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{{short description|Medieval kingdom in Ladakh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox former country
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|South Asia
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|width = 290
|caption =
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|mini = 1
|border=none
|relief=yes
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{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=32|N |long=78|E |label='''[[Guge|'''GUGE''']]'''|position=right|label_size=65|mark=Button Icon Black.svg|marksize=0}}
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=34|N |long=76.8|E |label=[[Maryul|'''MARYUL''']]|position=right |label_size=65|mark=Button Icon Black.svg||marksize=0}}
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=33.2|N |long=75|E |label=[[Lohara dynasty|'''LOHA- RAS''']]|position=top |label_size=55|mark=Button Icon Black.svg|marksize=0}}
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=17.195|N |long=77.160833|E |label=[[Western Chalukya Empire|'''WESTERN CHALUKYA''']]|position=top |label_size=70|mark=Button Icon Black.svg|marksize=0}}
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=37.3|N |long=81|E |label=[[Kara-Khanid Khanate|'''KARA-KHANIDS''']]|position=top |label_size=70|mark=Button Icon Black.svg|marksize=0}}
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| map_caption = {{center|Location of Maryul and neighbouring polities in the early 1000s.}}
| conventional_long_name = Maryul མར་ཡུལ།
| common_name = མར་ཡུལ།
| government_type = Monarchy
| capital = [[Shey]]
| year_start = {{circa|930}}
| year_end = 1842
| religion = Tibetan Buddhism
| p1 = Era of Fragmentation
| s1 = Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)
| leader1 = [[Lhachen Palgyigon]] ''(first)''
| year_leader1 = {{circa|930}}–{{circa|960}}
| today = [[China]] [[India]] [[Pakistan]]
}}

'''Maryul''' ({{Langx|bft|མར་ཡུལ།|label=[[Ladakhi language|Ladakhi]]}}), also called ''mar-yul'' of ''mnga'-ris'',<ref>{{harvp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|p=19}}: "''Mar-yul'' (literally "lower land") is the common Tibetan name for the Leh district in Ladakh. ''Mngah-ris'' (''Mnga-ris''), although now restricted to West Tibet, then referred to the entire territory between the Zoji and Mayum passes."</ref>{{sfnp|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977|}} was the western-most [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]] kingdom based in modern-day [[Ladakh]] and some parts of [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]]. The kingdom had its capital at [[Shey]].{{sfnp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|pp=18–19}}<ref>{{harvp|Dorjay, Embedded in Stone|2014|p=53}}: "Shey, about 15 km southeast of Leh, was an ancient capital of Ladakh. In the tenth century CE the first king of Ladakh, ''lHa chen dPal gyi mgon'', apparently constructed the hilltop fortress whose ruins can be seen above the present Shey Palace. Shey possesses a number of early Buddhist rock sculptures, many of which are about a metre in height."</ref><ref>{{harvp|Howard & Howard, Historic Ruins in the Gya Valley|2014|p=88}}: From the diary of [[Mirza Haidar Dughlat]]: "The ''Chui'' [''Jo'' plural, i.e. rulers] of Maryul, named Tashikun and Lata Jughdan, ...... gave us the castle of ''Sheya'' [Shey] which is the capital of Maryul [to live in during the winter]"</ref>

The kingdom was founded by [[Lhachen Palgyigon]], during the rule of his father [[Kyide Nyimagon]], in {{circa|930}}.<ref name="Petech-17">{{harvp|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977|p=17}}: "it seems that his father bequeathed him a theoretical right of sovereignty, but the actual conquest was effected by dPal-gyi-mgon himself."</ref> It stretched from the [[Zoji La]] at the border of [[Kashmir]] to [[Demchok (historical village)|Demchok]] in the southeast, and included [[Rutog County|Rudok]] and other areas presently in Tibet.<ref>{{harvp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|p=19}}: "The Ladakhi chronicles state that the eldest son, Pal-gyi-gön (''Dpal-gyi-mgon''), received Ladakh and the Rudok area;..."</ref>{{sfnp|Francke, Antiquities of Indian Tibet|1992|p=94}} The kingdom came under the control of the [[Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh|Namgyal dynasty]] in 1460, eventually acquiring the name "Ladakh", and lasted until 1842. In that year, the [[Dogra State|Dogra]] general [[Zorawar Singh Kahluria|Zorawar Singh]], having conquered it, made it part of the would-be princely state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].

