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{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Seth Khora Ramji Chawda
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Khora Ramji Chawda
| birth_date = 1860
| birth_place = [[Sinugra]], [[Cutch State|Cutch]]
| death_date = 1923
| death_place = [[Jharia]], British India
| nationality = Indian
| other_names = Khoda Ramji
| known_for = coal mining pioneer, railway bridge constructions
| occupation = Coal miner, banker, railway contractor
}}
'''Khora Ramji Chawda''' (1860–1923), better known as '''Seth Khora Ramji''', was a reputed railway contractor, coal mines owner, banker and philanthropist of the early 20th century in [[India]], who worked from [[Dhanbad]] and [[Jharia]].

==Life-sketch==
He was born in a small village called [[Sinugra]] in [[Cutch State|Cutch]] and belonged to small but enterprising [[Mestri (community)|Mestri]] community.<ref name=a>'''Encyclopaedia of Bengal, Bihar & Orissa (1920) by British Gazetteer.'''-''Section : People from the region Life-sketch of Seth Khora Ramji Chawda''.</ref><ref name=c>'''Diary of Golden Days at Jharia – A Memoir & History of Gurjar Kashtriya Samaj of Kutch in Coalfields of Jharia''' – written by Natwarlal Devram Jethwa of Calcutta compiled by Raja Pawan Jethwa published in 1998 in English.</ref><ref name=d>'''Kutch Gurjar Kshatriya Samaj : A brief History & Glory''' : by Raja Pawan Jethwa. (2007) Calcutta.</ref> He was one of the reputed Railway Contractors of his times and his exploits were mentioned by British authorities. He is also credited by them to be the first Indian to break monopoly of Europeans in [[Jharia]] coalfields. He established his first Colliery name ''Khas Jharia Colliery'' in 1895 and moved on to establish five more by 1910. He was also a financing partner in many coalfields of Jharia coal belt and additionally worked as a Private Banker.<ref name=c/><ref name=kh>[https://books.google.com/books?id=nJA2AAAAIAAJ&q=khora+ramji&dq=khora+ramji&hl=en&ei=hd7ATZDsCovJrAeurqH8Aw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA Khora Ramji Legal : Partner in Khimji Walji]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=IceyAAAAIAAJ&q=khora+ramji&dq=khora+ramji&hl=en&ei=hd7ATZDsCovJrAeurqH8Aw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAQ Khora Ramji Khas Jharia Colliery : Legal Case] The law reports. Indian appeals: being cases in the Privy council on appeal from the East Indies, Volume 72.</ref> With his half-brother, Jethabhai Lira Jethwa (1862-1932) he owned Khas Jinagora Colliery, which operated under name & style of ''J. & K. Ramji''.<ref name=c/><ref name=l/><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?ei=YJDKTd2zDMXrrQfO6IWiBQ&ct=result&id=FsVXAAAAYAAJ&dq=Jinagora+J.+%26+K.+Ramji&q=Jinagora+Jethabhai+Lira#search_anchor Jinagora Khas J.&K. Ramji. Jethabhai Lira]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=reFCAQAAIAAJ&q=Jinagora+J.+%26+K.+Ramji&dq=Jinagora+J.+%26+K.+Ramji&hl=en&ei=YJDKTd2zDMXrrQfO6IWiBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAQ Jinagora J.&K. Ramji]</ref>

As per British records – a few lines are quoted<ref name=a/><ref name=c/> – {{quote|''Seth Khora Ramji have done works of great magnitude :- Hundred Miles of Railway in [[Sindh]] & North west India. Twenty Miles of Railway lines on [[Southern Mahratta Railway]]. Twenty two miles of railway line on [[Eastern Bengal Railway|East Bengal Railway]], loco quarters at [[Hubli Junction railway station|Hubli]] including several bridges of great magnitude. His elder brothers were also carrying on at the same time railway works in Sothern India and they also won name as successful contractors. All them joined hands in business and formed themselves in syndicate and completed works in [[Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway]] but later unfortunately he lost all brothers but one. So he was left almost single handed. Seth Khora Ramji deserved much credit for the satisfactory completion of the above works because they involve much skill and labour and many mathematical calculations. Though uneducated he grasped clearly all the principals underlying these constructions and worked all the contracts entrusted to him to the satisfaction of railway authorities. In 1900 there was a turn in his business life. Just at that time [[Jharia]] coal fields were being exploited by Europeans and Seth Khora Ramji was first Indian to seize the opportunity. He purchased two collieries to begin with. Gradually others from Kutch and Gujarat followed suite and now Jharia has been changed into a Gujarati settlement with about 50 [[Kutchi people|Kutchi]] out of 92 [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] collieries proprietors with Seth Khora Ramji as head of them all. He is now sole proprietor of two collieries and a financing member of about eight colliries. Several District official have remarked him as "Multi-millionare, one of the first class parties in Jharia."''}}

