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<p></p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Short description|Kra–Dai language spoken in India and Myanmar}}<br />
{{Distinguish|Khanty languages}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
| name = Khamti<br />
| nativename = {{lang|kht|(တဲး)ၵမ်းတီႈ / (တဲး)ၵံးတီႈ}}<br>(Tai) Khamti<br />
| region = [[India]], [[Myanmar]]<br />
| ethnicity = [[Khamti people|Khamti]]<br />
| speakers = 13,000<br />
| date = 2000–2007<br />
| ref = e18<br />
| familycolor = Kradai<br />
| fam2 = [[Tai languages|Tai]]<br />
| fam3 = [[Southwestern Tai languages|Southwestern]]<br />
| fam4 = Northwestern<br />
| iso3 = kht<br />
| glotto = kham1290<br />
| glottorefname = Khamti<br />
| script = [[Burmese script]]<br />(Khamti variation, <br />called Lik-Tai)<ref name=diller>{{cite journal |last1=Diller |first1=Anthony |title=Tai languages in Assam: Daughters or Ghosts |date=1992 |pages=16|journal=Papers on Tai Languages, Linguistics and Literatures}}</ref><br />
| map = Khamti language.jpg<br />
}}<br />
[[File:Tai Khampti diorama.JPG|thumb|Diorama and [[wax figures]] of Khamti people in [[Jawaharlal Nehru Museum, Itanagar]].]]<br />
<br />
The '''Khamti language''' is a [[Southwestern Tai languages|Southwestern Tai language]] spoken in India and Myanmar by the [[Khamti people]]. It is closely related to the [[Shan language]].<br />
<br />
==Name==<br />
''Khamti'' has been variously rendered ''Hkamti'', ''Khampti'', ''Kam Ti'', ''Kamti'', ''Tai Kam Ti'', ''Tai-Khamti'', ''Khamti Shan'', ''Khampti Shan'', ''Khandi Shan'', ''Hkampti Shan'', and ''Khampti Sam'' ({{langx|my|ခန္တီးရှမ်းလူမျိုး}}).<ref name="Khamti Language Meta Data">{{cite web |title=Khamti |url=http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1425 |website=Endangered Languages Project |access-date=2 May 2015 |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613084215/http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1425 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The name "Khamti" translates to "place of gold", from ''kham'' 'gold' and ''-ti'' 'place'.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Tai-Khamti Phonology and Vocabulary |first=Alfons |last=Weidert |date=1977 |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag |pages=44, 61}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
In Burma, Khamti is spoken by 3,500 near [[Myitkyina]] and by 4,500 in Putao District, [[Kachin State]] (both reported in 2000). In India, it is spoken by 5,000 in [[Assam]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]], in the [[Dikrong River|Dikrong Valley]], [[Narayanpur, Assam|Narayanpur]], and north bank of the [[Brahmaputra]] (reported in 2007).{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}<br />
<br />
Three dialects of Khamti are known: North Burma Khamti, Assam Khamti, and Sinkaling Khamti. All speakers of Khamti are bilingual, largely in Assamese and Burmese.<ref name="Khamti Language Meta Data" /><br />
<br />
Possibly, there are also some Khamti in some parts of [[China]] (5,000 people).<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The language seems to have originated around [[Mongkawng|Mogoung]] in Upper Burma.<ref name="Khamti">{{cite web|title=Khamti|url=http://www.iitg.ernet.in/rcilts/phaseI/languages/khamti.htm|website=Khamti - A Language of Siamese-Chinese sub-family|access-date=7 May 2015}}</ref> Mung Kang was captured, a large group of Khamtis moved to the north and east of [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]]. In the year 1850, 300–400 Khamtis settled in Assam.<ref name="Government Printing, Burma">{{cite book|last1=Needham|first1=J.F.|title=Outline Grammar of the Khamti Language|date=1894|publisher=Government Printing, Burma|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433081855326;view=1up;seq=9}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Initial consonants===<br />
Khamti has the following initial consonants:<ref name=diller/><ref name="inglis2017">{{cite journal |last1=Inglis |first1=Douglas |title=Myanmar-based Khamti Shan Orthography |date=2017 |url=https://www.academia.edu/34791306| journal=Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Weidert |first=Alfons |title=Tai-Khamti phonology and vocabulary |publisher=Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner |year=1977}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | <br />
! [[Labial consonant|Bilabial]]<br />
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]<br />
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]<br />
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]<br />
