, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wjhuAAAAMAAJ&q=bangar+belt+of+haryana&dq=bangar+belt+of+haryana&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjclpr5vfnfAhXWQ30KHbkZAFkQ6AEINjAC Haryana District Gazetteers: Faridabad], Haryana, Page 16.</ref>

The ''Khadir'' is also called ''Nali'' in the northern [[Haryana]] which is the fertile [[prairie]] tract between the [[Ghaggar-Hakra River|Ghaggar]] river and the southern limits of the [[Drishadvati river|Saraswati channel depression]] that gets flooded during the rains.<ref name=nali1>[https://archive.org/stream/imperialgazettee14grea/imperialgazettee14grea_djvu.txt "The imperial gazeteers of India, 1908"], [[British Raj]], page 288.]</ref>

[[Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)|Sri Sri Ravi]]'s [[Art of Living Foundation]] [[Art of Living Foundation#World Culture Festival on Yamuna flood plains|World Culture Festival, 2016]] (11 March) was held on [[Yamuna]]'s Khadir floodplains and [[National Green Tribunal Act|National Green Tribunal]] (NGT) recommended a fine of INR 50 million, on Art of Living Foundation for damaging ecology on Yamuna's Khadar flood plains.

==Bangar areas and subtypes==
{{anchor | Bangar | Bangad | Bangar areas | Barani | Nahri | Nehri | Chahi | Chali Khalis| Chali Nahri | Chai Nehri | Chari Sailab }}

'''Bangar/Bangad/Bhangar''' (Hindi: '''बांगर''') areas are beyond the floodplains,<ref name=brink1>August 2010, [http://www.indiawaterportal.org/sites/indiawaterportal.org/files/On%20The%20Brink_Water%20Governance_Yamuna%20River%20Basin_Haryana_PEACE_SPWD_2010.pdf On The brink: Water governance in the Yamuna river basin in Haryana], Society for Promotion of Wastelands Development, [http://www.peaceinst.org PEACE Institute Charitable Trust], page vi.</ref> that lie more upland, and compared to Khadar it consists of older [[alluvial soil]] which is higher in [[sand]]y [[loam]] content.<ref name=allsoil1/> Bangar areas are less prone to flooding but are usually more sandy and less fertile as well.<ref name="ref05zuqom">{{Citation | title=Report on the Tenth Revision of Settlement | author=Alexander Macaulay Markham | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rpsIAAAAQAAJ | quote=''... The open plain country of Bijnour is, in common parlance, divided into two portions - 'Khadir' or low-lying land and 'Bangar' or upland ...''}}</ref><ref name="ref72qoguq">{{Citation | title=Changing face and challenges of urbanization: a case study of Uttar Pradesh | author=Shahnaz Parveen | publisher=Concept Publishing Company, 2005 | isbn=978-81-8069-237-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q_siAxtwoawC | quote=''... Lithologically and structurally, the Ganga-Yamuna Plain is divided into 'Bangar' and 'Khadar'. 'Bangar' spelled also as 'Bhangar,' is the part beyond the reach of flood waters and is composed of older alluvium of a dark colour of pale reddish brown ...''}}</ref>

A Bangar area, can be further subdivided into the following based on the type of irrigation:<ref name=dict2>[https://www.plronline.in/words-phrases/revenue-terms/ Punjab Law Reporter journal].</ref><ref name=dict1>Sunil Kumar Singh, 2001, Dictionary of Land Revenue Terms in India, Centre for Rural Studies, [[Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration]] [in association with] Greenfields Publishers.</ref>

* '''Barani''' area are traditionally rain-fed areas.<ref name=dict2/><ref name=dict1/> These are any low rain area where [[Rainfed agriculture|rain-fed]] [[Dryland farming|dry farming]] is practiced.<ref name=bag1/> '''[[Bagar tract]]''', the dry sandy tract of land on the border of Rajasthan state adjoining the states of Haryana and Punjab,<ref name=bag1>E. Walter Coward, 1980, [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0801498716 "Irrigation and Agricultural Development in Asia: Perspectives from the social sciences"], [[Cornell University]] press, {{ISBN|0801498716}}.</ref> is an example of Barani land. Not all the Barani lands are part of the Bagar tract. Some of Barani areas nowadays are dependent on tubewells for irrigation wherever groundwater level is not too low,<ref name=bag1/> hence technically they can now be termed as ''Chahi'' even though their legal classification in land revenue records may still be ''Barani''.

