UpdateBot at 16:25, 17 June 2022

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{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Short description|Indian slave and Sultan of Delhi}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Khusrau Khan
| regnal name = Nasiruddin
| succession = 16th [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultan of Delhi]]
| image = Khusru khilji.jpg
| caption = Billon 2 gani of Nasir Ud Din Khusro Shah
| reign = 10 July – 5 September 1320
| spouse = [[Devala Devi]]
| predecessor = [[Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah]]
| successor = [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq]]
| death_date = 1320
| death_place = [[Delhi]], now [[India]]
}}
'''Khusrau Khan''' was the [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultan of Delhi]] for around two months in 1320. Originally from the [[Gujarat|Gujarat region]], he was captured by the Delhi army during [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Malwa]] in 1305. After being brought to Delhi as a slave, he converted to [[Islam]], and became a homosexual partner of Alauddin's son [[Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah|Mubarak Shah]]. After ascending the throne in 1316, Mubarak Shah gave him the title "Khusrau Khan", and greatly favoured him.

Khusrau Khan led a successful campaign to reassert Delhi's control over [[Yadavas of Devagiri|Devagiri]] in 1317. The next year, he led an army that [[Siege of Warangal, 1318|besieged Warangal]], forcing the [[Kakatiya]] ruler [[Prataparudra]] to resume tribute payments to Delhi. In 1320, he led a group of Baradus and disgruntled nobles to assassinate Mubarak Shah, and ascended the throne with the regnal name '''Nasiruddin'''. However, he was soon deposed by a group of rebels led by the noble ''Malik'' [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq|Tughluq]], who succeeded him on the throne.

== Early life ==

According to the Delhi chronicler [[Amir Khusrau]], Khusrau Khan and his brother belonged to a Hindu military caste or group called Baradu.{{sfn|B. P. Saksena|1992|p=431}} The name of this group has been variously transliterated as Barau, Barvari or Parvar.<ref>Amir Khusrau Critical Studies, National Committee for 700th Anniversary of Amir Khusrau, 1975, p.8, Islam and the Modern Age Volume 27, 1996 p.19</ref> They were nominally converts to Islam, but retained some affiliations with Hinduism. In 1305, during the reign of [[Alauddin Khalji]], they were captured when the Delhi forces led by [[Ayn al-Mulk Multani]] [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Malwa|conquered Malwa]] in central India. They were brought as slaves to Delhi, where they converted to Islam, and were named Hasan (later Khusrau Khan) and Husamuddin (or Hisamuddin). They were brought up by Alauddin's ''naib-i khas-i hajib'' Malik Shadi.{{sfn|B. P. Saksena|1992|p=431}}

The two brothers acted as passive homosexuals to maintain their status and position.{{sfn|B. P. Saksena|1992|p=431}} Alauddin's son Mubarak Shah fell in love with Hasan: he preferred Hasan as a homosexual partner, but turned to Husamuddin whenever Hasan was not available. Their relationship was not a secret, and Mubarak and Hasan used to exchange hugs and kisses in public.{{sfn|B. P. Saksena|1992|p=431}}

After Alauddin's death in 1316, his slave-general [[Malik Kafur]] appointed the minor prince [[Shihabuddin Omar]] as a puppet ruler. Shortly after, Malik Kafur was killed, and Shihabuddin's half brother Mubarak Shah usurped the throne. Mubarak Shah gave Hasan the title ''Khusrau Khan'', with the former fief of Malik Kafur. Within a year, Khusrau Khan was promoted to the post of [[vizier|vazir]].{{sfn|K. S. Lal|1950|p=323}} According to the chronicler [[Ziauddin Barani|Barani]], Mubarak Shah became "so enamored by Hasan ... that he did not want to be parted from him for a moment."{{sfn|R. Vanita|S. Kidwai|2000|p=133}} Mubarak Shah appointed Khusrau Khan's brother Husamuddin as the governor of [[Gujarat]]. Husamuddin later became an apostate (from Islam), because of which the local nobles of Gujarat arrested him, and brought him to Delhi in chains. However, Mubarak Shah merely slapped him, and gave him a high position in the royal court.{{sfn|B. P. Saksena|1992|p=433}}