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]<br />
| {{IPA link|m}}<br />
| {{IPA link|n}}<br />
| {{IPA link|ɲ}}<br />
| {{IPA link|ŋ}}<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | [[Plosive]]<br />
! <small>[[Tenuis consonant|Tenuis]]</small><br />
| {{IPA link|p}}<br />
| {{IPA link|t}}<br />
| {{IPA link|c}}<br />
| {{IPA link|k}}<br />
| {{IPA link|ʔ}}<br />
|-<br />
! <small>[[Aspiration (phonetics)|Aspirated]]</small><br />
| {{IPA link|pʰ}}<br />
| {{IPA link|tʰ}}<br />
| <br />
| {{IPA link|kʰ}}<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Fricative]]<br />
| <br />
| {{IPA link|s}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| {{IPA link|h}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]<br />
| <br />
| {{IPA link|l}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]<br />
| <br />
| {{IPA link|r}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Semi-vowel]]<br />
| {{IPA link|w}}<br />
| <br />
| {{IPA link|j}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
/c/ can be heard as [c] or [tʃ] across dialects. /s/ can also be heard as [ʃ].<br />
<br />
Note: only the variety found in Myanmar uses the palatal nasal /ɲ/ and the rhotic /r/.<ref name="inglis2017" /><br />
<br />
===Final consonants===<br />
Khamti has the following final consonants:<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | <br />
! [[Labial consonant|Bilabial]]<br />
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]<br />
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]<br />
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]<br />
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]<br />
| {{IPA link|m}}<br />
| {{IPA link|n}}<br />
| <br />
| {{IPA link|ŋ}}<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! [[Plosive]]<br />
! <small>[[Tenuis consonant|Tenuis]]</small><br />
| {{IPA link|p}}<br />
| {{IPA link|t}}<br />
| <br />
| {{IPA link|k}}<br />
| {{IPA link|ʔ}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Semi-vowel]]<br />
| {{IPA link|w}}<br />
| <br />
| {{IPA link|j}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
-[w] occurs after front vowels and [a]-, -[j] occurs after back vowels and [a]-.<ref name=diller/><br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
The Khamti language uses the following vowels:<ref name=inglis2017/><ref name=":0" /><br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! colspan=1 rowspan=3 |<br />
! colspan=2 | [[Front vowel|Front]]<br />
! colspan=4 | [[Back vowel|Back]]<br />
|- class=small<br />
! colspan=2 | [[Unrounded vowel|unr.]]<br />
! colspan=2 | [[Unrounded vowel|unr.]]<br />
! colspan=2 | [[Rounded vowel|rnd.]]<br />
|- class=small<br />
! [[Short vowel|short]]<br />
! [[Long vowel|long]]<br />
! [[Short vowel|short]]<br />
! [[Long vowel|long]]<br />
! [[Short vowel|short]]<br />
! [[Long vowel|long]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[Close vowel|Close]]<br />
| {{IPA link|i}}<br />
| {{IPA link|iː}}<br />
| {{IPA link|ɯ}}<br />
| {{IPA link|ɯː}}<br />
| {{IPA link|u}}<br />
| {{IPA link|uː}}<br />
|-<br />
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]<br />
| {{IPA link|e}}<br />
| {{IPA link|eː}}<br />
| {{IPA link|ɤ}}<br />
| <br />
| {{IPA link|o}}<br />
| {{IPA link|oː}}<br />
|-<br />
! [[Open vowel|Open]]<br />
| {{IPA link|ɛ}}<br />
| {{IPA link|ɛː}}<br />
| {{IPA link|a}}<br />
| {{IPA link|aː}}<br />
| {{IPA link|ɔ}}<br />
| {{IPA link|ɔː}}<br />
|-<br />
! [[Diphthong]]<br />
| {{IPA|ia}}<br />
| <br />
| {{IPA|aɯ}}<br />
| <br />
| {{IPA|ua}}<br />
| <br />
|}<br />
/ɤ/ only appears in the dialect in Myanmar.<ref name="inglis2017" /><br />
<br />
===Tones===<br />
Khamti uses five tones, namely: low falling /21/, mid rising /34/, mid falling /42/, high falling /53/~[33], and high level /55/~[44].<ref name="inglis2017"/><br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
===Syntax===<br />
Unlike other Tai languages that display SVO word order, Khamti has SOV word order.<ref>Wilaiwan Kanittanan. 1986. Kamti Tai: From an SVO to an SOV language. In Bhadriraju Krishnamurti (ed.), South Asian Languages: Structure, Convergence and Diglossia, 174-178. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.</ref><br />
<br />
===Nouns===<br />
Nouns are divided into common nouns and proper nouns.<ref name="inglis">{{cite web |last1=Inglis |first1=Douglas |title=Nominal Structure in Tai Khamti |date=2007 |website=www.academia.edu |url=https://www.academia.edu/35155172 |access-date=13 June 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Common nouns====<br />