== Etymology ==
''Mar-yul'' has been interpreted in [[Classical Tibetan|Tibetan]] sources as lowland (of Ngari),.<ref>{{citation |last=Strachey |first=Capt. H. |chapter=Physical Geography of Western Tibet |publisher=Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain) |title=The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, Volume 23 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ASo7AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA13 |year=1853 |page=13}}: "''Maryul'' signifies in Tibetan the Low Country, a term appropriate to the character of its inhabited valleys as contrasted with ''Nari-Khorsum''"</ref> Scholars suspect that it was a proper name that was in use earlier, even before Ladakh was Tibetanised. For instance, the Chinese Buddhist pilgrim [[Xuanzang]] referred to it as ''Mo-lo-so'', which would lead to a reconstructed name such as ''*Malasa'', ''*Marāsa'', or ''*Mrāsa''.{{sfnp|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977|pp=7–8}}{{sfnp|Howard & Howard, Historic Ruins in the Gya Valley|2014|p=86}} The ''Annals'' of Tun‐Huang state that the Tibetan government carried out a census of [[Zan-zun]] and ''Mar(d)'' in 719 CE.{{sfnp|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977|p=8}} The Persian text ''[[Hudud al-Alam]]'' ({{circa|982}}) refers to a "wealthy country of Tibet", with a tribe named ''Mayul''.{{sfnp|Howard & Howard, Historic Ruins in the Gya Valley|2014|pp=86–87}} These facts suggest that ''Mar-yul'' ("land of ''Mar''") might have been a proper name of the country.

The name was in use at least until the 16th century. [[Mirza Haidar Dughlat]] referred to it as Maryul and named a region called "Ladaks" that was apparently distinct from Maryul.{{sfnp|Howard & Howard, Historic Ruins in the Gya Valley|2014|p=88}} It was also used by the Portuguese [[Jesuit missionary]] Francisco de Azevedo when he visited Ladakh in 1631, but his usage of the name has been described by [[Luciano Petech]] as referring to neither the Kingdom of Ladakh nor Rudok.{{sfnp|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977|pp=54}}

The newer name ''La-dwags'' {{Bo-textonly|ལ་དྭགས}} (historically transliterated as ''La-dvags'') means "land of high passes". ''Ladak'' is its pronunciation in several Tibetan districts, and ''Ladakh'' is a transliteration of the [[Persian language|Persian]] spelling.<ref>"Ladakh, the Persian transliteration of the Tibetan La-dvags, is warranted by the pronunciation of the word in several Tibetan districts." Francke(1926) Vol. I, p. 93, notes.</ref>

== Background ==
[[File:Era of Fragmentation in Tibet.png|thumb|right|300px|Maryul in the fragmented Tibetan Empire {{circa|900}}]]
Upon the assassination of emperor [[Langdarma]] in {{circa|842}}, the Tibetan empire became fragmented over a succession dispute that would linger for centuries. By the late ninth century, one of his grandsons, Depal Khortsen, was controlling most of Central Tibet. Upon his assassination, one of his sons, [[Kyide Nyimagon]] ({{bo|w=sKyid-lde Nyi-ma-mgon}}), made it to West Tibet — the causes are disputed.{{original research inline|date=July 2022}}

Nyimagon entered into a marital alliance with a high-nobility of [[Burang County|Purang]] and established his kingdom, stretching from the [[Mayum La]] in the east to the [[Zoji La]] in the west. Upon his death {{circa|930}}, his vast kingdom was divided among his three sons: the eldest son, Lhachen Palgyigon, receiving Maryul, the second son, Trashigon, receiving [[Guge–Purang Kingdom|Guge and Purang]], and the third son, Detsukgon, receiving [[Zanskar]] (mountainous area between Ladakh and Kashmir).{{efn|The Tibetan names of the three sons in [[Wylie transliteration]] are: Lhachen Palgyigon (''lHa-chen dPal-gyi-mgon''), Trashigon (''bKra-shis-mgon'') and Detsukgon (''lDe-gtsug-mgon''). The three sons together were referred to as three ''sTodmgon''.{{sfnp|Powers & Templeman, Historical Dictionary of Tibet|2012|p=27}}{{sfnp|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977|p=17}}}}{{sfnp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|pp=18–19}}

Thus, the Kingdom of Maryul was founded by [[Lhachen Palgyigon]] (''dPal-gyi-mgon'') when he was still a prince.<ref name="Petech-17" />