Some of the works done by Khora Ramji Chawda of [[Sinugra]] are : 1880 : [[Hubli]] Loco Shed & other Works, 100 Miles work in North Western Railway, 20 Miles Work in Southern Maratta Railway, 177 miles in 1882–84 [[Hotgi]] to [[Gadag]] with his brothers in SMR, 22 Miles Railway in East Bengal Railway, 1888 – 128 miles in [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]] to [[Jharsuguda]] with fellow [[Mistris of Kutch|Mistris]] section including Bridge over [[Champa, Chhattisgarh|Champa River]] in BNR, in 1894 [[Jharia]] Branch line of EIR, 1895 : Railway line in [[East Coast State Railway]] & Bridge over [[Ganjam]]. His last Railway work was in 1903 : Bridge over [[Ganges]] river in [[Allahbad]] – [[Lucknow]] section. While working for this bridge, he was harassed by Engineer I.L. Gail, so he decided to stop Railway Contracts. By this time since 1895 to 1901 he had already started two collieries in Jharia. A. B. Gale later realised his mistake and offered him contracts in other section.<ref name=c/> But Khora Ramji declined the offer and diverted all his energy to Coal Mining business, in which he was assisted by his & his brother's son.<ref name=c/> He also started a new venture as a private banker at Jharia.<ref name=c/> He rose to such a height by 1920 and became ''[[Sheth|Seth]]'' Khora Ramji from Khora Ramji that British had to mention his name in Encyclopaedia of Bengal, Bihar & Orissa.<ref name=d/> He had studied up to fourth standard in his native village school but still managed to erect & build Railway bridges requiring deep technical knowledge and mathematical calculations.<ref name=c/><ref name=nb>''Nanji Bapa ni Nondh Pothi'' written by Nanji Govindji Taunk and compiled by Dharsi J. Taunk (1999) (Gujarati Book)</ref> <ref name=d/>

Khora Ramji and Brothers established collieries at [[Jharia Khas|Khas Jharia]], [[Jeenagora]], [[Jamadoba]], [[Baliari|Balihari]], Fatehpur, Gareria, Bansjora & Bagadih.<ref name=c/><ref name=l>{{cite book|title=Indian coal statistics|year=1915|publisher=India (Republic). Dept. of Mines|pages=14, 16|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FsVXAAAAYAAJ&q=khora+ramji+ballihari}}</ref><ref name=f/><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=L7l6AAAAIAAJ&q=khora+ramji&dq=khora+ramji&hl=en&ei=F9vATaKBPM2GrAfNkrXwAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw Khora Ramji] The Indian economic and social history review, Volume 13.</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Report , Volume 18, Commonwealth Shipping Committee|year=1919|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|pages=265|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xhkyAQAAMAAJ&q=khora+ramji}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=reFCAQAAIAAJ&q=khora+ramji&dq=khora+ramji&hl=en&ei=F9vATaKBPM2GrAfNkrXwAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEAQ6AEwBQ Khora Ramji] Statistics of British India, Part 1 printed by Superintendent Government Printing, India, 1913.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?ei=F9vATaKBPM2GrAfNkrXwAw&ct=result&id=FsVXAAAAYAAJ&dq=khora+ramji&q=khora+ Khora Ramji] Indian coal statistics, Manager of Publications, 1915 – Technology & Engineering</ref><ref>'''India at a Glance: A comprehensive reference book on India by T.V. Rama Rao, G.D.Binani.''' Published by Orient Longmans in 1954 ( Coal Mines Section )</ref><ref>'''Indigenous Enterprise in the Indian Coal Mining Industry c.1835–1939 C.P. Simmons''' – Published in 1976.</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Report of the Chief Inspector of Mines in India under the Indian Mines Act|year=1912|publisher=India (Dominion). Dept. of Mines|pages=29|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EMtLAAAAYAAJ&q=khora+ramji}}</ref> In Pure Jharia Colliery Khora Ramji and brothers were partners with [[Diwan Bahadur D.D. Thacker]].<ref name=c/><ref name=d/> Khora Ramji was also partner in [[Khimji Walji Chauhan|Khimji Walji & Company]]'s ''Indian Jharia Colliery'' located at [[Tisra]].<ref name=c/><ref name=kh/>

