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<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Short description|Historically important mountain pass in present-day Pakistan}}<br />
{{Infobox mountain pass<br />
| name = Khyber Pass<br/>د خیبر درہ<br/>{{nq|درۂ خیبر}}<br />
| photo = KhyberPassPakistan.jpg<br />
| photo_caption = The pass connects [[Landi Kotal]] to the [[Valley of Peshawar]].<br />
| elevation_m = 1070<br />
| elevation_ref =<br />
| location = Between [[Landi Kotal]] and [[Jamrud]]<br />
| range = [[Spīn Ghar]] (Safēd Kōh)<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|34.07570|N|71.20394|E|type:pass|display=inline,title}}<br />
| map = Khyber Pakhtunkhwa#Pakistan#Afghanistan<br />
| map_caption = Location of Khyber Pass<br />
| traversed = [[File:Pakistan_N-5.svg|1000x25px]][[N-5 National Highway]]; [[Khyber Pass Railway]]<br />
| embedded = {{Infobox mapframe |wikidata=yes |zoom=12 |coord={{WikidataCoord|display=i}}}}<br />
}}<br />
The '''Khyber Pass''' (خیبر درہ) is a [[mountain pass]] in the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] province of [[Pakistan]], on the border with [[Afghanistan]] ([[Nangarhar Province]]). It connects the town of [[Landi Kotal]] to the [[Valley of Peshawar]] at [[Jamrud]] by traversing part of the [[Spin Ghar]] mountains. Since it was part of the ancient [[Silk Road]], it has been a vital [[trade route]] between [[Central Asia]] and the [[Indian subcontinent]] and a [[Military strategy|strategic]] military [[choke point]] for various states that controlled it. Following Asian Highway 1 ([[AH1]]), the summit of the pass at Landi Kotal is {{convert|5|km|mi|0|abbr=off|spell=on}} inside Pakistan, descending {{convert|460|m|ft|abbr=on}} to Jamrud, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the Afghan border.{{cn|date=February 2022}}<br />
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The inhabitants of the area are predominantly from the [[Afridi]] and [[Shinwari (Pashtun tribe)|Shinwari]] tribes of [[Pashtuns]].<br />
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==Geography==<br />
The Khyber Pass is a [[mountain pass]] in the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] province of [[Pakistan]], on the border with [[Afghanistan]] ([[Nangarhar Province]]). Following Asian Highway 1 ([[AH1]]), the summit of the pass at the town of [[Landi Kotal]] is {{convert|5|km|mi|0|abbr=off|spell=on}} inside Pakistan, descending {{convert|460|m|ft|abbr=on}} into the [[Valley of Peshawar]] at [[Jamrud]], about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the Afghan border by traversing part of the [[Spin Ghar]] mountains.<br />
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==History==<br />
[[File:The Khyber Pass with the fortress of Alimusjid - lithograph by James Rattray - 1848 (2).jpg|thumb|The Khyber Pass with the fortress of [[Ali Masjid]] in 1848]]<br />
[[File:Khyber chiefs with captain tucker.jpg|thumb|left|Afghan chiefs and a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Political officer (British Empire)|political officer]] posed at [[Jamrud Fort]] at the mouth of the Khyber Pass in 1878]]<br />
[[File:Elephant battery of heavy artillery along the Khyber Pass at Campbellpur LCCN2004707363.tif|thumb|The [[British Indian Army]]'s elephant battery of heavy artillery along the Khyber Pass at [[Campbellpur]], 1895]]<br />
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Historical invasions of the Indian subcontinent have been predominantly through the Khyber Pass, such as those of [[Cyrus the Great|Cyrus]], [[Darius the Great|Darius I]], [[Genghis Khan]], and later Mongols such as [[Duwa]], [[Qutlugh Khwaja]] and [[Kebek]]. Prior to the [[Kushan empire|Kushan era]], the Khyber Pass was not a widely used trade route.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tarn |first1=William Woodthorpe |title=The Greeks in Bactria and India |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108009416 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-HeJS3nE9cAC&q=purushapura+bactria|access-date=28 March 2017}}</ref> <br />