== Description ==
[[File:Empire of King Nyimagon with three divisions about 975 .- 1000 CE.png|thumb|300px|Nyimagon's kingdom ({{circa|975}}) depicted by [[August Hermann Francke (Tibetologist)|A. H. Francke]], with Maryul and [[Guge]] shown together, and [[Zanskar]] separate.]]
The kingdom of Maryul is described in the ''Ladakh Chronicles'' ([[August Hermann Francke|Francke]]'s translation) to consist of:{{sfnp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|loc=[https://archive.org/details/himalayanbattleg0000unse/page/19/mode/1up p.19]}}{{sfnp|Howard & Howard, Historic Ruins in the Gya Valley|2014|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=CJCfAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 p. 83]}}{{efn|In 1968, Zahiruddin Ahmad gave a revised translation, by which he suggested that all the places mentioned in the text were on the frontier of Maryul.<ref name=Ahmad/> His revisions have not been generally accepted by modern scholars.{{sfnp|Howard & Howard, Historic Ruins in the Gya Valley|2014|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=CJCfAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA84 p. 84]}}}}
* ''Mar-yul'' of ''mNah-ris'' (Leh district), the inhabitants using the black bows; ''Ru-thogs'' ([[Rutog County|Rudok]]) of the east and the gold mine of ''hGog'' (possibly [[Thok Jalung]]); nearer this way ''lDe-mchog-dkar-po'' ([[Demchok Karpo]]);{{efn|"Demchok Karpo" is identified by most scholars as the village of Demchok at the southern border between Ladakh and Tibet. The literal meanings are as follows: ''Karpo'' means white in Tibetan. It also has figurative meanings such as pure, wholesome, positive, good etc.<ref>[http://dictionary.thlib.org/internal_definitions/public_term/24269 dkar po] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021192257/http://dictionary.thlib.org/internal_definitions/public_term/24269 |date=21 October 2019 }}, Tibetan & Himalayan Library, retrieved 21 October 2019.</ref> ''Demchok'' is the Tibetan name of the [[Vajrayana]] Buddhist deity [[Chakrasamvara]], who is believed to reside at Mount [[Kailas]] along with his consort Vajravarahi. The association with the Mount Kailas may be later than the 10th century. The tradition states that Demchok defeated ''[[Shiva|Mahesvara]]'' and took his place on top of ''[[Sumeru]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=McKay |first=Alex |title=Kailas Histories: Renunciate Traditions and the Construction of Himalayan Sacred Geography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l3HsCgAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-30618-9 |pages=5, 304–305, 316}}</ref>}}
* at the frontier:
** ''Ra-ba-dmar-po'' (possibly near Rabma, which lies halfway between [[Spanggur Lake|Spanggur]] and [[Rudok]]);{{sfnp|Ahmad, The Ancient Frontier of Ladakh|1960|p=315}}{{efn|Rabma was marked by [[Henry Strachey (explorer)|Henry Strachey]] at approximately {{coord|33.3740|N|79.2935|E|name=Rabma}} on a stream, which came down from the Kailash Range and joined the Tangre Chu river before draining into [[Spanggur Tso]]. A map compiled in 2009 by an amateur cartographer notes the source of this stream (unnamed) to be below a pass called 'Rabmar La' ({{coord|33.1936|N|79.3009|E|name=Rabmar La}}), which laid on the erstwhile boundary between [[Rutog County]] and [[Sengge Zangbo County]].<ref>[http://www.tibetmap.com/3379o150.jpg Map 3379], [http://www.tibetmap.com/brtext.html Maps of Tibet], Claude Andre of The Tibet Map Institute, July 2009.</ref> (The boundary has now been changed under the Chinese administration.)}}
** ''Wam-le'' ([[Hanle (village)|Hanle]]), to the top of the pass of the ''Yi-mig'' rock (Imis Pass);
** to the west to the foot of the Kashmir pass ([[Zoji La]]), from the cavernous stone upward hither,
** to the north to the gold mine of ''hGog'';
** all the places belonging to ''rGya'' ([[Gya, Leh|Gya]], on the way from Leh to [[Rupshu]]).
The description makes clear that [[Purig]] (the [[Suru River (Indus)|Suru River]] basin near present-day [[Kargil]]) was included in Maryul, but [[Zanskar]] to the west was not. The latter went to the third son [[Detsukgon]] along with [[Lahul and Spiti]]. The Rupshu highland was regarded as the frontier between Maryul and Zanskar.{{sfnp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|p=19}} [[Baltistan]] to the north was also not included in Maryul.{{sfnp|Howard & Howard, Historic Ruins in the Gya Valley|2014|p=86}}