* '''Nahri''' is any [[canal]]-irrigated land,<ref name=nali1/> for example, the ''Rangoi tract'' is a Nahri area because it is irrigated by the ''Rangoi canal'' made for the purpose of carrying flood waters of [[Ghaggar-Hakra River|Ghagghar river]] to the dry bangar areas.<ref name=rangoi1>1987, [http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gazetteer_india_hisar.pdf "gazetteer of India: Hisar District"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140501213030/http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gazetteer_india_hisar.pdf |date=1 May 2014 }}, page 7.</ref><ref name=landtypes1>1987, [http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/hisar_1987/Revenue_Administration.pdf "Gazeteers of Hisar district, 1987"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107072120/http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/hisar_1987/Revenue_Administration.pdf |date=7 November 2017 }}, [[Government of Haryana]], page 162.]</ref> For the ''Nahri'' lands, '''Warabandi''' is a roaster of water to be drawn from a canal by each farmer for irrigating their land.<ref name=brink1/> '''[[Chak (village)|Chak]]''', based on [[Company_rule_in_India#Revenue_collection|British Raj era revenue collection system]], is the [[Property tax|land revenue]] [[Permanent Settlement|settlement/assessment]] circle marking a contiguous block of land,<ref name=dict3>[https://joshandmakinternational.com/technical-terms-in-pakistani-land-revenue-and-land-law-urdu-persian-and-arabic/ Technical terms in land revenue and law].</ref> which has also become synonymous with the name of the village founded by migrant farmers within the revenue circle.<ref name=chak1>Randhir Singh, Sir William Roberts, 1932, [https://books.google.com/books?id=QCvtAAAAMAAJ&q=villages+are+called+chak&dq=villages+are+called+chak&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiq19nCsKrZAhWJOI8KHe7jCWIQ6AEIJjAA An economic survey of Kala Gaddi Thamman (Chak 73 g. b. ) a village in the Lyallpur District of the Punjab].</ref>
* '''Chahi''' is any land that is irrigated through [[Water well|well]]s/[[Water_pumping|tube well]]s.<ref name=dict2/><ref name=dict1/> '''Chahi Khalis''' is the land irrigated only by the well.<ref name=dict3/> '''Chahi Nahri''' is the land partly irrigated by the well and partly by the canal.<ref name=dict3/> '''Chahi Sailab''' is the land within Kadhir areas which is partly irrigated by the well and partly by the floods.<ref name=dict3/> '''Chahi Taal''' or '''Taal''' is land irrigated by [[johad]] (pond).

==Related terms==
[[Zamindar]] (landlord) is the Indian legal term for the owner of land.<ref name=dict2/><ref name=dict5/> Both Bangar and Kadhir land can also be classified based on the type of [[land use]]:<ref name=dict2/>

* '''Banjar''' is any uncultivated land.<ref name=dict2/> '''Kalar''' is [[barren vegetation|barren land]].<ref name=dict3/>
** '''Banjar Jadid''' is any new [[Fallow (disambiguation)|fallow land]] that has been left uncultivated for the last four harvests.<ref name=dict2/>
** '''Banjar Kadid''' is the old fallow land that has been left uncultivated for the last eight harvests.<ref name=dict2/>
* '''Jangal''' is any uncultivated land covered with [[wikt:brushwood|brushwood]] and small trees.<ref name=dict3/> Whereas '''Bir''' land means a [[nature reserve]].<ref name=dict3/>
* '''Abadi''' is any inhabited area on any type of land [including the ''Gair Mumkin'' land where cultivation is not possible] and '''Abadi Deh''' is any inhabited area on the cultivatable land.<ref name=dict2/><ref name=dict3/>
Abadi is an Urdu word which means a population, usually a large one, hence the name of the type of land.

* '''Gair Mumkin''' is any non-cultivable land,<ref name=dict2/><ref name=dict3/> such as [[Aravalli Range|hills]], [[Sivalik Hills|parts of foothills]], or [[Himalayas|mountains]].
* '''Shamlat''' (शामलात) is land that belongs to the community,<ref name=dict2/> jointly owned by the villagers in proportion to their land ownership of the cultivatable land and it is usually left uncultivated for community usage, such as grazing or for building future facilities like schools, dispensaries, [[johad]], etc. '''Shamlat Deh''' (शामलात देह) is the community land jointly belonging to all land owners of the village.<ref name=dict2/>
** '''Shamlat Panna''' (शामलात पाना) is the community land belonging to all land owners of a ''panna'' in a village,<ref name=dict2/> whereas pana itself is a habitation subdivision of villagers in [[Jat people|Jat]] villages,<ref name=dict5>A.R. Desai, 1994, [https://books.google.com/books?id=MKWWu7TLAb8C&pg=PA716&lpg=PA716&dq=pana,+patti,+thola&source=bl&ots=nhrWIcZbL_&sig=CUS3ac8Er4K-RwmEmp4767iARLg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjFgo7b4J7aAhVJPo8KHbf_BpsQ6AEIMjAD#v=onepage&q=pana%2C%20patti%2C%20thola&f=false Rural Sociology in India], page 716.</ref> which is also called '''Shamlat Patti''' (शामलात पत्ती) in the non-Jat villages.<ref name=dict5/> It is also called as '''Taraf''' (towards/direction).
*** '''Shamlat Thola''' (शामलात ठोला) is the community land belonging to a ''thola'' in a village,<ref name=dict2/> which is a habitation subdivision of ''panna'' in the Jat villages<ref name=dict5/> usually made up of people belonging to the same [[gotra]] lineage. Shamlat Thola is also called '''Shamlat Thok''' (शामलात ठोक) in the non-Jat villages.<ref name=dict5/>