== Military career under Mubarak Shah ==

The [[Yadavas of Devagiri]], who had become tributaries to Delhi during Alauddin's reign, asserted their independence after Malik Kafur's death. After consolidating his rule in Delhi, Mubarak Shah led a campaign to Devagiri in 1317, forcing the Yadava leader Harapala-deva and his prime minister Raghava to flee. Khusrau Khan, along with Malik Qutlugh, led an army to pursue them.{{sfn|B. P. Saksena|1992|p=434}} The Delhi forces completely routed Raghava's army.{{sfn|K. S. Lal|1950|p=329}} Khusrau Khan then dispatched a force led by Malik Ikhtiyaruddin Talbagha to pursue Harapaladeva, who was later captured and beheaded.{{sfn|B. P. Saksena|1992|p=435}}

Another tributary, the [[Kakatiya]] ruler [[Prataparudra]], stopped making tribute payments to Delhi after Alauddin's death. In 1318, Mubarak Shah sent an army led by Khusrau Khan, Malik Qutlugh, and Khwaja Haji to [[Siege of Warangal, 1318|besieged Warangal]], the capital of Prataparudra.{{sfn|B. P. Saksena|1992|p=435}} Prataparudra surrendered, and agreed to make regular tribute payments.{{sfn|B. P. Saksena|1992|p=436}} After this victory, Khusrau Khan marched to [[Ellora]], where Mubarak Shah had been residing for a month. The rest of the army joined him on the banks of the [[Narmada River]] on his way back to Delhi.{{sfn|B. P. Saksena|1992|p=436}}

== Assassination of Mubarak Shah ==

Chronicler [[Ziauddin Barani]] writes that Khusrau Khan resented "the way the Sultan forced himself upon him and took advantage of him", and secretly planned revenge against him.{{sfn|R. Vanita|S. Kidwai|2000|p=133}} Mubarak's other subordinates warned him about Khusrau's treacherous plans, but while being sodomized by the Sultan, Khusrau convinced him that the accusers were falsely slandering him.{{sfn|R. Vanita|S. Kidwai|2000|p=134}}

Khusrau Khan also convinced Mubarak Shah to allow him to raise an army of Baradu Hindus by arguing that all other nobles (''maliks'') had their own groups of followers. He enlisted several soldiers at Bahilwal (near [[Mount Abu]] and in the province of [[Gujarat]]. According to ''Tughluq Nama'', this army included 10,000 Baradu horsemen, and was commanded by several Hindu chiefs (''rais'' and ''ranas'').{{sfn|B. P. Saksena|1992|p=442}}

Next, Khusrau Khan contacted officers who resented Sultan Mubarak Shah, and conspired with them to kill the Sultan in the royal palace. He told the Sultan that he wanted his men to be granted access to the palace, so that they could meet him without requiring him to leave the Sultan's company. The Sultan obliged, and subsequently, every night 300-400 Baradus started entering the palace. They assembled in the former chambers of Malik Kafur on the ground floor of the palace, which had been assigned to Khusrau Khan.{{sfn|B. P. Saksena|1992|p=442}}

On 7 May 1320, Qazi Ziyauddin, a teacher of the Sultan, suggested an investigation into the assembly of the Baradus. However, the Sultan angrily dismissed the suggestion, and none of the nobles dared to make a similar suggestion.{{sfn|B. P. Saksena|1992|pp=442-443}} Barani claims when the Sultan told Mubarak Shah about Qazi Ziyauddin's suggestion, Mubarak Shah won over his confidence by making love with him.{{sfn|B. P. Saksena|1992|p=443}}

