172.70.218.42 at 08:28, 24 June 2022

2022-06-24T08:28:41Z

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{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Short description|cultivating caste of Odisha, India}}
'''Khandayat or Khandait''' is a Martial caste from [[Odisha]], [[East India|East india]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Behuria|first=N. C.|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Q2EKAQAAIAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Khandayat|title=Orissa State Gazetteer|date=1990|publisher=Gazetteers Unit, Department of Revenue, Government of Orissa|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Behura|first=Nab Kishore|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=o6Gz0ZDw7PQC&pg=PA42&dq=Khandayat+landed+militia&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjF3oe9l8LwAhUUxTgGHcn5An0Q6AEwBXoECAMQAw#v=onepage&q=Khandayat&f=false|title=Family Welfare in India: A Cross-cultural Study|last2=Mohanty|first2=Ramesh P.|date=2005|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7141-920-3|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Patnaik|first=Nihar Ranjan|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=1AA9W9_4Z9gC&pg=PA155&dq=Khandayat+landed+militia&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjy64LzmcLwAhW0V3wKHbfgD5k4FBDoATAIegQIARAD#v=onepage&q=Land%20militia&f=false|title=Economic History of Orissa|date=1997|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=978-81-7387-075-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Pati|first=Rabindra Nath|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=_5seKkk3GkIC&pg=PA116&dq=Khandayat+landed+militia&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjd_cj8tc3wAhXfwjgGHahrBtcQ6AEwA3oECAMQAw#v=onepage&q=Khandayat%20landed%20militia&f=false|title=Family Planning|date=2008|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-313-0352-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=LjQXYzVn_GYC&dq=Khandayat+landed+militia&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Landed+militia|title=Regional Development Dialogue|date=2009|publisher=United Nations Centre for Regional Development.|language=en}}</ref> They were feudal chiefs, military generals, zamindars, large land holders and agriculturalists.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bhola|first=Sudhira Chandra|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=4eLsAAAAMAAJ&dq=Khandayat+Feudal&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Khandayat|title=British Economic Policy in Orissa|date=1990|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7141-075-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Samal|first=J. K.|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=NO4xIxxt0kYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=jk+samal+economy+history+of+odisha&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjh6u62usbwAhW3wjgGHQ87DjYQ6AEwAHoECAAQAw#v=onepage&q=khandait%20&f=false|title=Economic History of Orissa, 1866-1912|date=1990|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-218-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ernst|first=Waltraud|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=9eKbW3ukh9oC&q=biswamoy+pati+khandayats&pg=PA89&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=Privileged%20tenure%20holders%20&f=false|title=India's Princely States: People, Princes and Colonialism|last2=Pati|first2=Biswamoy|date=2007-10-18|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-11988-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Bailey|first=Frederick George|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VNHRWtDWsRIC&pg=PA132|title=Politics and Social Change|publisher=University of California Press|year=1970|page=132}}</ref> Numerically they are the largest caste of the state.<ref>{{cite book|title=Punjab Journal of Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ktksAAAAIAAJ&q=khandayat+largest+caste+in+odisha|year=1986|publisher=Department of Political Science, Guru Nanak Dev University}}</ref>

{{Infobox caste
| caste_name = Khandayat
| populated_states = [[Odisha]]
| languages = [[Oriya language|Odia]]
| religions = [[Hinduism]]
| subdivisions =
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| caption =
| related =
|classification =
}}

== Etymology ==
The name Khandayat is originated from the word "[[Khanda (sword)|Khanda]]" which means Sword and khandayat means sword wielding.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ghosh|first=G. K.|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=z6eBAAAAMAAJ&q=Khandayat+sword&dq=Khandayat+sword&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjvpf_Qv7jxAhUCyDgGHchVBx0Q6AEwAHoECAMQAw|title=Legends of Origin of the Castes and Tribes of Eastern India|date=2000|publisher=Firma KLM|isbn=978-81-7102-046-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Pati|first=Biswamoy|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=GDpuAAAAMAAJ&dq=Khandayat+sword&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Khandayat+sword|title=Identity, Hegemony, Resistance: Towards a Social History of Conversions in Orissa, 1800-2000|date=2003|publisher=Three Essays Collective|isbn=978-81-88789-04-7|language=en}}</ref>
== History ==
Traditionally, they are quasi-martial caste who claim themselves to be of [[Kshatriya]] status, but they were considered by the [[Brahmin]]s and others to be in the [[Shudra]] varna category<ref name="Congress1997">{{cite book|author=Indian History Congress|title=Proceedings|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=ZfltAAAAMAAJ&dq=khandayat+sudra&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=sudra|year=1997|publisher=Indian History Congress}}</ref>{{full|date=June 2021}} due to the majority of Khandayats being peasants. Pradhan also attributes this to Brahmin patronage of [[Rajput]]s, who also claimed to be of Kshatriya status.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pradhan|first=Prasanta Kumar|date=1996|title=Story of the Peasant Militias or the Khandayats or Orissa: A Socio-Historical Approach|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44133394|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=57|pages=752-745|via=JSTOR}}</ref>{{clarify|reason=Brahmins patronised Rajputs or Rajputs patronised Brahmins, and really what does this have to do with the Khadayat status?|date=June 2021}} Communities such as [[Adivasi]]s, [[Bhuyan|Bhuyans]], [[Chasa (caste)|Chasas]], and [[Agharia|Agharias]] started identifying as Khandayats in order to gain status, distance themselves from their original castes/communities, and exploit [[Zamindar]] land rights.<ref name=":7">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9eKbW3ukh9oC&q=biswamoy+pati+khandayats&pg=PA89 |title=India's Princely States: People, Princes and Colonialism |last1=Ernst |first1=Waltraun |last2=Pati |first2=Biswamoy |date=2007 |isbn=9781134119882 |access-date=13 September 2016}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite book |title=India's Princely States: People, Princes and Colonialism |editor1-first=Waltraud |editor1-last=Ernst |editor2-first=Biswamoy |editor2-last=Pati |publisher=Routledge |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-13411-988-2}}
*{{cite book |title=Situating Social History: Orissa, 1800-1997 |first=Biswamoy |last=Pati |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=2001 |isbn=978-8-12502-007-3}}
*{{cite book |title=Six Acres and a Third: The Classic Nineteenth-century Novel about Colonial India |first=Fakir Mohan |last=Senapati |others=Mishra, Rabi Shankar (trans.) |publisher=University of California Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-52022-883-2}}
*{{cite web |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Khandayats-moving-into-political-gear-in-Orissa/articleshow/584674.cms |title=Khandayats moving into political gear in Orissa |last1=Roy |first1=Bhaskar |date=2004 |newspaper=Times of India}}

{{Ethnic groups and Communities of Odisha}}

[[Category:Social groups of Odisha]]

Khandayat caste - Revision history

172.70.218.42 at 08:28, 24 June 2022