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The Khyber Pass became a critical part of the [[Silk Road]], a major trade route from East Asia to Europe.<ref>{{cite book |title=Insight Guides Silk Road |date=2017 |publisher=Apa Publications (UK) Limited |isbn=9781786716996 |page=424 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X4mPDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT424 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Arnold |first1=Guy |title=World Strategic Highways |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781135933739 |page=12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=scC2AgAAQBAJ&q=Khyber+Pass+silk+road&pg=PR12 }}</ref> The [[Parthian Empire]] fought for control of passes such as this to profit from the trade in silk, jade, rhubarb, and other luxuries moving from China to Western Asia and Europe. Through the Khyber Pass, [[Gandhara]] (in present-day Pakistan) became a regional center of trade connecting [[Bagram]] in Afghanistan to [[Taxila]] in Pakistan, adding Indian luxury goods such as ivory, pepper, and textiles to the Silk Road commerce.<ref name="Docherty2008" />{{rp|74}}<br />
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Among the [[Muslim]] invasions of the [[Indian subcontinent]] through the Khyber Pass were [[Mahmud Ghaznavi]], Afghan [[Muhammad of Ghor|Muhammad Ghori]] and the Turkic-Mongols.<br />
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Finally, [[Sikh Empire|Sikh]]s under [[Ranjit Singh]] captured the Khyber Pass in 1834. The [[Sikh]] general [[Hari Singh Nalwa]], who manned the Khyber Pass for years, became a household name in Afghanistan.<ref name="Docherty2008">{{cite book|last=Docherty|first=Paddy |title=The Khyber Pass: A History of Empire and Invasion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oSbovvxLlWgC&pg=PA186|year=2008|publisher=Union Square Press|isbn=978-1-4027-5696-2}}</ref>{{rp|186}}<ref name="Nalwa2009">{{cite book|last=Nalwa|first=Vanit |title=Hari Singh Nalwa, "champion of the Khalsaji" (1791-1837)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ULhgNexD92QC&pg=PA318|year=2009|publisher=Manohar|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7304-785-5|pages=318–}}</ref> A common phrase of time described the length of what was then [[India]] as "Khyber to [[Kanyakumari]]".<ref name="Rajghatta2017">{{cite news |last1=Rajghatta |first1=Chidanand |title=Attock to Cuttack, PM Narendra Modi causes a stir |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/attock-to-cuttack-pm-narendra-modi-causes-a-stir/articleshow/59332065.cms |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=23 June 2020 |language=en |date=27 June 2017}}</ref><br />
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To the north of the Khyber Pass lies the country of the Shalmani tribe and [[Mullagori|Mullagori tribe]]. To the south is Afridi [[Tirah]], while the inhabitants of villages in the Pass itself are [[Afridi (Pashtun)|Afridi]] clansmen. Throughout the centuries the [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] clans, particularly the Afridis and the Afghan [[Shinwari tribe|Shinwari]]s, have regarded the Pass as their own preserve and have levied a toll on travellers for safe conduct. Since this has long been their main source of income, resistance to challenges to the Shinwaris' authority has often been fierce.<br />
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For strategic reasons, after the [[First World War]] the government of British India built a heavily engineered railway through the Pass. The [[Khyber Pass Railway]] from [[Jamrud]], near [[Peshawar]], to the [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] border near [[Landi Kotal]] was opened in 1925.<br />
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During [[World War II]] concrete [[Dragon's teeth (fortification)|dragon's teeth]] were erected on the valley floor due to British fears of a German tank invasion of India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/pakistan/north-west-frontier-province/the-khyber-pass |title=Introducing The Khyber Pass |publisher=Lonelyplanet.com |date=2009-03-24 |access-date=2010-11-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607080116/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/pakistan/north-west-frontier-province/the-khyber-pass |archive-date=2011-06-07 }}</ref> <br />