The southern border of Maryul towards [[Guge]] is much harder to discern. [[August Hermann Francke (Tibetologist)|A. H. Francke]] believed that the second heir [[Tashigon]] received "a long and narrow strip of country along the northern slope of the Himalayas, of which Purang and Guge are the best-known provinces". Maryul encompassed all the areas to the north of this narrow strip.{{sfnp|Francke, A History of Western Tibet|1907|p=63}}{{efn|Francke's map, reproduced at the top of this page, shows this kind of a border, running slightly to the north of [[Gartok]].{{sfnp|Francke, A History of Western Tibet|1907|pp=60–61}}}} This view is not favoured by other scholars. [[Luciano Petech]] opined that Palgyigon received the territories that he himself conquered, whereas the paternal territory was divided among the other two sons.{{sfnp|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977|p=17}} He also favoured Zahidurddin Ahmad's revised translation of the text from Ladakh Chronicles, which states that all the places mentioned in the description lie on the frontier of Maryul, including Demchok Karpo and Raba Marpo.<ref name=Ahmad>{{citation |last=Ahmad |first=Zahiruddin |title=New Light on the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War of 1679-84 |journal=East and West |volume=18 |number=3/4 |date=September–December 1968 |pages=340–341 |publisher=Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsIAO) |jstor=29755343}}</ref>

==First dynasty (930–1460)==
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| image1 = Thiksey Monastery, Ladakh (14663800961).jpg
| caption1 = [[Shey Monastery|Shey Palace]], residence of the rulers of the Kingdom of Maryul.
| image2 = Royal drinking scene in the Dukhang at Alchi Monastery, circa 1200 CE.jpg
| caption2 = Royal drinking scene at [[Alchi Monastery]], dated c. 1200 CE.
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Scholar Luciano Petech says that even though Palgyigon's father theoretically bequeathed Maryul to him, the actual conquest of the territories was carried out by Palgyigon himself, whom Petech identifies as "the founder and organiser of the Ladakhi kingdom".{{sfnp|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977|p=17}}

It appears that the second son Trashigon, who inherited Guge, died without issue. His kingdom was acquired by Detsukgon of Zanskar. The latter's son, [[Yeshe-Ö]] became a prominent ruler that reestablished Buddhism in West Tibet and Tibet in general. Maryul, belonging to the senior branch, is believed to have extended some form of suzerainty over the other branches.{{sfnp|Francke, A History of Western Tibet|1907|p=63}}<ref>{{harvp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963}}: p. 20: "Francke asserts that the eldest son (i.e., the ruler of Ladakh) was suzerain over his brothers, and that Ladakh thus exercised some form of authority over West Tibet, Zanskar, Spiti, and Lahul." p. 21: "On several occasions expansionist rulers of Ladakh laid claim to West Tibet on the basis of past association, but there are no recorded instances in which the reverse occurred."</ref>

By 1100 AD, the kingdom of Guge was sufficiently weakened that the king [[Lhachen Utpala]] of Maryul brought it under his control. From this time onward, Guge was generally subsidiary to Maryul.{{sfnp|Handa, Buddhist Western Himalaya|2001|pp=130, 224–225}}{{efn|Further conquests were made by Tashi Namgyal ({{reign|c. 1555|c. 1575}}),{{sfnp|Howard & Howard, Historic Ruins in the Gya Valley|2014|pp=89–90}} Tsewang Namgyal I ({{reign|c. 1575|c. 1595}}),{{sfnp|Francke, A History of Western Tibet|1907|p=86}} and [[Sengge Namgyal]] ({{reign|1624|1642}}).{{sfnp|Howard & Howard, Historic Ruins in the Gya Valley|2014|p=90}}}}

After a period of Kashmiri invasions in the mid-15th century, the last king of the west Tibetan dynasty, ''Blo-gros-mc-og-Idan'', reigned from {{circa|1435}} to {{circa|1460}}.{{sfnp|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977|p=23}} During his reign, ''Blo-gros-mc-og-Idan'' sent presents to the [[1st Dalai Lama]], patronized the [[Gelug]] scholar ''gSan-p'u-ba Lha dban-blo-gros'', and raided the Kingdom of Guge.{{sfnp|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977|p=23–24}} The final years of his reign were disastrous, and he was eventually deposed in 1460, ending his dynasty.{{sfnp|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977|p=24}}