The credit of being first Indian to break the monopoly of British in [[Jharia Coalfield]]s goes to ''Seth'' Khora Ramji Chawda of [[Sinugra]]. In the life sketch of Khora Ramji given in ''Encyclopedia of Bengal, Bihar & Orissa'' – the British have noted this fact in year 1920 – ''"In Jharia Coalfield he was first Indian to seize the opportunity and by his prompt entry into colliery business, he was able to remove the stigma that would otherwise be levelled against his community as backward class."''<ref name=a /><ref name=c/><ref name=nb/> Further, details are given in the book ''Diary of Golden Days at Jharia – A Memoir & History of Gurjar Kashtriya Samaj of Kutch in Coalfields of Jharia – written by Natwarlal Devram Jethwa'' -Quote: {{quote|The [[East Indian Railway]] in 1894–95 extended its line from [[Barakar]] to [[Dhanbad]] via [[Katras]] and [[Jharia]]. Messrs. Khora Ramji in 1894 was working on railway lines contract of Jharia branch line and with his brother [[Jetha Lira Jethwa|Jetha Lira]]. He was also building Jharia railway station. The Jharia coalfields was discovered while digging up the earth for laying this railway line. Khora Ramji while working near Jharia Railway station immediately realized the gold he had struck and purchased the lands from [[Jharia Raj|Raja of Jharia]].}} He similarly purchased about eight coal-fields from years 1895–1909. Further, he also encouraged fellow [[Mistris of Kutch|Mistri]] contractors to purchase the land and even financed them to do so. He later approached Raja of Jharia for lease of mining rights and laid foundation of his colliery business.<ref name=c/> The location of his three collieries named Jeenagora, Khas Jherria, Gareria is mentioned also in 1917 Gazetteers of Bengal, Assam, Bihar & Orissa.:- Unquote<ref name=f>[https://books.google.com/books?id=CbmyAAAAIAAJ&q=seth+khora+ramji&dq=seth+khora+ramji&hl=en&ei=yubATdnwNYzqrQfW0KnfAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA] ''The Jharia underground fire still raging first came to notice in November 1930 with subsidence at Seth Khora Ramji's Khas Jharia Colliery(Page 159). Page 160)''. '''The politics of labour under late colonialism:workers, unions, and the state in Chota Nagpur, 1928–1939 by Dilip Simeon.'''</ref><ref name=e>[https://archive.org/stream/bengalassambehar00playuoft/bengalassambehar00playuoft_djvu.txt Gazetteers of Bengal, Assam, Bihar & Orissa 1917 Khora Ramji Colliries]</ref> As per details given in ''Diary of Golden Days at Jharia – A Memoir & History of Gurjar Kashtriya Samaj of Kutch in Coalfields of Jharia – written by Natwarlal Devram Jethwa'' – Quote: "Seth Khora Ramji headed the first association as mentioned by British authorities in ''Encyclopaedia Bengal, Bihar & Orissa (1920)''.<ref name=a/><ref name=c/><ref name=d/>

[[File:Chabutro Sinugra.jpg|thumb|A [[Chabutro]] built by Seth Khora Ramji standing at [[Sinugra]] Village built in 1900.]]