[[File:Khyber pass.jpeg|thumb|[[Bab-e-Khyber]], the entrance gate of the Khyber Pass]]<br />
The Pass became widely known to thousands of Westerners and Japanese who traveled it in the days of the [[hippie trail]], taking a bus or car from [[Kabul]] to the Afghan border. At the Pakistani frontier post, travelers were advised not to wander away from the road, as the location was a barely controlled [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas|Federally Administered Tribal Area]]. Then, after customs formalities, a quick daylight drive through the Pass was made. Monuments left by [[British Indian Army]] units, as well as hillside forts, could be viewed from the highway.<br />
The area of the Khyber Pass has been connected with a counterfeit arms industry, making various types of weapons known to gun collectors as [[Khyber Pass copy|Khyber Pass copies]], using local steel and [[blacksmith|blacksmiths']] [[forge]]s.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}}<br />
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===Current conflicts===<br />
{{update|section|date=January 2021}}<br />
[[File:KhyberRailway 02.jpg|thumb|The pass was serviced by the [[Khyber Pass Railway]], currently closed.]]<br />
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During the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|War in Afghanistan]], the Khyber Pass has been a major route for resupplying military armament and food to the [[NATO]] forces in the Afghan theater of conflict since the US started the invasion of Afghanistan in 2001. Almost 80 percent of the NATO and US supplies that are brought in by road were transported through the Khyber Pass. It has also been used to transport civilians from the Afghan side to the Pakistani one. Until the end of 2007, the route had been relatively safe since the tribes living there (mainly [[Afridi]], a [[Pashtun tribe]]) were paid by the Pakistani government to keep the area safe. However, after that year, the [[Taliban]] began to control the region, and so there started to exist wider tensions in their political relationship.<br />
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Since the end of 2008, supply convoys and depots in this western part have increasingly come under attack by elements from or supposedly sympathetic to the Pakistani Taliban.<br />
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In January 2009, Pakistan sealed off the bridge as part of a military offensive against Taliban guerrillas. This military operation was mainly focused on Jamrud, a district on the Khyber road. The target was to “dynamite or bulldoze homes belonging to men suspected of harboring or supporting Taliban militants or carrying out other illegal activities”.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/03/world/asia/03pstan.html?_r=2&partner=rss&emc=rss |title=Pakistan Briefly Reopens Key NATO Supply Route |access-date=18 June 2012 |work=The New York Times |first=Richard A. |last=Oppel Jr |date=2 January 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520182953/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/03/world/asia/03pstan.html?_r=2&partner=rss&emc=rss |archive-date=20 May 2013 }}</ref> The result meant that more than 70 people were arrested and 45 homes were destroyed. In addition, two children and one woman were killed. As a response, in early February 2009, Taliban insurgents cut off the Khyber Pass temporarily by blowing up a key bridge.<br />
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This increasingly unstable situation in northwest Pakistan, made the US and NATO broaden supply routes, through Central Asia (Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan). Even the option of supplying material through the Iranian far southeastern port of [[Chabahar]] was considered.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.understandingwar.org/pakistan-and-afghanistan |title=Pakistan and Afghanistan |publisher=Institute for the Study of War |access-date=18 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209091839/http://www.understandingwar.org/pakistan-and-afghanistan |archive-date=9 February 2012 }}</ref><br />