== Second dynasty (1460–1842) ==
{{Main|Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh}}
[[File:Leh Palace 2011.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Leh Palace]], built circa 1600 by [[Sengge Namgyal]].]]
In 1460, the [[Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh|Namgyal dynasty]] was established.{{sfnp|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977|p=171}} According to the ''Ladakh Chronicles'', the warlike [[Lhachen Bhagan]] formed an alliance with the people of [[Leh]] and dethroned the Maryul king Blo-gros-mc-og-ldan and his brothers drun-pa A-li and Slab-bstan-dar-rgyas.{{sfnp|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977|p=25}}

[[Sengge Namgyal]] (r. 1616–1642), the "Lion" King, made efforts to restore Ladakh to its old glory by an ambitious and energetic building program including the [[Leh Palace]] and the rebuilding of several [[gompas]], the most famous of which are [[Hemis]] and [[Hanle Monastery|Hanle]].<ref>{{harvnb|Rizvi, Ladakh|1996|p=69}}</ref>

=== Treaty of Tingmosgang ===
{{Further|Ladakh Chronicles#Treaty of Tingmosgang}}
Guge was annexed by Ladakh in the second quarter of the 17th century. This invited retaliation from Lhasa, whose forces drove out the Ladakhis and laid siege to Ladakh itself.{{sfnp|McKay, History of Tibet, Vol. 2|2003|p=3}} Ladakh was forced to seek help from the [[Mughal Empire]] in Kashmir, leading to the [[Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War]]. At the end of the conflict, in 1684, the [[Treaty of Tingmosgang]] was agreed, affirming that:
{{Cquote|The boundaries fixed, in the beginning, when king Skyed-lda-ngeema-gon [Nyimagon] gave a kingdom to each of his three sons shall still be maintained.{{sfnp|McKay, History of Tibet, Vol. 2|2003|p=785}}}}
Despite the apparent invocation of the "boundaries fixed in the beginning", the extensive dominions granted in the original inheritance were not retained by Maryul. The treaty itself makes clear that Rudok was no more a part of Maryul and various restrictions were placed on trade with Rudok. Scholar Gerhard Emmer states that Ladakh was reduced to approximately its current extent. It was henceforth treated as being outside Ngari Khorsum, as a buffer state against Mughal India. The territories of Guge, Purang and Rudok were annexed to Tibet and the frontier with Tibet was fixed at the [[Lhari stream|Lha-ri stream]] near Demchok.{{sfnp|Emmer, the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War|2007|pp=99–100}}<ref>{{citation |first=Nawang Tsering |last=Shakspo |chapter=The Foremost Teachers of the Kings of Ladakh |editor1=Martijn van Beek |editor2=Kristoffer Brix Bertelsen |editor3=Poul Pedersen |title=Recent Research on Ladakh 8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HjBuAAAAMAAJ |year=1999 |publisher=Aarhus University Press |isbn=978-87-7288-791-3 |page=288}}</ref> The reason for this exclusion was apparently Ladakh's syncretism and its willingness to ally with Mughal India. Ladakh was instructed in the treaty:{{sfnp|Emmer, the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War|2007|pp=92, 100}}
{{Cquote|to keep watch at the frontier of Buddhist and non-Buddhist peoples, and out of regard for the doctrine of Buddha ... not allow any army from India to proceed to an attack [upon Tibet].{{sfnp|Francke, Antiquities of Indian Tibet|1992|p=116}}}}

===Dogra–Tibetan War===
{{Main|Dogra–Tibetan War}}
The Namgyal dynasty ended in 1842 after an invasion of Ladakh from the [[Dogra dynasty]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].{{sfnp|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977|pp=1, 138–170}}

A historical claim was again made in the 19th century, after the [[Dogras|Dogra]] general [[Zorawar Singh Kahluria|Zorawar Singh]] conquered Ladakh. Singh claimed all of western Tibet up to the Mayum Pass as Ladakhi territory and occupied it.<ref>{{harvp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|p=50}}: "Zorawar Singh then announced his intention to conquer in the name of the Jammu Raja all of Tibet west of the Mayum Pass, on the ground that this territory had rightfully belonged, since ancient times, to the ruler of Ladakh."</ref> Once again, Lhasa dispatched troops that defeated Zorawar Singh and laid siege to Leh. After the Dogras received reinforcements, a stalemate was obtained and the [[Treaty of Chushul]] reconfirmed the "old, established frontiers".{{sfnp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|pp=55–56}}