===Other useful terms ===
Other useful terms in the [[measurement of land in Punjab|measurement of land in Haryana and Punjab]] are [[Bigha]], [[Khasra]], [[Patwari]] ([[Village accountant]]), [[Shajra]], [[Zaildar]], Manish faujdar, etc.

==Doab==
{{main|Doab}}
[[File:Punjabdoabs1.jpg|thumb|200px|A map of the [[Punjab region]] [[wikt:circa|ca.]] 1947 showing the different ''doabs''.]]
Since North India are coursed by a multiplicity of Himalayan rivers that divide the plains into ''[[doab]]s'' (i.e. regions between two rivers), the Indo-Gangetic plains consist of alternating regions of river, ''khadir'' and ''bangar''. The centers of the ''doabs'' consist of ''bangar'' and the peripheries, which line the rivers, consist of ''khadir''.<ref name="encybritt2010">{{Citation | title=Pakistan: Soils | publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010 | url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1404392/bhangar | quote=''... khaddar soils. Away from the river, toward the middle of the doabs, older alluvial soils (called bangar) are widely distributed ...''}}</ref> Historically, villages in the ''doabs'' have been officially classified as ''khadir'', ''khadir-bangar'' (i.e. mixed) or ''bangar'' for many centuries and different agricultural tax rates applied based on a tiered land-productivity scale.<ref name="ref81pifip">{{Citation | title=Land Revenue Settlement of the Gurgaon District | author=F.C. Channing | publisher=Government of India | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75kIAAAAQAAJ | quote=''... The rates here applied were the same as those applied in the Bangar and Khadar circles and the same comparisons hold good ...''}}</ref><ref name="ref23qixic">{{Citation | title=Final report on the settlement of land revenue in the Delhi District | author=Oswald Wood, R. Maconachie | publisher=Government of India, 1882 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=23EIAAAAQAAJ | quote=''... The Khadar-Bangar chak lies along the river; 37 villages are purely Khadar and 39 partly Khadar partly Bangar. The villages nearest the river are subject to inundations, but where the water runs off in time, the natural fertility of the ...''}}</ref>

In some areas, these terms have become incorporated in several village names themselves, such as ''Murshidpur Bangar'' and ''Ranchi Bangar-Khadir'' in [[Mathura district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="jagran2010ksh">{{Citation | title=मथुरा-वृंदावन पालिकाओं का अस्तित्व होगा खत्म (Mathura-Vrindavan municipalities will cease operations) | newspaper=Dainik Jagran | url=http://in.jagran.yahoo.com/news/local/uttarpradesh/4_1_5844146.html | quote=''... मथुरा नगर पालिका सीमा में मुर्शिदपुर बांगर, औरंगाबाद बांगर, दामोदरपुरा बांगरपुरा, दामोदरपुरा खादर, रांची बांगर, रांची बांगर खादर, कोयला अलीपुर बांगर, खादर, बाद, आजमपुर, नवादा, तंतूरा, बिर्जापुर, नरहौली, महौली, पालीखेड़ा, वाकलपुर, गनेशरा, सलेमपुर, छरौरा, गिरधरपुर, ईशापुर, लोहवन, गौसना को जोड़ा जाएगा ...''}}</ref> Other places include [[Chilla Saroda Bangar]], [[Gharonda Neemka Bangar]], [[Pehlad Pur Bangar]], [[Rampur Bangar]] and [[Salarpur Khadar]].

==See also==
{{div col}}
* Regions
** [[Bagar region]]
** [[Doab#Khadir, bangar, barani and bagar|Barani, Nehri, Nalli]]
** [[Bhattiana]]
** [[Deshwali]]
** [[History of Bikaner|Jangladesh]]
** [[Punjab region]]
** [[Nardak]]
* Languages of related regions
** [[Bagri dialect]]
** [[Haryanvi language]]
** [[Rajasthani language]]
* Related concepts
** [[Dhani (settlement type)]]
** [[Doab]]
** [[Johad]]
** [[Nardak]]
* Similar sounding
** [[Khaddar]] cloth
{{col div end}}

==References==

{{reflist|2}}

{{coord missing|Haryana}}

[[Category:Geography of India]]
[[Category:Geography of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Geography of Haryana]]

Khadir and Bangar - Revision history

->Lennart97 at 23:35, 15 July 2021