On the night of 9 July 1320, Qazi Ziyauddin visited the ground floor of the palace to supervise the palace guard.{{sfn|B. P. Saksena|1992|p=443}} Randhol, the maternal uncle of Khusrau Khan, entered the palace with a large number of Baradus, who hid daggers under their clothes. When Ziyauddin let his guard down to accept a ''[[paan]]'' (betel leaf preparation) from Randhol, the Baradu leader Jaharya stabbed him to death.{{sfn|B. P. Saksena|1992|pp=443-444}} The Sultan, who was in the company of Khusrau Khan on the upper floor, heard the commotion caused by Ziyauddin's murder. However, Khusrau Khan told him that the royal horses had broken loose, and the noise was caused by the guards trying to catch the animals. Meanwhile, Jaharya and other Baradus entered the upper floor, and killed the Sultan's special guards - Ibrahim and Ishaq. The Sultan now realized that a rebellion was happening against him, and tried to escape to his [[harem]], which was located a floor above. However, Khusrau Khan stopped him by seizing his hair. The Sultan knocked Khusrau Khan to the ground, and sat on his chest, but Khusrau Khan did not let go of his hair. Meanwhile, Jaharya arrived at the scene, stuck a ''patta'' (axe) at the Sultan's chest, lifted him up by his hair, and threw him to the ground. He then beheaded the Sultan, and the head was later thrown in the courtyard on the ground floor. The Baradus massacred the palace residents, while the royal guards fled to save their lives.{{sfn|B. P. Saksena|1992|p=444}}

To eliminate any possible claimants to the thorne, the Baradus then entered the royal [[harem]]. They asked for the surviving sons of Alauddin to be produced before them, declaring that they intended to install one of the princes on the throne, and the others as provincial governors. The mothers of the princes did not believe the Baradus, and tried to hide them. However, the Baradus found the princes, and killed the eldest among them - Farid Khan (15 years) and Abu Bakr Khan (14 years) - after allowing them to say their final prayers. They also killed Mubarak Shah's mother Jhatyapali. They blinded three other sons of Alauddin - Bahauddin Khan (8 years), Ali Khan (8 years), and Usman Khan (5 years); these princes were imprisoned at the Red Palace (''Qasr-i Lal''). According to the 16th century writer [[Firishta]], even Malik Nusrat - who had renounced royal life to become a [[dervish]] - was killed, because he was the son of a sister of Alauddin.{{sfn|Mohammad Habib|1992|p=446}}

== Reign ==

=== Accession ===

Khusrau Khan initially planned to install a son of the deceased Sultan on the throne as a puppet ruler. However, his advisors suggested that a prince would have him killed after his accession, and therefore, he decided to claim the throne himself.{{sfn|Mohammad Habib|1992|p=445}}

After killing the Sultan and potential claimants to the throne, the conspirators persuaded or compelled the various nobles to come to the first floor of the royal palace at midnight, and accept Khusrau Khan as the new king. According to Barani, the following nobles were held as "hostages" at midnight: [[Ayn al-Mulk Multani]], Wahiduddin Quraishi, Bahauddin ''Dabir'', and three sons of ''Malik'' Qara Beg. No information is available about the discussions between the conspirators and the nobles, but by the sunrise, all the nobles at the palace had accepted Khusrau Khan's accession to the throne as ''Sultan'' Nasiruddin.{{sfn|Mohammad Habib|1992|p=446}}

Shortly after ascending the throne, Khusrau Khan married the widow of Mubarak Shah. This marriage was declared invalid after Khusrau Khan was deposed, as according to the Muslim law, the widow could re-marry only when four [[menstruation]] periods had passed after her husband's death.{{sfn|Mohammad Habib|1992|p=448}}

=== Administration ===

Khusrau Khans officers included the following men, many of whom had served Alauddin:{{sfn|Mohammad Habib|1992|p=447}}