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In 2010, the already complicated relationship with Pakistan (always accused by the US of hosting the Taliban in this border area without reporting it) became tougher after the NATO forces, under the pretext of mitigating the Taliban's power over this area, executed an attack with [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|drones]] over the [[Durand line]], passing the frontier of Afghanistan and killing three Pakistani soldiers. Pakistan answered by closing the pass on 30 September which caused a convoy of several NATO trucks to queue at the closed border.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.therightperspective.org/2010/10/12/pakistan-reopens-khyber-pass-to-usnato/ |title=Pakistan Reopens Khyber Pass To US/NATO |access-date=18 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724134609/http://www.therightperspective.org/2010/10/12/pakistan-reopens-khyber-pass-to-usnato/ |archive-date=24 July 2012 }}</ref> This convoy was attacked by extremists apparently linked to Al Qaida which caused the destruction of more than 29 oil tankers and trucks and the killing of several soldiers.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2010/10/05/ST2010100506293.html |title=Pakistan reopens border to NATO supply trucks |publisher=Washington Post Foreign Service |author=Karin Brulliard |date=October 9, 2010 |access-date=18 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209120315/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2010/10/05/ST2010100506293.html |archive-date=9 February 2011 }}</ref> NATO chief members had to issue a formal apology to the Pakistani government so the supply traffic at this pass could be restored.<br />
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In August 2011, the activity at the Khyber pass was again halted<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Politics/17-Aug-2011/Nato-supplies-via-Khyber-Pass-halted-due-to-security/ |title=Nato supplies via Khyber Pass halted due to security |author=Ahmad Nabi |date=August 17, 2011 |access-date=18 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111174602/http://nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/politics/17-Aug-2011/Nato-supplies-via-Khyber-Pass-halted-due-to-security |archive-date=11 January 2012 }}</ref> by the [[Khyber Agency]] administration due to the more possible attacks of the insurgency over the NATO forces, which had suffered a period of large number of assaults over the trucks heading to supply the NATO and ISAF coalitions all over the frontier line. This instability made the Pakistan Oil Tanker Owners Association demand more protection from the Pakistani and US government threatening not to supply fuel for the Afghan side.<br />
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==Gallery==<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:Pakistan_Khyber_Pass_IMG_9928.jpg|Khyber Pass Gateway southbound towards Peshawar<br />
Image:Pakistan_Khyber_Pass_IMG_9792.jpg|Typical Pakistani transport truck and passengers<br />
Image:Pakistan_Khyber_Pass_IMG_9903.jpg|Washed out bridge<br />
Image:KhyberRailway 01.jpg|The Khyber Railway. With a Pakistan Railways HGS 2-8-0 at front and rear a charter train climbs the Khyber Pass through a series of zig-zags to gain height<br />
Image:Liebigbild-Bala Hissar and Khaiber Pass.jpg|An advertisement card from 1910 depicting Khaiber Pass<br />
File:Army Camp near Khyber Pass.jpg|A camp of the [[British Indian Army]] near the Khyber Pass (c. 1920)<br />
Image:Mountain passes of Afghanistan2.png|Mountain passes of Afghanistan<br />
File:Khyber-Pass.jpg|<br />
File:Khyber Pass Area Map.jpg|<br />
KhyberPassPakistan.jpg|<br />
</gallery><br />
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==Cultural references==<br />
{{refimprove-section|date=October 2017}}<br />
A number of locations around the world have been named after the Khyber Pass:<br />
* A steep and twisting minor road in [[Mugdock Country Park]] near [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]]. The road is a landmark along the [[West Highland Way]] and is popular among local road cyclists.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.trailforks.com/trails/khyber-pass-46210/|title=Khyber Pass Trail at Mugdock Park|website=Trailforks|language=en|access-date=2020-03-30}}</ref><br />