Khora Ramji died in year 1923.<ref name=c/><ref name=nb/> Several after his death two of his collieries, Khas Jharia & Golden Jharia, which worked on maximum 260-foot-deep shafts,<ref name=xxx/> collapsed due to now infamous underground fires, in which their house & bungalow also collapsed on 8 November 1930, causing 18 feet subsidence and widespread destruction.<ref>{{cite book|title=Peripheral Labour: Studies in the History of Partial Proletarianization edited by Shahid Amin, Marcel van der Linden|year=1997|page=83|isbn=9780521589000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FClErftju_kC&q=KHAS+jHARIA&pg=PA83|last1=Amin|first1=Shahid|last2=Linden|first2=Marcel van der}}</ref><ref name=f/><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?ei=4T97TMuXDsLQcZSR0KgG&ct=result&id=CbmyAAAAIAAJ&dq=khora+ramji+jharia&q=khora+ramji+#search_anchor Khora Ramji Mines capsized in 1930]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=_BcsAAAAIAAJ&q=khora+ramji&dq=khora+ramji&hl=en&ei=RN3PTLaqCYqgvQOy-vCJBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CD0Q6AEwBA Jharia Coalfields: Khora Ramji, Narayan Chowra, etc]</ref><ref>[http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1643160/ Ambalal Khora]</ref><ref name=C2>{{Cite web |url=http://coal.nic.in/ca6.pdf |title=Coking Coal Nationalisation Act of 1972 – Naming many collieries of Jharia : Khora Ramji, Gangji Dossa, Khimjee Dossa, Debram Ramji, Diamond Coal, Dhanji Devji, Chowra Construction owner of North Kujama, etc |access-date=4 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313073759/http://coal.nic.in/ca6.pdf |archive-date=13 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?ei=nYPVT-DCLZDJrQe1s9n8Dw&id=b9okAAAAMAAJ&dq=PURE++JHARIA&q=khas#search_anchor] Economic geography of India, 1970 pp 291</ref><ref name=xxx>{{cite book|title=Peripheral Labour: Studies in the History of Partial Proletarianization edited by Shahid Amin, Marcel van der Linden|year=1997|page=83|isbn=9780521589000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FClErftju_kC&q=KHAS+jHARIA&pg=PA83|last1=Amin|first1=Shahid|last2=Linden|first2=Marcel van der}}</ref><ref name=c/> The coal mines at that time were run by his sons Karamshi Khora, Ambalal Khora and others.<ref name=c/> Ambalal Khora also carried on father's legacy as a railway contractor, who died in a railway accident.<ref name=c/> The Khas Jeenagora mine was later on run solely by sons of Jetha Lira Jethwa, Karsanjee Jethabhai and later Devram Jethabhai Jethwa till 1938–39 after which the mine was sold and family established themselves as importers of coal mining machinery in Calcutta.<ref name=c/>

The business of some other coal mines in Jharia of Seth Khora Ramji were carried on by his successors, which were finally taken over by government when the coal mines in India were nationalized in 1971–72.<ref name=c/><ref name=C2/>

As a philanthropist, in his native village Sinugra, he had built and donated in year 1910 a Hindu temple, wells, welcome-gate, [[Chabutro]] and a primary school, which is now named ''Seth Khora Ramji Prathmik Shala''.<ref name=c/><ref name=nb/> He also donated major fund along with some other [[Mistris of Kutch|Mistri]] colliery owners to start a [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] school named the [[Jharia Anglo-Gujarati School]] at [[Jharia]] in 1905.<ref name=c/> He also owned farm-lands, the produce of which was given away to poor and needy.<ref name=c/> In the year 1920, when he held a large public charity event and a [[yagna]] at Sinugra. At the time of this event, Seth Khora Ramji was honoured by Maharao of Cutch, [[Khengarji III|H.H Sir Khengarji III Sawai Bahadur]], who sent him a ''[[Turban|Paghdi]]'' by hands of royal messenger.<ref name=nb/><ref name=c/> Further, at [[Mathura]] he along with Jetha Lira Jethwa of Sinugra had built and donated a Dharamashala now named ''Kutch Kadia Dharamshala'' in the years 1889–1900, when they were stationed there for railway contract job.<ref name=c/>

==See also==
*[[Kutch Gurjar Kshatriyas contributions to the Indian railways]]
*[[Jagmal Raja Chauhan]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chawda, Khora Ramji}}
[[Category:People from Kutch district]]
[[Category:People from Dhanbad]]
[[Category:Indian people in rail transport]]
[[Category:1923 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian bankers]]
[[Category:1860 births]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople in coal]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople in mining]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:People from Jharia]]

Khora Ramji Chawda - Revision history

>WereSpielChequers at 15:55, 8 May 2021