* ''Tajul Mulk'' ''Malik'' Wahiduddin Quraishi was re-appointed as the ''wazir''; he died or retired soon after, when the post of ''wazir'' was given to Ayn al-Mulk Multani
* ''Malik'' Ayn al-Mulk Multani was given the title ''Alimul mulk''
* ''Malik'' Hasan, ''Malik'' Hussain, and ''Malik'' Badruddin Abu Bakr - the sons of ''Malik'' Qara Beg - were given the offices of their father.
* ''Malik'' [[Muhammad bin Tughluq|Fakhruddin Jauna]], a son of Tughluq, was given the office of ''akhur-bek''
* Shaista Khan, a co-conspirator and a son of Muhammad Qirat Qimar, was appointed the minister of war
* Yusuf Sahi, another co-conspirator, was given the title of Sufi Khan and appointed as a counseller
* ''Malik'' Tamar was appointed as the governor of [[Chanderi]]
* Kamaluddin Sufi
* Kafur Muhrdar was given the post of ''amir-i hajib''
* Shihab was given the post of ''naib-i amir-i hajib''
* Tigin was appointed as the governor of [[Awadh]]
* Bahauddin Dabir was given the title ''Azam-ul Mulk'', and re-appointed as the minister of the secretariat, a post that he held during Alauddin's reign
* Sumbul Hatim Khan
* ''Malik'' Yak Lakkhi Qadr Khan (not to be confused with Yak Lakkhi, the governor of Devagiri and Samana)
* Ambar Bughra Khan
* Talbagha, son of Yaghda
* Talbagha Nagauri
* Saif Chaush
* ''Malik'' Qabul, who had been given the post of ''shuhna-i manda'' by Alauddin
* Ahmad Ayaz, the ''[[kotwal]]'' of [[Siri Fort|Siri]], and his son Muhammad Ayaz

The Baradus do not appear to have been granted any important posts in Khusrau Khan's government, presumably because they were illiterate.{{sfn|Mohammad Habib|1992|p=445}} However, several of them appear to have been rewarded with titles, cash grants, and military commands. For example:{{sfn|Mohammad Habib|1992|p=448}}

* Husamuddin, the younger brother of Khusrau Khan, was given the title ''Khan-i Khanan''
* Randhol, an uncles of Khusrau Khan, was given the title ''Rai Rayan''; he was also given the house and wealth of Qazi Ziyauddin
* Two other uncles of the new Sultan - probably Nag and Kajb Brahma - were given the highest commands in the Baradu contingent
* Jaharya, the murderer of the preceding sultan, was given pearls and diamonds

=== Religion ===

Barani portrays the killing of Mubarak Shah as a Hindu-Muslim conflict.{{sfn|Mohammad Habib|1992|p=448}} He claims that 5-6 days after Khusrau Khan's ascension to the throne, the Baradus and other Hindus started idol worship in the palace, and would sit on the [[Quran]]. The Baradus obtained control of the houses of the former Muslim nobles, along with their women and slave-girls. The Hindus rejoiced at Khusrau Khan's ascension, hoping to weaken the Muslims, and make Delhi a Hindu-majority city again.{{sfn|Mohammad Habib|1992|p=449}}

However, Barani's narrative is unreliable, and contradicted by more reliable sources. Khusrau Khan wished to be seen as a normal Muslim monarch, and had the ''khutba'' in the mosques read in his name. Apart from Qazi Ziyauddin, whose wife and child had run away after his killing, the Baradus did not seize houses of Muslim nobles, many of whom were appointed to regular government posts under Khusrau.{{sfn|Mohammad Habib|1992|p=449}}

== Overthrow ==

''Ghazi Malik'' [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq|Tughluq]], the governor of [[Dipalpur]] refused to acknowledge Khusrau Khan's ascension. However, realizing the enemy's military strength, he did not take any immediate steps to oppose the ascension. Tughluq's son [[Muhammad bin Tughluq|Fakhruddin Jauna]], who held the office of ''akhur-bek'' in Khusrau Khan's government, was not happy with the regime at Delhi. He convened a secret meeting of his friends, and on their advice, sought help from his father to overthrow Khusrau Khan.{{sfn|Mohammad Habib|1992|p=450}}

On the advice of his father, Fakhruddin Jauna left Delhi with some companions. When Khusrau Khan came to know about the conspiracy, he dispatched his minister of war Shaista Khan in pursuit of Fakhruddin, but the royal army was unable to capture the rebels.{{sfn|Mohammad Habib|1992|p=451}} Tughluq then sought support from five neighbouring governors:{{sfn|Mohammad Habib|1992|p=451}}