Common nouns can pluralized by adding {{tone superscript|/nai1 khau/}} behind the noun. Common nouns are class categorized by using classifiers such as the generic {{tone superscript|/an3/, /ko1/}} for people and {{tone superscript|/to1/}} for animals.<ref name="inglis"/><br />
<br />
====Proper nouns====<br />
People's names and place names are classified as proper nouns. Khamti prefixes people's names, depending on the social class or status of that person. These prefixes are gender specific. The prefix for Miss is {{tone superscript|/na:ng4/}} and the prefix for Mr is {{tone superscript|/tsa:i3/}}. A prefix for Mr used to respectfully address a male of higher status is {{tone superscript|/tsau2/}} or {{tone superscript|/tsau2 nuai/}}.<ref name="inglis"/><br />
<br />
===Pronouns===<br />
Khamti uses a triparte pronoun system, consisting of singular, dual and plural forms. The dual form and the first person plural form are further divided between inclusive and exclusive forms. The following set of pronouns are the pronouns found in the Khamti language:<ref name="inglis"/><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! colspan="2" |<br />
! singular<br />
! dual<br />
! plural<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | 1st person<br />
! {{small|inclusive}}<br />
| rowspan="2" | {{tone superscript|/kau3/}}<br />
| {{tone superscript|/ha:4/}}<br />
| {{tone superscript|/haw1/}}<br />
|-<br />
! {{small|exclusive}}<br />
| {{tone superscript|/hang4 khe:u/}}<br />
| {{tone superscript|/tu:3/}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 2nd person<br />
| {{tone superscript|/maeu4/}}<br />
| {{tone superscript|/suang khe:u/}}<br />
| {{tone superscript|/su3/}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | 3rd person<br />
| {{tone superscript|/man4/}}<br />
| {{tone superscript|/suang kha:/}}<br />
| {{tone superscript|/khau/}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Demonstratives===<br />
Khamti uses the following demonstratives:<ref name="inglis"/><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Demonstratives<br />
!<br />
! singular<br />
! plural<br />
|-<br />
! near<br />
| {{tone superscript|/an3 nai1/}}<br>'this'<br />
| {{tone superscript|/an3 nai1 nai1 khau/}}<br>'these'<br />
|-<br />
! approximate<br />
| {{tone superscript|/amaeu4 nai1/}}<br>'that near you'<br />
| {{tone superscript|/amaeu4 nai1 khau/}}<br>'those by you'<br />
|-<br />
! distal<br />
| {{tone superscript|/an3 pu:n nai1/}}<br>'that over there'<br />
| {{tone superscript|/an3 pu:n nai1 nai1 khau/}}<br>'those over there'<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Writing system==<br />
{{See also|Mon–Burmese script}}<br />
The Tai Khamtis have their own writing system called 'Lik-Tai', which they share with the [[Tai Phake people]] and [[Tai Aiton people]].<ref name=diller/> It closely resembles the Northern [[Shan script]] of Myanmar, which is a variant of the [[Mon–Burmese script]], with some of the letters taking divergent shapes.<ref name=inglis2017/> Their script is evidently derived from the [[Lik Tho Ngok]] script since hundreds of years ago. There are 35 letters including 17 consonants and 14 vowels. The script is traditionally taught in monasteries on subjects like [[Tripitaka]], [[Jataka tales]], code of conduct, doctrines and philosophy, history, law codes, astrology, and palmistry etc. The first printed book was published in 1960. In 1992 it was edited by the Tai Literature Committee, Chongkham. In 2003 it was again modified with tone marking by scholars of Northern Myanmar and Arunachal Pradesh.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
<br />
===Consonants===<br />
{| class="wikitable letters-table"<br />
|-<br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=က|iso=ka|ipa=k}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ၵ|iso=kha|ipa=kʰ}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ꩠ|iso=ga|ipa=ɡ}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ၷ|iso=gha|ipa=ɡʱ}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=င|iso=nga|ipa=ŋ}} <br />
|-<br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ꩡ|iso=ca|ipa=c}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ꩢ|iso=cha|ipa=cʰ}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ꩣ|iso=ja|ipa=ɟ}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ꩤ|iso=jha|ipa=ɟʱ}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ꩥ|iso=nya|ipa=ɲ}} <br />
|-<br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ꩦ|iso=ṭa|ipa=ʈ}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ꩧ|iso=ṭha|ipa=ʈʰ}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ꩨ|iso=ḍa|ipa=ɖ}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ꩩ|iso=ḍha|ipa=ɖʱ}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ၼ|iso=ṇa|ipa=ɳ}} <br />