== See also ==
*[[History of Ladakh]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation |last=Ahmad |first=Zahiruddin |title=The Ancient Frontier of Ladakh |journal=The World Today |date=July 1960 |volume=16 |number=7 |pages=313–318 |jstor=40393242 |ref={{sfnref|Ahmad, The Ancient Frontier of Ladakh|1960}}}}
* {{citation |first=Gerhard |last=Emmer |chapter=Dga' Ldan Tshe Dbang Dpal Bzang Po and the Tibet-Ladakh-Mugha1 War of 1679-84 |title=Proceedings of the Tenth Seminar of the IATS, 2003. Volume 9: The Mongolia-Tibet Interface: Opening New Research Terrains in Inner Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GPKvCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA95 |date= 2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-474-2171-9 |pages=81–108 |ref={{sfnref|Emmer, the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War|2007}}}}
* {{citation |last1=Fisher |first1=Margaret W. |last2=Rose |first2=Leo E. |last3=Huttenback |first3=Robert A. |title=Himalayan Battleground: Sino-Indian Rivalry in Ladakh |date=1963 |publisher=Praeger |url=https://archive.org/details/himalayanbattleg0000unse/mode/2up |via=archive.org |url-access=registration |ref={{sfnref|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963}}}}
* {{citation |last=Francke |first=August Hermann |author-link=August Hermann Francke (Tibetologist) |title=A History of Western Tibet |publisher=S. W. Partridge & Co |date=1907 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofwestern00ahfr/page/n6 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Francke, A History of Western Tibet|1907}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Francke |first=August Hermann |title=Antiquities of Indian Tibet |work=Volume 38; Volume 50 of New imperial series |publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] |page=94 |year=1992 |orig-year=first published 1926 |isbn=81-206-0769-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WG4J4IKd014C |ref={{sfnref|Francke, Antiquities of Indian Tibet|1992}}}}
* {{citation |last1=Handa |first1=O. C. |title=Buddhist Western Himalaya: A politico-religious history |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R4VuovXa5YUC&pg=PA130 |year=2001 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-124-5 |ref={{sfnref|Handa, Buddhist Western Himalaya|2001}}}}
* {{citation |editor1-first=Erberto |editor1-last=Lo Bue |editor2-first=John |editor2-last=Bray |chapter=Introduction |title=Art and Architecture in Ladakh: Cross-cultural Transmissions in the Himalayas and Karakoram |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CJCfAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 |year=2014 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-27180-7 |ref={{sfnref|Lo Bue & Bray, Art and Architecture in Ladakh|2014}}}}
** {{citation |first=Phuntsog |last=Dorjay |chapter=Embedded in Stone—Early Buddhist Rock Art of Ladakh |title=Ibid |year=2014 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CJCfAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA35 |pages=35–67 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004271807 |ref={{sfnref|Dorjay, Embedded in Stone|2014}}}}
** {{citation |last1=Howard |first1=Neil |last2=Howard |first2=Kath |chapter=Historic Ruins in the Gya Valley, Eastern Ladakh, and a Consideration of Their Relationship to the History of Ladakh and Maryul |title=Ibid |year=2014 |pages=68–99 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004271807 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CJCfAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68 |ref={{sfnref|Howard & Howard, Historic Ruins in the Gya Valley|2014}}}}
* {{citation |last=McKay |first=Alex |title=History of Tibet, Volume 2: The Medieval Period: c.850-1895 |year=2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-30843-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/thehistoryoftibetvol2alexmckay_151_d |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|McKay, History of Tibet, Vol. 2|2003}}}}
* {{citation |last=Petech |first=Luciano |author-link=Luciano Petech |title=The Kingdom of Ladakh, c. 950–1842 A.D. |publisher=Instituto Italiano Per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente |year=1977 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3498 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977}}}}
* {{citation |last1=Powers |first1=John |last2=Templeman |first2=David |title=Historical Dictionary of Tibet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LVlyX6iSDEQC&pg=PA749 |year=2012 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-7984-3 |ref={{sfnref|Powers & Templeman, Historical Dictionary of Tibet|2012}}}}
* {{citation |last=Rizvi |first=Janet |title=Ladakh: Crossroads of High Asia |edition=Second |year=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Delhi |isbn=0-19-564546-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xoluAAAAMAAJ |ref={{sfnref|Rizvi, Ladakh|1996}}}}

[[Category:History of Ladakh]]
[[Category:History of Gilgit-Baltistan]]
[[Category:Former kingdoms in Tibet]]
[[Category:930 establishments]]
[[Category:1842 disestablishments in Asia]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1842]]

Kingdom of Maryul - Revision history

Juliaauhm at 15:02, 9 January 2026