* Bahram, the governor of Uchch, joined Tughluq's cause and provided military support.{{sfn|Mohammad Habib|1992|p=451}}
* Mughlati, the governor of Multan, refused to join Tughluq, and was killed by Tughluq's friend Bahram Siraj. His army did not join Tughluq's forces.{{sfn|Mohammad Habib|1992|p=451}}
* ''Malik'' Yak Lakkhi, the governor of [[Samana, Punjab|Samana]], informed Khusrau Khan about Tughluq's letter, and unsuccessfully invaded Dipalpur. He later retreated to Samana, and was killed by a group of angry citizens.{{sfn|Mohammad Habib|1992|p=451}}
* Muhammad Shah Lur, the governor of [[Sindh]], agreed to support Tughluq, but reached Delhi only after Tughluq ascended the throne.{{sfn|Mohammad Habib|1992|p=451}}
* Hushang Shah, the governor of [[Jalor]], also promised to support Tughluq, but deliberately reached Delhi only after the battle between the forces of Tughluq and Khusrau Khan was over.{{sfn|Mohammad Habib|1992|p=452}}

Tughluq also sent a letter to Khusrau Khan's [[vizier|wazir]] (prime minister) [[Ayn al-Mulk Multani]].{{sfn|Mohammad Habib|1992|p=452}} Multani was surrounded by Khusrau Khan's men when he received the letter, so he took the letter to the Sultan and expressed his loyalty. However, when Tughuq sent a second message to him, he expressed sympathy with Tughluq's cause, although refused to directly support Tughluq because he was surrounded by Khusrau Khan's allies.{{sfn|I. H. Siddiqui|1980|p=105}}

As Tughluq raised a bigger army, and gained more support, Khusrau Khan's counselors advised him to take steps to prevent any further conspiracies and eliminate potential claimants to the throne. Accordingly, Khusrau Khan ordered killings of Alauddin's three sons - Bahauddin, Ali, and Usman - who had earlier been blinded and imprisoned.{{sfn|Mohammad Habib|1992|p=453}}

Tughluq's army defeated Khusrau Khan's forces at the [[Battle of Saraswati]] and the [[Battle of Lahrawat]].{{sfn|Mohammad Habib|1992|pp=453-456}} Khusrau Khan fled from the battlefield, but was captured and killed a few days later.{{sfn|Mohammad Habib|1992|pp=456-459}}

According to [[Amir Khusrau]], Mubarak Shah was murdered on 9 July 1320 and Tughluq ascended the throne on 6 September 1320. This implies that Khusrau Khan held the throne for less than two months. However, 14th century chronicler [[Isami (historian)|Isami]] states that Khusrau Khan reigned for "two or three" months. Barani also suggests that Khusrau Khan ruled for more than two months, when he states that Fakhruddin Jauna fled from Delhi 2½ months after the Sultan's ascension.{{sfn|Mohammad Habib|1992|p=447}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=B. P. Saksena |author-link=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |chapter=The Khaljis: Qutbuddin Mubarak Khalji |editor1=Mohammad Habib |editor2=Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |title=A Comprehensive History of India |volume=5: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526) |year=1992 |orig-year=1970 |publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |oclc=31870180 }}
* {{cite book |author=I. H. Siddiqui |editor1=C. E. Bosworth |editor-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor2= E. van Donzel |editor3= Charles Pellat |editor3-link=Charles Pellat |title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=New |volume=Supplement |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=95Q3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA105 |year=1980 |publisher=E. J. Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=90-04-06167-3 }}
* {{cite book |author=K. S. Lal |author-link=K. S. Lal |title=History of the Khaljis (1290-1320) |year=1950 |publisher=The Indian Press |location=Allahabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XXqAQAACAAJ |oclc=685167335 }}
* {{cite book |author=Mohammad Habib |author-link=Mohammad Habib |chapter=The Khaljis: Nasiruddin Khusrau Khan |editor1=Mohammad Habib |editor2=Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |title=A Comprehensive History of India |volume=5: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526) |year=1992 |orig-year=1970 |publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |oclc=31870180 }}
* {{cite book |author1=R. Vanita |author2=S. Kidwai |title=Same-Sex Love in India: Readings in Indian Literature |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VbvIDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA132 |year=2000 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-05480-7 }}
{{ref end}}

[[Category:Sultans of Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Khalji dynasty]]
[[Category:14th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:14th-century soldiers]]

Khusrau Khan - Revision history

UpdateBot at 16:25, 17 June 2022