*A suburb of [[Civil Lines, Delhi]], India.<ref>[http://www.mapsofindia.com/delhi/khyber-pass.html Khyber Pass Map] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111030194959/http://www.mapsofindia.com/delhi/khyber-pass.html |date=2011-10-30 }}. Mapsofindia.com (2013-03-01). Retrieved on 2013-07-12.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?q=Khyber+Pass+Delhi&oe=utf-8&rls=org.mozilla:en-GB:official&client=firefox-a&um=1&ie=UTF-8&hq=&hnear=0x390cfdb93379cf6d:0xa7a3d2284306f7ab,Khyber+Pass,+Civil+Lines,+New+Delhi,+Delhi,+India&gl=uk&ei=r-vUTZ-UF4eg8QOemvzXDA&sa=X&oi=geocode_result&ct=title&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ8gEwAA|title= Khyber Pass Delhi|work= Google Maps|access-date= 2013-07-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indiapropertyexpert.com/mgf-city-khyber-pass-north-delhi.htm |title=MGF City , Khyber Pass , North Delhi |access-date=2011-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310123032/http://indiapropertyexpert.com/mgf-city-khyber-pass-north-delhi.htm |archive-date=2012-03-10 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
* Khyber Pass Road, a major road in the suburb of [[Newmarket, New Zealand|Newmarket]], [[Auckland]], New Zealand: [https://www.google.com/maps/place/Khyber+Pass+Rd,+Auckland,+New+Zealand/@-36.8660807,174.769711,967m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x6d0d47dec8819525:0x25b0e169619e11c4!8m2!3d-36.8658339!4d174.7695836?hl=en Google Earth view]<br />
* An artificial rockwork feature at [[East Park, Kingston upon Hull]], UK.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://static.hullcc.gov.uk/hullinprint/archive/september2002/easts_eden.php|title=East's Eden|publisher=Kingston upon Hull City Council|date=September 2002|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517222532/http://static.hullcc.gov.uk/hullinprint/archive/september2002/easts_eden.php|archive-date=2013-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{NHLE | num=1001519 |access-date=14 January 2013}}</ref><br />
* Khyber Road in [[Phoenix Park]], [[Dublin]], Ireland.<ref name="The Irish Times">{{cite web |last1=McNally |first1=Frank |title=An Irishman's Diary |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/an-irishman-s-diary-1.1313471 |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=20 February 2013 |access-date=2 May 2021}}</ref><br />
* A steep and twisting road up the West Cliff at [[Whitby]], UK.<br />
* A pedestrian alley in [[Stromness]], Orkney, Scotland<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/|title=OpenStreetMap|website=OpenStreetMap|language=en|access-date=2019-08-07}}</ref><br />
* Khyber Pass Pub in [[Philadelphia]], Pennsylvania.<br />
* Khyber Himalayan Resort and Spa in Gulmarg Jammu and Kashmir.<br />
* A mountain bike trail connecting the Top of the World trail at [[Whistler, British Columbia]] to the Whistler Creekside Village.{{cn|date=August 2018}}<br />
* A [[subway (underpass)|subway]] in the [[King's Cross St Pancras tube station]]. After the [[King's Cross fire]] in November 1987, it was replaced.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thisislocallondon.co.uk/news/518170.new-subway-to-replace-kings-cross-khyber-pass/|title=New subway to replace Kings Cross "Khyber Pass"|website=This Is Local London}}</ref><br />
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Other references include the following:<br />
* The bus journey on this road was belle-lettered very beautifully, and a part of its first act, in the selective memoir ''[[Deshe Bideshe]]'' (1948) by [[Syed Mujtaba Ali]].<br />
* Before the [[partition of India]], the pass was mentioned as part of common [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] phrase used to describe the length of [[colonial India]], "Khyber sé Kanyakumari".<ref name="Rajghatta2017"/><br />
* 'Khyber Pass' is [[Cockney rhyming slang]] meaning 'ass'. This use is alluded to in the 1968 film ''[[Carry On Up the Khyber]]''.<br />