|-<br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=တ|iso=ta|ipa=t}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ထ|iso=tha|ipa=tʰ}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ၻ|iso=da|ipa=d}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ꩪ|iso=dha|ipa=dʱ}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ꩫ|iso=na|ipa=n}} <br />
|-<br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ပ|iso=pa|ipa=p}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ၸ|iso=pha|ipa=pʰ}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ၿ|iso=ba|ipa=b}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ၹ|iso=bha|ipa=bʱ}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=မ|iso=ma|ipa=m}} <br />
|-<br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ယ|iso=ya|ipa=j}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch1=ꩳ|ch2=ရ|iso=ra|ipa=r~ɹ|notes=<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20162-notes-khamti.pdf |website=20162-notes-khamti.pdf |access-date=26 January 2021 |title=Notes on Khamti |author=Ben Mitchell}}</ref>}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=လ|iso=la|ipa=l}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ဝ|iso=wa|ipa=w~v}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ꩬ|iso=sa|ipa=s}} <br />
|-<br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ꩭ|iso=ha|ipa=h}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ꩮ|iso=ḷa|ipa=ɭ}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ꩯ|iso=fa|ipa=f}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ꩲ|iso=za|ipa=z}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ꩱ|iso=xa|ipa=x}} <br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ꩴ|iso=oay|ipa=oaʲ}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ꩵ|iso=qn|ipa=qⁿ}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ꩶ|iso=hm|ipa=mʰ}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ဢ|iso=a|ipa=ʔ}} <br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
{| class="wikitable letters-table"<br />
|-<br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ႊ|iso=a|ipa=a}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ၢ|iso=ā|ipa=aː}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ႃ|iso=ā|ipa=aː}} <br />
|-<br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ိ|iso=i|ipa=i}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ီ|iso=ī|ipa=iː}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ု|iso=u|ipa=u}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ူ|iso=ū|ipa=uː}} <br />
|-<br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ေ|iso=e|ipa=eː}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ူဝ်|iso=o|ipa=oː}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ဲ|iso=ai|ipa=ai|notes=<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unicode.org/notes/tn11/UTN11_4.pdf |access-date=12 March 2024 |title=Representing Myanmar in Unicode: Details and Examples Version 4 |website=Unicode |first=Martin |last=Hosken}}</ref>}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ၢဲ|iso=aai|ipa=aːi}} <br />
|-<br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ဝ်|iso=au|ipa=au}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=်ွ|iso=au|ipa=au}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ၢဝ်|iso=aau|ipa=aːu}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ံ|iso=aṁ|ipa=(a)ŋ̊|notes=<ref name="Khamti alphabet and language">{{cite web |title=Khamti alphabet and language |url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/khamti.htm |website=Omniglot |access-date=26 January 2021}}</ref>}} <br />
|-<br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ႄ|iso=ae|ipa=ɛ}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ေႃ|iso=aw|ipa=ɔ}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ွ|iso=aw|ipa=ɔ}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch= ိဝ်|iso=iu|ipa=iu}} <br />
|-<br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ႅ|iso=ia|ipa=ia}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ႅဝ်|iso=iau|ipa=iau}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ျႃ|iso=iaa|ipa=iaː}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ိူ|iso=oe|ipa=ɤ}} <br />
|-<br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ွဲ|iso=oi|ipa=oi}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch= ွ|iso=ua|ipa=ua}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ဴွ|iso=uai|ipa=uai}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ွႃ|iso=uaa|ipa=uaː}} <br />