*In the 1975 movie [[The Man Who Would Be King (film)|''The Man Who Would Be King'']], the character Peachy Carnehan tells [[Rudyard Kipling]] how he and his comrade-in-arms Danny Dravot had fought under [[Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts]] yard by yard through the Khyber Pass during the [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]] of 1878-1880<br />
* The podcast ''Twilight Histories'' has an episode called "Napoleon in Afghanistan" which partly takes place in the Khyber Pass.{{cn|date=August 2018}}<br />
* The [[Vampire Weekend]] song "M79" references the Khyber Pass.<br />
* The [[Tom Cochrane]] song "[[Life Is a Highway]]" (covered by [[Rascal Flatts]] and others) references the Khyber Pass.<br />
* The album ''[[Rio Grande Blood]]'' by [[Ministry (band)|Ministry]] (2006) has a song called "Khyber Pass" which references it as a possible hiding place for then missing and at large [[Osama bin Laden]]. This song was also featured at the end of the film ''[[The Hurt Locker]]''.<br />
* The song "Red War" by [[Probot]], featuring [[Max Cavalera]] on vocals, mentions the pass.<br />
* British rock band [[Pink Floyd]] references the Khyber in their song "[[Up the Khyber]]", featured on the soundtrack to the film ''[[More (1969 film)|More]]''.<br />
*In an episode of the cartoon series ''[[The World of Commander McBragg]]'' titled “Khyber Pass”, the eponymous commander has to fend off ten thousand screaming tribesmen in the Khyber Pass.<br />
* Parts of the 1985 [[Jay McInerney]] book ''Ransom'' take place in or near the Khyber Pass.<br />
*The Khyber pass features in several of [[Rudyard Kipling]]'s poems: it appears by name in "The Ballad of the King's Jest",<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.org/media/khyber-pass/|title=The Khyber Pass|last=National Geographic Society|date=2011-11-21|website=National Geographic Society|language=en|access-date=2019-08-07}}</ref> as "the Pass" in "Arithmetic on the Frontier",<ref name=":0" /> and semi-fictionalized as the Tongue of [[Shagai Plateau|Jagai]] in "[[The Ballad of East and West]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kiplingsociety.co.uk/rg_eastwest1_p.htm|title=The Ballad of East and West|website=www.kiplingsociety.co.uk|access-date=2019-08-07}}</ref><br />
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==See also==<br />
* [[Ali Masjid]] <br />
* [[Bab-e-Khyber]]<br />
* [[Battle of Ali Masjid]]<br />
* [[Battle of Khyber Pass]]<br />
* [[Bolan Pass]]<br />
* ''[[Carry On... Up the Khyber]]'', film<br />
* [[Dasht-e Yahudi]]<br />
* [[Dorah Pass]]<br />
* [[Durand Line]]<br />
* [[Khyber Agency]]<br />
* [[Khyber Pass Copy]]<br />
* [[Khyber Pass Railway]]<br />
* [[Khyber Pass Economic Corridor]]<br />
* [[Khyber Rifles]]<br />
* [[Khyber train safari]]<br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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==Further reading==<br />
*{{cite book|author-link=George Molesworth|last=Molesworth|first= Lt-Gen. G.N.|title=Afghanistan 1919 : an Account of Operations in the Third Afghan War|publisher=Asia Publishing House|date= 1962|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fqscAAAAMAAJ|oclc=7233999}}<br />
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==External links==<br />
{{Sister project links|voy=Khyber Pass}}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111011140147/http://www.epeshawar.memebot.com/khyber_gate.html History of Khyber Pass, Pakistan]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160324194029/http://www.twilighthistories.com/2015/07/28/napoleon-in-afghanistan/ Twilight histories, Napoleon in Afghanistan]<br />
{{Khyber Pakhtunkhwa topics}}<br />
{{Afghanistan topics}}<br />
{{Mountain passes of Pakistan}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Afghanistan–Pakistan border crossings]]<br />
[[Category:Landforms of Paktia Province]]<br />
[[Category:Mountain passes of Afghanistan]]<br />
[[Category:Mountain passes of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]<br />
[[Category:Mountain passes of the Hindu Kush]]<br />
[[Category:Rail mountain passes]]<br />
[[Category:Sites along the Silk Road]]<br />
[[Category:Mountain passes of Pakistan|Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]</div>2001:8003:3F07:9500:E807:A848:6E7A:7E51