|-<br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ေူ|iso=ui|ipa=ui}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ို|iso=ue|ipa=ɯ}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ိုဝ်|iso=uee|ipa=ɯː|notes=<ref>{{cite journal |last1=INGLIS |first1=Douglas |title=Myanmar-based Khamti Shan Orthography |url=https://www.academia.edu/34791306 |journal=Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society |date=January 2017 |access-date=8 February 2021}}</ref>}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ုဝ်|iso=uo|ipa=wo}}<br />
|- <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ႂ်|iso=aue|ipa=aɯ}} <br />
| {{letter|l=kht|s=Mymr|ch=ိုဝ်|iso=uea|ipa=ɯa}} <br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Tones and other diacritics===<br />
<div lang=kht><br />
Displaying with the dummy letter ဢ,<br />
<br />
* tone 1 [21]:<br />
** for checked syllable, including single consonant — ဢႉ<br />
** for else — ဢႇ<br />
* tone 2 [34] — ဢႛ<br />
* tone 3 [42] — ဢႈ<br />
* tone 4 [53] — ဢး — In speaking, it may become [33].<br />
* tone 5:<br />
** for short open syllable — ဢႚ [44] (rare usage)<br />
** for else — ဢ [55] (unmarked)<br />
* ဢ် — [[Virama|asat]] — final consonant, silences inherent vowel<ref name="Khamti alphabet and language"/><br />
* ꩰ — duplication<br />
</div><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190420224836/http://www.iitg.ac.in/rcilts/phaseI/languages/khamti.htm Thai Khamti Grammar]<br />
* {{cite thesis |title=A Grammar of Things and Situations in Tai Khamti |last=Borgohain |first=Trisha |publisher=Tezpur University |date=2019 |hdl=10603/460828 |type=Doctor of Philosophy |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/460828}}<br />
* {{Cite thesis |title= A descriptive Grammar of Tai Khamti |last=Das |first=Bishakha |publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru University |date=2014 |hdl=10603/602434 |type=Doctor of Philosophy |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/602434}}<br />
* Inglis, Douglas. (forthcoming) Khamti Shan anti-ergative construction: a Tibeto-Burman influence? Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 40(2).<br />
* Inglis, Douglas. 2014. [https://www.academia.edu/9831142/PhD_dissertation._This_here_thing_Specifying_Morphemes_an3_nai1_mai2_in_Tai_Khamti_Reference-point_Constructions This here thing: Specifying Morphemes an3, nai1, and mai2 in Tai Khamti Reference-point Constructions]. PhD Dissertation. The University of Alberta.<br />
* Inglis, Douglas. 2013. [https://www.academia.edu/7152890/Oral_stop_consonants_in_Tai_Khamti_An_acoustic_study_in_voice_onset_time Oral stop consonants in Tai Khamti: An acoustic study in voice onset time]. Paper presented at ISCTLL46. Dartmouth College.<br />
* Inglis, Douglas. 2013. [https://www.academia.edu/12925697/Deictic_mai2_here_as_an_object_marker_in_Khamti_Shan_A_Tibeto-Burman_influence_in_TaiDeictic_mai2 Deictic mai2 'here' as an object marker in Khamti Shan: A Tibeto-Burman influence in Tai?]. Paper presented at ISCTLL46. Dartmouth College.<br />
* Inglis, Douglas. 2004. [https://www.academia.edu/7152885/Preliminary_report_Khamti_Shan_wordlist_and_lexicostatistical_results Preliminary report: Khamti Shan wordlist and lexicostatistical results]. Payap University. Chiang Mai.<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Morey |first=Stephen |chapter=The Tai Languages of Assam |title=The Tai-Kadai languages |editor1=Anthony V. N. Diller |editor2=Jerold A. Edmondson |editor3=Yongxian Luo |series=Routledge language family series |publisher=Routledge |date=2008 |pages=207–253}}<br />
* {{Cite book |title=Tai-Khamti Phonology and Vocabulary |first=Alfons |last=Weidert |date=1977 |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://omniglot.com/writing/khamti.htm The Khamti language] at Omniglot<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WHlwxaXNUd0&index=18&list=PLm4JemopK8s7TBsVCx8ceivISNr9-c11C Mung huw Tai Khamti Song]<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WSKwfipAIZ0&index=10&list=PLm4JemopK8s7TBsVCx8ceivISNr9-c11C Tai-Khamti Song - Tai-Khamti Girls]<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qt2yyKqIQks&list=PLm4JemopK8s7TBsVCx8ceivISNr9-c11C&index=9 Tai-Khamti Talk]<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZUsvfPoI214 Words of Life Khamti People/Language Movie Trailer]<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ulZqwsFXG6s Tai Khamti Song - Mung hau]<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgwjrhDojgs Tai Khamti Song - panlong sau]<br />
<br />
{{Tai-Kadai languages}}<br />
{{Languages of Burma}}<br />
{{Languages of Northeast India}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Southwestern Tai languages]]<br />
[[Category:Languages of Myanmar]]<br />
[[Category:Languages of Arunachal Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Languages of Assam]]</div>
PATTABHI RAM TURLAPATI